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	Beta decay - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted.
		In some nuclei, beta decay is energetically prevented, and in some of these cases the nuclei may undergo double beta decay.
		Beta decay can be considered as a perturbation as described in quantum mechanics, and thus follow Fermi's Golden Rule.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Beta_minus_decay (413 words)

	Beta decay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In nuclear physics, beta decay (sometimes called neutron decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted.
		The energies of electrons emitted by beta decay were observed to be non-discrete (some being more energetic than others).
		A problem arose in trying to explain what happened to the missing energy if an electron was emitted with less than maximum energy — the law of conservation of energy appeared to be violated.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Beta_decay (547 words)

	Gamma ray - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Another example is that Am-241 decays by alpha decay to form Np-237, this alpha decay is accompanied by gamma emission.
		Because a beta decay is accompanied by the emission of a neutrino which also carries away energy, the beta spectrum does not have sharp lines, but instead it is a broad peak.
		Hence it from beta decay alone it is not possible to probe the different energy levels found in the nucleus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gamma-ray (1670 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Using an angular momentum projected basis, a pnQRPA is used to study the two-neutrino double-beta decay properties of a number of isotopes, where the mother and daughter nuclei exhibit different quadrupole deformations.
		The model Hamiltonian involves a mean-field term yielding the projected single-particle states, a pairing interaction for alike nucleons and a dipole-dipole proton-neutron interaction in both the particle-hole and particle-particle channels.
		For the double-beta decay process, the Gamow-Teller transition amplitudes and half-lives are calculated, and compared with experimental data where available.
	www.physics.rutgers.edu /np/abstract-ae.html (122 words)

	Nuclear theory
		The alpha-decay fine structure in decays to excited states of the final nucleus is a difficult object for a theoretical study.
		Several isotopic decay chains are being treated within this framework in order to study the interplay with the isoscalar/isovector part of the interaction and the alpha-decay rates.
		We have calculated double beta decays and the corresponding OMC transitions for several nuclei in the frameworks of the proton-neutron QRPA and the nuclear shell model using realistic effective interactions [18,19].
	www.phys.jyu.fi /research/nuclear_theory (2308 words)

	particle physics - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about particle physics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The unstable particles decay rapidly into other particles, and are known from experiments with particle accelerators and cosmic radiation.
		The electron, muon, tau, and their neutrinos comprise the leptons – particles with half-integral spin that ‘feel’ the weak nuclear and electromagnetic force but not the strong force.
		The unknown particle, which the researchers classified as X(3872), was detected in the decay products of beauty meson particles; it weighed as much as a single atom of helium and lasted a billionth of a trillionth of a second, an unusually long lifetime for a subatomic particle of this size.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /particle+physics (882 words)

	To : Bob Sewell Subj: Constant Decay = Quoting Bob Sewell to C. J. Henshaw = BS On (30 Jun
		MG>> the decay of radioactive isotopes of the elements is constant.
		Thus, the rate of decay is always proportional to the amount of the nuclide present.
		Thus, the rate at which atoms decay, thus disappearing from the sample, by becoming something else, is proportional to the amount of the nuclide in question.
	www.skepticfiles.org /evolut/decayhaf.htm (680 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Nuclear Physics (1986)
		The data are sparse, and it is not yet known whether the slow decay of a sigma to a lambda in hypernuclei represents a special inhibiting effect limited to light nuclei or a general property of nuclear matter.
		Suppose that the neutrino emitted in a beta decay is represented by a partially closed left hand, with the thumb in the direction of the neutrino's motion.
		In this process, the decaying nucleus simultaneously emits two electrons instead of one, thereby raising the proton number of the nucleus by 2; double beta decay would therefore change selenium to krypton, and tellurium to xenon.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309035473/html/67.html (7246 words)

	Chemistry Review
		During beta decay a neutron in the nucleus is converted into a proton and an electron.
		Tritium is instable and its nucleus emits beta rediation.
		Beta radiation is the result of a neutron being converted into a proton and an electron.
	www.prism.gatech.edu /~gh19/b1510/chemrev.htm (3640 words)

	SDV Nuclear Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Electron capture is usually classified as a type of beta decay and involves an orbital electron being absorbed by a nucleus, effectively converting a proton into a neutron.
		The electron or positron (the antiparticle of the electron) emitted by a nucleus during beta decay.
		For a nuclide it is a term that refers to the existence of beta minus and positron emission decay modes.
	glossary.dataenabled.com /sdvglossary_radioactive_decay.html (1184 words)

	Aware Electronics Corp. V-TAC Page
		While testing different procedures for collecting Radon decay product from various rock samples, we noticed the "plating out" of decay product onto a metal plate was greatly enhanced if a negative charge was applied to the plate, indicating the decay product is positively charged.
		Since essential all the decay product generated migrates to the charged plate, Radon equilibrium within the sealed can is not necessary to achieve maximal decay product collection, given the short half-life of the decay products of interest (20 to 40 minutes) as compared to the half-life of Radon (3.8 days).
		Another option, connect the minus 1000 VDC output pole of the V-TAC to the screen covering the window of an RM-70 or RM-80, and the ground pole from the V-TAC to a ground, for example, the building ground, PC case or container.
	www.aw-el.com /vtac.htm (746 words)

	Search Results for minus - Encyclopædia Britannica
		In beta-minus decay, or negatron emission, an energetic negative electron is emitted, producing a daughter nucleus of one higher atomic number and the same mass number.
		a relapsing type of infection caused by Spirillum minus and transmitted to man by the bite of an infected rat; it is characterized by infection at the site of inoculation, inflammation of the...
		Minus ratings such as -1 and -2 are also used.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=minus&submit=Find&source=MWTAB (517 words)

	CR Scientific: Helpful Articles: Radiation Safety and Basics, Radioactive Minerals FAQ
		A beta particle (actually, "beta-minus" particle, since it has a charge of -1) is simply a stray electron- not from the usual, orbital region of an atom, though- beta particles spring into existence directly from an atom's nucleus as the result of neutron breakdown.
		Alpha particles from the decay of Th and U are sometimes captured by the nuclei of lighter elements, ejecting neutrons from these nuclei, but this is not a very efficient (or common) process.
		Something that decays faster (has a shorter half-life) will give a larger dose of radiation than the same amount of a slower-decaying material in the same time interval (Cobalt-60 is therefore much, much more dangerous than Uranium-238.).
	www.crscientific.com /radiation.html (1541 words)

	DOLORES GENDE: PHYSICS FACTS
		When light reflects from a medium with higher index of refraction than that of the medium in which it is traveling, a 180 degree phase change (1/2 wavelength) occurs.
		The kinetic energy of the ejected electrons is the energy of the incident radiation minus the work function of the surface.
		a) Beta minus involves the emission of an electron (beta minus) and an antineutrino.
	apphysicsb.homestead.com /physicsfacts.html (2119 words)

	sciforums.com - 2004 Nobel Laureates Lecture Stockholm - Question on Beta function! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		They mentioned that one step in their work was calculating the Beta function for some configuration and they showed their result, and that it was important for it to be negative.
		The decay rates and amplitudes depend on the matrix elements in rather simple ways (eg dandsigma;/dp=M² (times some kinematical factors)) And the LSZ reduction formula tells you how to get those transition amplitudes from the correlation functions.
		I hope, lethe will tell you with the same excellence what is the role that vacuum plays in QFT today, why some of his asymmetries are very important, and what they give for reconstruction of exact knowledge of Quantified Fields in the contemporary Physics...
	www.sciforums.com /archive/index.php/t-43140 (3851 words)

	ENERGY SCIENCE REPORT No. 5
		The rules governing a decay process of this kind are that the space occupancy by electron and positron charge and so their intrinsic energy content must be conserved, as must interaction energy separately and the numbers of bare proton or antiprotons.
		Thus the number of beta particle charge volumes that equals this cube volume is a measure of a factor N which is relevant to the inverse chance of a 'hit' as the annihilation and random position recreation of a mu-meson recycles at the standard (Compton electron) frequency associated with vacuum energy charge pair creation activity.
		The central beta particle binds the two proton forms whilst the outer beta particles transform into Q charges to release the extra energy needed to convert the 8 mu-mesons entering the lattice charge target into a proton.
	www.aspden.org /reports/Es5/esr5.htm (15324 words)

	Questions from Candyman - Physics Help and Math Help - Physics Forums
		Usually decay means that there is an excess of energy in the system, i.e.
		Momentarily after beta decay, the nucleus is an ion and it will attract an electron.
		does not 'decay' or transform into another element, then it is considered to have the 'right' amount of neutrons.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=59414 (2692 words)

	191fisher_new (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This well known and relatively slow process, called beta decay, is associated with the emission of an electron and an antineutrino.
		Sooner or later, when not too many neutrons are left, even the first beta decay becomes an endothermic process because of the charge on the oxygen member of the composite.
		Slowly decaying composite nuclei can migrate (in air or in water) over long distances before they disappear, or before favorable conditions are found to start a chain reaction.
	blake.montclair.edu /~kowalskil/cf/191fisher.html (5267 words)

	Untitled
		Chapter 8 also shows that an electron or positron cannot exist independently inside the nucleus, but must be formed at the moment of decay along with an appropriate neutrino to conserve spin and parity.
		The Shell Model of the nucleus was invoked to explain the so-called "magic" numbers of 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 and 126, that do not form any logical sequence, where sudden discontinuities in nuclear mass systematics occur and nuclei are exceptionally tightly bound.
		This repulsive force can now be recognized as the Weak Force that fosters radioactive decay, although this does not logically lead to massive W-particles as the theoretical exchange partners.
	home.earthlink.net /~rarydin/evans.htm (1144 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - PF9404C, a new slow NO donor with beta receptor blocking properties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		PF9404C is the S-S diesteroisomer of a novel blocker of beta adrenergic receptors with vasodilatory properties.
		For over two decades, blockers of beta adrenergic receptors, calcium antagonists, diuretics, vasodilators, and inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) are being used in the treatment of hypertensive patients.
		Its beta blocking potency was close to that of S(-)propranolol, 4 fold higher than metoprolol, and 6 fold higher than atenolol.
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v128/n8/full/0702992a.html (6188 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		We note that the beta^- part of the solar neutrino induced beta^- beta^+ process in O18 was already discussed in Ref. [9,10] in connection with a possible influence of high energy electron production of this origin on the SuperKamiokande results.
		Secondly, the role of the LFV decays to explain the LSND excess is discussed in detail, for which the experimental bounds on three body LFV decays, i.e.
		The calculated decay rates to \gamma f_0(980) and \gamma a_0(980) are in good agreement with the experimental ones without invoking isospin breaking in the couplings of the f_0(980) and a_0(980) resonances to the K^+ K^- and K^0 \bar{K}^0 channels, at odds with recent proposals.
	www.physics.ohio-state.edu /~gee/KK/abstracts/0205ph.txt (14450 words)

	leptons produced during beta decay - Physics Help and Math Help - Physics Forums
		could it be that when beta minus decay happens the 'd' quark in the neutron is pulled from the other 'u' and 'd' quarks but thanks to the strong bonding of quarks (confinment thanks to chromodynamics), less energy is required to make 2 new particles than to seperate the quarks.
		The closest you can get to such a process is by having the quark decay into an W and another quark (t->Wb) and then the W into a lepton and the corresponding antineutrino.
		it seems to me that they must be made of constituent particles for beta decay to happen in the way that you described (assuming the w+,w- and z0 vector bosons have rest mass > 0).
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?referrerid=23782&t=60384 (602 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		These decays are described by the color suppressed tree diagrams and hence are free from the penguin pollutions.
		For this decay, we analyse the dependencies of the forward-backward asymmetry of the lepton pair, $A_{FB}$, CP-violating asymmetry, $A_{CP}$, and the CP-violating asymmetry in forward-backward asymmetry, $A_{CP}(A_{FB})$, on the model parameters and also on the neutral Higgs boson effects.
		The effects of pion rescattering (or pion exchange) are shown to be large, unless the coupling of the two-pion system to the heavy quarks is mediated by a fairly light scalar $\sigma$ meson, which couples to the gradients of the pion fields.
	www.physics.ohio-state.edu /~gee/KK/abstracts/0112ph.txt (13671 words)

	Specularium A Site exploring the hypothesis of Three-Dimensional Time - Dramatic Confirmation?
		Furthermore, the equivalence of the masses of galactic and intergalactic hydrogen suggests that they exist in dynamic equilibrium with each other and that the rate of neutron annihilation in highly compressed stellar or galactic cores precisely matches the rate of neutron creation in deep space.
		Fokke de Boer & colleagues at The University of Frankfurt have reported the possible existence of a 9 MeV boson in the decay of beryllium-8 and carbon-12 nuclei.
		This boson appears to decay rapidly into an electron and a positron.
	www.specularium.org /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=48 (1003 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Castor is the mortal twin of Pollux, the twin warriors whose stars dominate the bright constellation of Gemini.
		Neutrons are unstable and decay into a proton, electron, and antineutrino through the beta minus decay process.
		An exception to the rule, brighter Pollux, the sky's 17th brightest star, was given the Beta designation by Bayer, while somewhat fainter Castor is known as Alpha Geminorum.
	www.belmontnc.4dw.net /glossary.htm (12960 words)

	Astronomy and astrophysics
		If you want to know something about the beta minus decay you can do it on the homepage of nuclear physics.
		The DNA is a double rope and consists of four molecules: adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine.
		If the RNA would be a double rope she would be closed and so she could not form proteins.
	www.hpwt.de /Astro2e.htm (6104 words)

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