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	Electron capture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Electron capture (sometimes called Inverse Beta Decay) is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom and insufficient energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive isotopes that can decay by positron emission.
		In this case, one of the orbital electrons, usually from the K or L electron shell (K-electron capture, also K-capture, or L-electron capture, L-capture), is captured by a proton in the nucleus, forming a neutron and a neutrino.
		Since the proton is changed to a neutron, the number of neutrons increases by 1, the number of protons decreases by 1, and the atomic mass number remains unchanged.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electron_capture (387 words)

	Atomic, Molecular & Optical Sciences: Publications: M.H. Prior
		Double photo-ionization of He is a simple example of the extensive, and largely undeveloped study of many particle dynamics in AMO physics, and is a bridge between single particle and multiple particle excitation.
		Since electron rearrangement is central to nearly all reactive processes, basic studies of orientation dependent electron transfer form a useful window into the correlation between structure and collision dynamics.
		Using the techniques of electron and ion momentum spectroscopy, we have measured the complete emission patterns of core photoelectrons emitted from the C and O atoms for any (and all) relative orientations of the CO molecular axis and the linearly polarization of the incident soft X-ray photons.
	www.lbl.gov /LBL-Programs/CSD/research/AMOS/projects/prior.html (1725 words)

	[No title]
		At 2500 eV, while the capture events occurring at large impact parameters are not detected in the present measurements, electron capture in collisions at small impact parameters is evidenced.
		For q<1.2 au, both electrons are distributed uniformly in the plane perpendicular to the projectile axis, and distinct similarities with photoionization are identified; For q>1.2 au, the faster electron resulting from a binary encounter with the projectile is emitted along the direction of momentum transfer, while the other election is distributed uniformly.
		The effect of the velocity of the incident ions in the nl-distributions of the electron capture in collisions of highly charged Ar ions with a lithium target is studied.
	www.ganil.fr /ciril/fr/Accueil/publi/liste_gaz.htm (16209 words)

	Double electron capture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Double electron capture is a decay mode of atomic nucleus.
		In this mode of decay, two of the orbital electrons are captured by two protons in the nucleus, forming two neutrons.
		If the mass difference between the mother and daughter atoms is more than two masses of electron (1.022 MeV), the energy released in the process is enough to allow another mode of decay: electron capture with positron emission.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Double_electron_capture (511 words)

	radioactive
		The resulting transformation alters the structure of the nucleus; thus it is a nuclear reaction, in contrast to chemical reactions, which involve changes in the arrangement of the outer electrons of atoms.
		A nucleus emits an electron and an antineutrino
		A nucleus captures an orbiting electron and emits a neutrino
	www.sfcrowsnest.com /scifinder/a/Radioactive.php (1966 words)

	University of Tennessee Physics Department: People: Dr. Stu Elston
		Electron emission from atomic collisions; grazing-incidence ion-surface collisions
		The distribution of emitted electrons, in energy and in direction, carries a wealth of information about the processes responsible for their ejection and about the structure of the colliding particles.
		Similar methods are presently being applied to collisions at shallow angles of incidence with atomically clean, single crystal surfaces, and focus on the use of electron emission to probe the dynamically evolving surface image potential that develops in response to the passing projectile ion.
	www.phys.utk.edu /faculty_elston.htm (513 words)

	Session R9 - Poster Session III.
		A sharp asymmetric ECC cusp is obtained for electron velocities v equal to that of the proton.
		Electrons ranging from 1.0eV to 6keV in energy and 15^\circ to 160^\circ in angle were detected by a hemispherical electrostatic spectrometer with an energy resolution of 5%.
		The primary, single, and double capture ions are charge state analyzed using an electrostatic deflector and are detected by a 2-dimensional position sensitive detector.
	flux.aps.org /meetings/YR00/DAMOP00/abs/S1180.html (15598 words)

	Publikationen der Arbeitsgruppe 2002
		For not too high projectile velocities with respect to kinematic thresholds, electron emission for the insulator target is understood by an electronic promotion mechanism with the formation of H- ions as dominant precursor, whereas for the metal target electronic excitations are governed by direct energy transfer in binary collisions with the atomic projectiles.
		From conservation laws and phase space considerations we derive the threshold behaviour for the kinetic electron emission and the mean electron energy transfer, which compare well with recent experimental studies on electron emission from the selvage of atomically clean and flat Al(111) under grazing impact of light neutral atoms.
		The emission of electrons, production of surface excitons, and formation of negative ions is explained by a model of electron capture by projectiles at fluorine lattice sites where the formation of negative hydrogen ions is the common precursor for the electronic processes of relevance here.
	pgd5.physik.hu-berlin.de /pgd/pgdpub02.htm (3140 words)

	Beta decay Summary
		During beta decay the nucleon (protons and neutrons) composition of the atomic nucleus changes, either by the transformation of a neutron into a proton or by the transformation of a proton into a neutron.
		As a result of the nucleon transformations, a new proton is left behind in the nucleus and the atomic number of the atom is raised by one.
		But if the energy difference between initial and final states is low, the electron capture can occur without being accompanied by positron emission.
	www.bookrags.com /Beta_decay (1238 words)

	Session LP - Poster Session.
		The data at intermediate electron energy are in fair agreement with the magnitude of the theory.(K. Sud, private communication (1996)) (S. Keller and H. Ast, private communication (1997)) However, the electron energy dependence of the cross sections does not agree with the single interaction theories.
		Electrons emitted in the collision with energies between 0~eV and 1200~eV and laboratory emission angles between 0 and 180 degrees are energy- and angle analyzed with a toroidal electrostatic spectrometer and detected with a 2D-position sensitive channelplate detector.
		Electron capture from the L shell of heavy atoms by protons at intermediate collision energies is being studied using a distorted strong-potential Born treatment of ion-atom collisions.(S. Alston, Phys.
	flux.aps.org /meetings/YR98/BAPSDAMOP98/abs/S1200.html (14023 words)

	ES&H INTEGRATED HAZARD APPRAISAL
		In this process, an electron-positron pair is produced by the transient electromagnetic field of a relativistic ion-atom collision, and the electron from the pair emerges from the collision bound to the projectile ion.
		Present activities include (1) extending the measurement of electron capture from pair production to 10 GeV/nucleon collision energies and the capture of particles heavier than electrons, (2) performing calculations of capture from pair production using parallel computing, and (3) constructing a new experiment to search for an electron EDM using laser trapping and cooling.
		Auger electron spectra, and photon spectra from multiply charged ion-atom collisions are used to gain insight into population mechanisms and the structure of highly excited states.
	www.lbl.gov /Workplace/NS-Program/8-23CSD.html (4178 words)

	Gamma ray Summary
		Compton Scattering: This is an interaction in which an incident gamma photon loses enough energy to an atomic electron to cause its ejection, with the remainder of the original photon's energy being emitted as a new, lower energy gamma photon with an emission direction different from that of the incident gamma photon.
		A positron is the anti-matter equivalent of an electron; it has the same mass as an electron, but it has a positive charge equal in strength to the negative charge of an electron.
		The secondary electrons (or positrons) produced in any of these three processes frequently have enough energy to produce many ionizations up to the end of range.
	www.bookrags.com /Gamma_ray (4640 words)

	Decay Mode Table (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Conversion of a neutron to a proton and emission of an electron and an antineutrino
		Capture of an atomic electron converting a proton to a neutron and emission of a neutrino.
		γ-ray or conversion electron emission from an long-lived metastable state.
	ie.lbl.gov /education/decmode.html (133 words)

	On the Neutralization of Singly and Multicharged Projectiles During Grazing Interactions with LiF(100)
		One characteristic of the multicharged alkali projectiles that might be responsible for the observed charge dependence is the fact that, unlike the singly charged ones, which have no electron capture levels that are even remotely resonant with the LiF valence band, the higher charged projectiles have numerous such levels (albeit excited).
		The first is quasi-resonant double electron capture by a doubly charged incident Ne or Na projectile to form a doubly excited neutral.
		The second is sequential single electron capture, the first electron being captured to form an excited 1+ core, the second to a level more tightly bound (due to reduced screening) than the corresponding level bound to a ground state 1+ core, consequently lying closer in energy to the valence band.
	www-cfadc.phy.ornl.gov /mirfhome/IISC/iisc11c.html (2902 words)

	Summary of recent research activities of the group of Professor Nico M.M. Nibbering.
		In the interactions between doubly charged rare gas ions and their corresponding neutral gas atoms the double electron capture (DEC) has been observed to be more efficient than the single electron capture (SEC).
		Various radical cation dimers as the simplest type of odd electron ionic clusters have been studied with regard to their physical and chemical properties.
		The former is the intermediate in the electron transfer reaction and the latter in the proton transfer reaction between the radical cation of methyl chloride and its neutral counterpart.
	www.science.uva.nl /research/imc/reactive_intermediates/Web-Nibb.html (593 words)

	EC Electron capture (q
		It is based on a steady current produced by a long-lived beta-emitter and the measurable perturbations in that current caused by the presence of small quantities of molecules that scavenge or capture the electrons.
		ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS Type of spectroscopy involving the measurement of the kinetic energy of electrons emitted by chemical substances usually as a result of excitation by monochromatic X-rays.
		EXPOSURE For X- or gamma radiation in air: the sum of the electrical charges of all the ions of one sign produced after all electrons liberated by photons in a suitably small volume element of air are completely stopped, divided by the mass of the air in the volume element.
	www.iupac.org /ACD/V7_karol/E.html (1325 words)

	American University of Sharjah
		During the last three years, my research interest was expanded to include electronic properties of materials in general, including high temperature superconductors.
		I am interested in the generation of harmonics, of the (pump) laser frequency, associated with the acceleration of electrons by laser beams.
		Patterns of the radiation emitted by the accelerated particles in a laser accelerator, as well as the associated radiation spectra, are subjects of some of my current research efforts.
	www.aus.edu /cas/phy/faculty.php (695 words)

	Publications by Raúl A
		Electron Emission from Surfaces by Impact of Polyatomic Ions and Cosmic Dust, R. Baragiola, Nucl.
		Electron Emission from Carbon Foils Induced by keV Ions, S.M. Ritzau and R.A. Baragiola, Phys.
		Angular studies of potential electron emission in the interaction of slow ions with Al surfaces, P. Riccardi, P. Barone, A. Bonanno, A. Oliva, and R. Baragiola, Phys.
	www.virginia.edu /ep/LASP/pubs.htm (3257 words)

	Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay
		An updated version of a previous compilation of data on double beta decay is presented....
		Critics of prominent members of the Double Beta Decay community to the claim in [9-22].
		Neutrinoless double beta decay: Electron angular correlation as a probe of new physics,
	www.nu.to.infn.it /Neutrinoless_Double_Beta_Decay (2682 words)

	X-Ray Workshop
		This data results from very large calculations of the state-selective (n,l) single charge transfer, transfer-ionization, pure double capture, and autoionizing double capture cross sections across a broad collision energy range for all oxygen and sulfur ionization stages colliding with the principal Jovian atmosphere gas, molecular hydrogen.
		New x-ray emission cascade models for single electron capture, true double electron capture, and autoionizing double capture, constructed with our n,l-resolved charge transfer data, will be presented and compared to recent triple-coincidence COLTRIMS measurements.
		The NIST electron beam ion trap (EBIT) is capable of producing the full range of ion charge states responsible for the x-ray and EUV emission in astrophysical and solar environments.
	www.cfa.harvard.edu /itamp/x-ray.html (2307 words)

	CAARI 2000 ABSTRACTS.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Auger electron spectroscopy and photoemission spectroscopy are two of the most powerful and incisive probes of solids and their surfaces.
		Correlated transfer excitation occurs by the capture of a target electron with the simultaneous excitation of one of the projectile electrons via an electron-electron interaction.
		Highly-anisotropic electron momentum distribution to be formed by some of the positron-sensitive impurity centers is supposed to result in the formation of a fine structure of the 1D-ACAR spectra [1].
	orgs.unt.edu /CAARI/CAARI2000Abstracts.html (17574 words)

	AMOLF thesis: Anne Kleinnijenhuis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Localization of intramolecular monosulfide bridges in lantibiotics determined with electron capture induced dissociation
		Does double electron capture lead to the formation of biradicals?
		Atypical behavior in the electron capture induced dissociation of biologically relevant transition metal ion complexes of the peptide hormone oxytocin
	www.amolf.nl /publications/theses/kleinnijenhuis/kleinnijenhuis.html (79 words)

	[No title]
		High-energy behavior of the double photoionization of helium from 2 to 12 keV
		H.G. Berry, J.C. Dehaes, D.K. Neek and L.P. Somerville, Proceedings of the Symposium on forward electron ejection in ion collisions, Aarhus, Denmark, June 29-30, 1984, ed.
		Double Photoionization of Helium with Synchrotron X-rays: Workshop at Argonne National Laboratory, Oct 4 and 5, 1993, published as ANL report ANL/PHY-94/1
	www.nd.edu /~hgberry/publicationsbefore1998.htm (3516 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		"Total capture cross sections for very slow Ar4+ - Ar and Ar6+ - Ar collisions" C. Biedermann, J. Levin, R. Short, S. Elston, J. Gibbons, I. Sellin, H. Cederquist, L. Andersson, H. Andersson, and L. Liljeby, Phys.
		"Angular distributions of single- and double-electron capture in very slow Ar6+ - Ar collisions" C. Biedermann, J. Levin, R. Short, S. Elston, J. Gibbons, K. Kimura, I. Sellin, H. Cederquist, L. Andersson, H. Andersson, and L. Liljeby, Nucl.
		"Electron transfer collision studies on stored ions produced by synchrotron radiation" D. Church, S. Kravis, B. Johnson, Y. uma, J. Levin, I. Sellin, M. Meron, K. Jones, M. Druetta, N. Mansour, H. Berry, and R. Short, Nucl.
	cot.marine.usf.edu /Pubs/Files/TimS.html (1291 words)

	ATOMKI: Publications in 1996.
		Tôkési K. Hock G. Double electron capture in He2+ + He collisions up to 1500 keV/amu projectile impact.
		Wang J. Olson R. Cornelius K. Tôkési K. Slow convergence to n4-scaling of cross sections in electron capture from Rydberg states.
		Víkor L. Electron emission at zero degree in atomic collisions.
	www.atomki.hu /PH/2/yea01996.htm (1125 words)

	Hocine Merabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		EUV Spectrometry and Polarimetry; Auger Electron Spectroscopy; Recoil-Ion Momentum Spectroscopy; Triple Coincidence Techniques; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics; Atomic and Ionic Collision Processes, Atomic structure calculations using Cowan code.
		[10] "Magnetic Sublevel Population in 1s-2p Excitation of Helium by Fast Electrons and Protons", A. Godunov, H.
		[14] "Double Electron Capture and Radiative Stabilization Processes in Slow Ion-Atom Collisions", J.-Y. Chesnel, F. Frémont, B. Sulik, C. Ruiz-Mendez, H.
	physics.unr.edu /grad/merabet (927 words)

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