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	Double hull - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Double hulls are a more extensive safety measure than double bottoms, which have two hull layers only in the bottom of the ship and not the sides.
		A double hull also conveniently forms a stiff and strong girder or beam structure with the two hull plating layers as upper and lower plates for a composite beam.
		In case of submarines, the double hull structure is significantly different, consisting of an outer light hull and inner pressure hull.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Double_hull (444 words)

	Thank you, Mr (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		In 1990, Congress mandated double hulls on all newly constructed oil tankers and specified a precise retirement date for all single hulled tankers based on their age and weight at the time of enactment of OPA-90.
		In 1997, a barge collided with a double hulled tanker in the Port of Lake Charles.
		In 1996, a double hulled tanker off the coast of France ran aground puncturing the outer hull in several places, but none of its oil cargo was spilled.
	www.house.gov /transportation/cgmt/hearing/06-29-99/cbrown.html (1401 words)

	Hydrodynamic Analysis of Oil Outflow from Double Hull Tankers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		In this paper we present the results of calculations on two double hull configurations: the 1/30 scale model of a 280,000 ton VLCC, which was tested by Karafiath and Bell (1992), and a configuration of a 40,000 DWT Advanced Double Hull (ADH).
		A possible reason is that the inner hull rupture was a much smaller proportion of the cargo tank bottom (3.6 percent for the ADH versus 20 percent for the 1/30 scale model).
		In the first case the hull was ruptured by a cylindrical obstacle, 20 percent of the tank width, while in the second case the hull was ruptured by a 45o conical obstacle which created a rupture in the inner hull 3.6 percent of the tank width.
	www50.dt.navy.mil /reports/oil_outflow (4909 words)

	Anticipated Severe Corrosion Problems Associated with the Change from Single Hulled Bulk Carriers to Double Hulled Bulk ...
		Previously, with single hulled designs, the tank top and under deck areas could be left uncoated, but with the double hull designs, the tank top shows pitting and grooving corrosion much more rapidly (photograph 1) and severe under deck corrosion also occurs (photograph 2), necessitating coating.
		With the single hulled design, the danger of fires in the holds was reduced, as the vertical stiffeners protruding into the cargo tended to act as “heat sinks” and drain the heat away into the surrounding sea water.
		In the double hulled designs, this will not occur and the danger of very severe corrosion as a result of the significantly higher temperatures, or in the worst case cargo fires, is therefore increased.
	website.lineone.net /~amteccorrosion/soadhbc.html (3190 words)

	DOUBLE HULL AND ITS POSITIVE EFFECTS By Captain Onur Yenal Uranli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		In this research, I will briefly try to explain what the double hull (d/h) is intended for, how this concept really reduces oil spills, and what the positive consequences of double hull are.
		About 20 percent of oil-transporting vessels had double hulls as of 1997, and many new ones will enter service within the next few years as the industry complies with US, and international requirements.
		This is obviously impossible in single hull tankers since there would probably be cargo in the tank while on the sea.
	www.turkishpilots.org /DOCUMENTS/doublehull.htm (1238 words)

	Double-hulled tanker - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A double-hulled tanker is a large tanker ship used for transporting liquids (usually petroleum).
		The ship has a double hull to prevent the liquid cargo from spilling; if the outer hull is breached, the inner hull keeps the transported substance in place.
		Double-hulled tankers were required under 46 USC § 3703a after the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Double-hulled_tanker (123 words)

	Hawaiian Double Hulled Canoe - Big Canoe Guide
		This is an example of a Hawaiian double - hulled canoe built by Paul Fujimoto as an...
		This double - hulled voyaging canoe was built to replicate as closely as was...
		Double hulled canoes had covers to stop the rain from coming into the hulls.
	www.bigcanoeguide.com /hawaiian-double-hulled-canoe.html (775 words)

	Newhouse B1
		In Louisiana in October 1997, a double hull saved the tanker Guardian from a spill after it collided with a towboat pushing a pair of tank barges on the Calcasieu River near Lake Charles.
		The design is most effective when a tanker is moving slowly and runs into a small object, such as an anchor or the edge of a wharf, or slides onto a soft bank such as the one along the Mississippi River.
		Bob Greco, general manager for marine transportation for the American Petroleum Institute, praises the double hull as "an important safety advancement," but he warns that it is not a "panacea" for oil spills.
	www.newhousenews.com /archive/story1b121100.html (1327 words)

	Double Hulled Oil Tankers
		The idea is that a new hull is placed outside the existing hull to absorb the impact in a collision.
		A new hull is placed four meters away from the existing hull.
		The outer hull is connected to the inner hull by crossbars that are durable and strong enough to withstand powerful blows to the ship.
	www2.ic.edu /cochran/ClassPages/205Spring03/Lappe/LappeWebsite.html (1378 words)

	Current Articles - 6
		But what the casual ship-watchers can't see is that the hulls of most of these tankers - the walls between their crude-oil cargo and the waters of Puget Sound - are but an inch and a half thick.
		If the 1989 spill produced a single rallying cry, it was that oil shippers be forced to use tankers built with a second, protective hull separated from the first by a large air space.
		Congress and an international treaty organization responded by mandating that all new tankers be built with double hulls, providing a 9-foot buffer between the oil and the sea.
	www.uiowa.edu /~c07w180d/current_articles/ca_article6.html (2124 words)

	Phasing out of Single-Hulled Oil Tankers - Environmental Protection - Ships and Operations Standards - Marine Safety (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		This amendment also required new oil tankers to be double hulled and existing tankers to be phased out, but the scheme was not identical to the OPA 90 scheme.
		These provisions are included in TP 11710, Standards for the Double Hull Construction of Oil Tankers, which was first published in 1993.
		There are also provisions in regulation 13G(5) to allow tankers with only a double bottom, double side or a double hull not meeting the requirements of the regulation to operate until they are 25 years old.
	www.tc.gc.ca /marinesafety/Ships-and-operations-standards/Environmental-Protection/Single-hulled-Oil-Tankers.htm (1749 words)

	Double hulled tankers to prevent oil disasters
		The EU has responded with a number of measures including an immediate ban on single-hulled oil tankers carrying heavy grades of oil from entering the waters of the European Union with only double-hulled tankers allowed to sail into ports from 2015.
		A successful and economic double hull design will mean oil isn't spilt during collisions, reducing the risk of oil contaminated oceans, seaside resorts, protecting animal and plant life in the oceans and on the coastline and economies and livelihoods are saved.
		The team analysed ship hull manufacturing processes, studied the traffic in the Baltic area and carried out hydrodynamic and structural analysis of ships' hulls, systems and machinery to create ships that will be more environmental with lower emissions and waste (clean-class) and will be economical to build.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-04/e-dht040104.php (493 words)

	Moran
		“Our goal is to be completely double hull as a matter of policy as soon as possible,” said Tregurtha as part of his address as he introduced the just double-hulled Massachusetts and the matching tug, Paul T. Moran.
		The barge, which was also converted to the Bludworth articulated coupler system, was double hulled by construction of a new hull with 10 cargo tanks inside of her existing hull.
		“All the things that drive this company — our dedication to safety, training and environment — these ideas are reflected not only in the double hulling of this barge, but also with the new articulated connection system and all the other new and upgraded items on board both vessels,” he said.
	www.morantug.com /towline_2004_double-hull.asp (549 words)

	Double hulls could mean double trouble. (The Forum Debate). \| Transportation and Warehousing > Support Activities ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Meanwhile we have now arrived at a time when the first generation of post OPA 90 doubled-hulled tankers are facing a fully dry-docked second survey, when their structural condition will be closely examined.
		The double hull creates a "thermos effect" which keeps the cargo spaces too hot, accelerating underdeck corrosion.
		The double hull is only required to encase the cargo spaces and not the engine room or bunker tanks.
	www.allbusiness.com /transportation-warehousing/support/626275-1.html (644 words)

	THE HANA HOU SERIES
		The double hulled configuration is absolutely ideal for training purposes especially where novices are concerned.
		In the highly unlikely event a double should capsize, the crew should line-up on the outside of one hull.
		Then simultaneously, mount the hull and force it under the other while reaching for the far gunnel (be sure everyone stays on the outside of the hulls, not between).
	holoholo.org /hanahou/hhpart50.html (1049 words)

	Sterling Investment Partners \| U.S. Shipping Partners L.P. Agrees to Acquire Double Hulled Product Tanker
		The vessel is a Jones Act coastwise double hulled product tanker, built in 1985, capable of carrying approximately 240,000 barrels.
		The vessel was built for use by the Military Sealift Command of the U.S. Navy as part of a fleet of six vessels, which they have used primarily to deliver jet fuel to various locations in the world.
		In addition to being double hulled and fully compliant with OPA 90 regulations, vessels in this size range are in high demand.
	www.sterlinglp.com /news/index.aspx?id=89 (472 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - After tankers Conoco now also barges 100 % double hulled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Besides double hulls, Conoco's new crude oil tank barges have reinforced bows with thicker steel plating, providing a further precaution against potential damage from groundings in shallow waters.
		Conoco's crude oil tank barges also are equipped with electronic vapour- recovery systems to contain VOC emissions when loading and unloading crude oil cargoes.
		In addition, the average age of a double-hulled tank barge operated by Conoco is 6 years, much younger than the industry average of 21 years for a crude oil barge working in U.S. waters.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/company/cnn90636.htm (392 words)

	Double trouble. (A Contributor's Perspective). \| Asia from AllBusiness.com
		Double skins surely give twice the protection from a hull breach, either by accident or from the effects of corrosion?
		The first generation of double-hulled tankers, introduced after the Exxon Valdez spill in Alaska in 1989, showed themselves to be more susceptible to corrosion than their single-hulled siblings.
		True, any breach of the inner hull would be contained by the outer hull, but undetected seepage would lead to a build up of highly combustible gases between the two skins.
	www.allbusiness.com /asia/410386-1.html (658 words)

	Big US Oil Companies Have Found Cracks In The Tanker Regulations Inspired By The Exxon Valdez...
		Double hulls radically reduce oil spillage in a tanker collision, grounding or other accident.
		Exxon's SeaRiver Long Beach sprung a hairline fracture in its single hull in May and had to be hastily offloaded again in Valdez.
		The number of icebergs in the tanker lanes has increased five-fold since 1980 because of glacier melting, and at least one tanker-berg collision has already occurred, resulting in $1-million in damages to a, fortunately, empty ship.
	www.commondreams.org /views/072000-105.htm (906 words)

	'Prestige' spill sparks inquiries into tanker safety
		"Double hulls can provide an added measure of safety, but shifting to double hulled tankers is not a panacea," Keeney said.
		We should also recognize and prepare for the future when double hull tankers become older and consequently, are at an increased risks for spills."
		Thomas A. Allegretti, president of the American Waterways Operators, focused on the success of OPA '90 and the ongoing efforts within the shipping industry to prevent oil spills and improve safety.
	www.amo-union.org /Newspaper/Morgue/2-2003/Sections/News/opa90.htm (836 words)

	SouthCoastToday.com - Tankers slow to comply - April 24, 2006
		Double-hulled tankers and barges help prevent oil spills with an added layer of steel that surrounds the inner hull, shielding the oil tanks from penetration by rocky ocean bottoms or other ships.
		In 2003, only 20 percent of the oil barges that passed through the bay had double hulls, Mr.
		Newer vessels with double hulls transport gasoline products that are easier to scrub out of the tanks than the sticky No. 6 oil, he said.
	www.southcoasttoday.com /daily/04-06/04-24-06/01local.htm (1151 words)

	4 June - Double Hulled Oil Tankers - (Explanations of Vote)
		I welcome Parliament's initiative, which seeks to speed up the introduction of double hull tankers.
		The measures contained in the report are important both in enhancing maritime safety and in preventing the type of environmental disaster which the Galician coast recently suffered.
		It is for this reason that I particularly welcome Parliament’s aim to seek a swift agreement with the Council in order to prevent other coastal communities suffering the fate of Galicia or Shetland and would like to record my hope that member states will afford this legislation the priority it deserves.
	www.hudghtonmep.com /speeches/4_june2003.htm (223 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		At issue is the way in which oil tankers are weighed and measured, since the OPA requires double hull construction for new ships over a certain size and a phase out and/or retrofit timetable for older vessels that still transport oil in U.S. waters.
		101-653, P. Almost immediately after the double hull provision was enacted, some shipowners and operators began to look for ways to avoid the phase-out date for their vessels.
		Frelinghuysen's amendment would stop the undermining of Congress and the intent of the OPA-90 single hull phase-out schedule by specifying that an existing tank vessel's gross tonnage is, for purposes of the double hull phase-out date, that tonnage listed on its tonnage certificate as of July 1, 1997.
	www.gsenet.org /library/11gsn/1997/gs70701-.htm (2274 words)

	Re: Double hulled structures
		In Reply to: Re: Double hulled structures posted by : Tom Nelligan on December 08, 1999 at 19:50:
		The spacing should be such that you can geometrically focus the transducer array at about 3-4 inches (for 0.5 inch steel).
		Move the transducer pair toward the part until they are geometrically focused on the back surface of the first hull.
	www.ndt.net /wshop/forum/messages-1/1272.htm (848 words)

	DNV - DNV to class double-hulled bulkers
		Offering owners and charterers significant operational cost savings, the vessels will have double hulls and a high specification intended to address the current concerns raised by IMO and IACS about bulk carrier safety.
		"The powerful combination of a robust and practical double hull bulker design, attractive delivery positions and an excellent financial package, combined with Graig's proven Chinese newbuilding experience has attracted these leading owners to order Diamond 53s," says Graig CEO Hugh Williams.
		"Now that IMO has backed double hulls, and IACS is producing firm guidance pointing to the advantages of double hulls for bulkers, we expect many more to follow their lead.
	www.dnv.com /press/DNVtoclassdoublehulledbulkers.asp (446 words)

	IPIECA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Unlike some other vessels, tankers' double hulls encapsulate the engine room, machinery spaces, fuel oil tanks and engine room bilge areas as well as all sides and the bottom of the vessels themselves.
		Conoco's two newest double-hulled tankers feature many safety and environmental protection innovations, including low-emission engines, an at-sea ballast system and a hull protection system-all meeting or exceeding marine regulations and standard practices.
		Internationally, delegates from IMO's 158 member states have agreed within the Marine Environment Protection Committee to a timetable that will see most single-hulled oil tankers eliminated by 2015.
	www.ipieca.org /oil_spill/double_hull.html (173 words)

	GAO Forecasts Shortfall In Double-Hulled Tonnage
		According to a recent GAO report, the current U.S.-built oil transportation fleet consists of 194 vessels-144 single-hulled ships and barges and 50 with double hulls.
		If a shortage of Jones Act qualified double-hulled tank ship tonnage develops as single-hulled tankers are removed from the petroleum trades, companies cited importation of foreign oil, an increase in the use of foreign tankers, an increase in the use of pipelines and land transportation of oil and petroleum products as preferred alternatives.
		Under OPA '90, all vessels certified to carry petroleum products in U.S. waters after 2015 must have double hulls or, for vessels under 5,000 gross tons, must have a redundant containment system that U.S. authorities deem as effective as a double hull in preventing oil spills.
	www.amo-union.org /Newspaper/Morgue/6-2000/Sections/News/opa90.htm (1413 words)

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