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	The Doukhobors
		The Doukhobors have their origins in early 17th century southern Russia, where they suffered persecution and exile for their religious beliefs, particularly for their belief in pacifism and their refusal to take up arms for the Czar.
		Doukhobor men served in labor pools where their services were developed as construction workers, farm hands, and general laborers.
		Doukhobor villages were largely organized according to family groupings, sometimes with two or three extended families sharing one village.
	www.jdkoftinoff.com /main/Information/About_Jeff_Koftinoff/The_Doukhobors (1643 words)

	Doukhobor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Doukhobors are a Christian sect who long ago rejected secular government, the Russian Orthodox priests, icons, all church ritual, the Bible and the divinity of Jesus.
		The Doukhobors' passage across the Atlantic Ocean was largely paid for by Quakers and Tolstoyans, who sympathized with their plight, and by the writer Leo Tolstoy, who arranged for the royalties from his novel Resurrection to go to the migration fund.
		Doukhobors are often associated with the Molokans, who originated in the same circumstances in Russia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Doukhobors (799 words)

	Doukhobor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Doukhobors rejected secular government, the Bible, and the divinity of Jesus Christ.
		The Doukhobors' passage across the Atlantic Ocean was paid for by Quakers, who sympathized with their plight, and by novelist Leo Tolstoy.
		The religious philosophy of the Doukhobors is based on two commandments: "Love God with all thy heart, mind and soul" and "Love thy neighbour as thyself." The Doukhobors have several important slogans.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/d/do/doukhobor.html (585 words)

	. Who are the Doukhobours?
		Doukhobors were always interested in a practical common sense religion which could help people to live a contented, useful, and happy life on earth.
		Whereas for centuries Doukhobors were illiterate, in the span of a generation or so they have gained access to higher education and a language and culture totally different from that in which their whole life originated.
		Planning for the Doukhobor Centennials (1995 and 1999) has been a joint effort of all Doukhobor groups--and this is a tribute to their ability to live with diversity.
	www.castlegar.com /tourism/doukhobor/who.html (1522 words)

	The Doukhobors In Early Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Doukhobors lived in community groups and did not hold individual land titles, but owned the land as a whole group.
		Doukhobors worship God in the spirit and not through external objects such as the cross.
		The Doukhobors considered their bodies to be "Temples of the living God" and abstained from alcohol, drugs, tobacco, and all other harmful substances.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/doukhobors/60255/2 (495 words)

	Milky Waters- Part 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Langeron was said to have become upset, and said publicly that the Doukhobors should be "sent to live amongst the Turks." Alexander heard of this statement through a petition submitted by two Doukhobor elders.
		Doukhobors land holdings which had grown to 100 acres, were cut back to 40.
		Doukhobor children were taken from their homes, and families were separated.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/doukhobors/80092/1 (480 words)

	DOUKHOBORS - Online Information article about DOUKHOBORS
		Nicholas I., in the years 1840 and 1850, the Doukhobors, who on religious grounds refused to participate in military service, were all banished from the government of Tauris—whither they had been previously transported from various parts of See also:
		case of the Doukhobors, it had formerly been replaced with banishment, were called upon to serve.
		The Doukhobors them-selves asked for permission to leave Russia, and the Society of Friends petitioned the emperor to the same effect.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /DIO_DRO/DOUKHOBORS.html (2045 words)

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		Doukhobor men served in labor pools where their services were developed as construction workers, farm hands, and general laborers.
		Doukhobor villages were largely organized according to family groupings, sometimes with two or three extended families sharing one village.
		Doukhobor cuisine - most notably borsch, a cabbage-based soup, flavoured with dill and rich cream and butter - is now world famous.
	www.lightweb.com /Doukhobor.htm (1008 words)

	Doukhobors
		The Doukhobors are a group of Russian language-speaking religious dissenters who migrated to Canada in 1899.
		The Doukhobors practice a form of Christianity and believe that Jesus Christ is a spiritually advanced teacher and example to others.
		Tsarist governments in Russia kept Doukhobors on the move for more than a century to the furthest reaches of the Russian empire, and the persecution that Doukhobors endured in Russia just before coming to Canada was severe.
	www.ualberta.ca /~jrak/doukhobors.htm (639 words)

	History: Immigration - Doukhobor - Explore the Communities - The Kids' Site of Canadian Settlement - Library and ...
		In Russia, the Doukhobors had been exiled or sent to prison because they refused to fight for the Czar.
		They were promised free land, the right to their own religion, and a guarantee that they would not have to serve in the Canadian military.
		These Doukhobors had emigrated to Cyprus but the colony was not a success, so they decided to come to Canada.
	www.collectionscanada.ca /settlement/kids/021013-2041.1-e.html (288 words)

	Quakers and Doukhobors : Stories from AFSC's Past : About AFSC
		The name Doukhobor means "spirit wrestler" and was a term of derision used by Russian Archbishop Ambrosius in 1785 to describe this group of religious dissenters who organized in opposition to the Russian Orthodox Church.
		The AFSC and the Doukhobors came into contact in 1918 when the AFSC was one year old and was asked to administer relief, to be collected by the Doukhobors in Canada, for war-torn Russia.
		Emmett Gulley, director of AFSC's Pacific Northwest Regional Office, visited the Doukhobor communities and reported that the AFSC might be able to mediate and help the Sons of Freedom see value in educating their children and existing peacefully with their government and each other.
	www.afsc.org /about/hist/2002/doukhobor.htm (1017 words)

	DOUKHOBOR HISTORY - DOUKHOBORS - COMMUNITIES IN B.C. - BC ARCHIVES TIME MACHINE
		DOUKHOBOR HISTORY - DOUKHOBORS - COMMUNITIES IN B.C. A Brief History of the Doukhobors in B.C. The origin of the Doukhobors dates back to the 1600s and 1700s in Russia, when a number of Christian religious sects began to form.
		Unfortunately for Doukhobors, the Canadian Government introduced changes to the homesteading regulations requiring individuals to claim title and to pledge an oath of allegiance to the Crown.
		The Doukhobors were allowed to stay on the land, and pay a small rent, but it signaled the end of the Christian Community of Universal Brotherhood and its extensive commercial ventures.
	www.bcarchives.gov.bc.ca /exhibits/timemach/galler02/frames/doukhist.htm (564 words)

	Doukhobor history
		The origin of the Doukhobors dates to 16th and 17th century Russia, when a number of Christian religious sects began to form.
		Although Archbishop Ambrosias of Ekaterinoslav in 1785 was implying that the Doukhobors wrestled against the Holy Spirit, the Doukhobor elders adopted a shortened form of the name, maintaining that they wrestled not against but with the spirit of Christ.
		Doukhobors were also required to become naturalized citizens, and to swear allegiance to the Crown, which most Doukhobors thought would lead to the end of their exemption from military service.
	edocs.lib.sfu.ca /projects/Doukhobor-Collection/history.html (633 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Doukhobors are a Russian-ethnic derived group of people who have been known by various names such as a "sect", an "ethnic group", a "religious group", a "peculiar people", but which most accurately can be described as a social movement.
		The Doukhobors were persecuted because of their disregard of all church ceremonial and sacrament, of professional clergy, church degrees, worship of icons and prayers to saints.
		Many of the Doukhobors were beaten mercilessly and the ringleaders were thrown into prisons or sentenced to serve in penal battalions.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /cree/pioneer/Doukhobo/43a.htm (828 words)

	CM Magazine: My Doukhobor Cousins. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		These orthodox Doukhobors believed they were settling in a place where they would be allowed to live according to their beliefs and would not be subjected to state intervention into their lives.
		As the descendants of the Doukhobors unearth their family histories, they are proud to belong to a people whose beliefs are grounded in pacifism.
		The Doukhobors are experiencing a current rapprochement between the Sons of Freedom, the orthodox and the independent sects.
	www.umanitoba.ca /outreach/cm/vol11/no6/mydoukhoborcousins.html (1582 words)

	The Community Doukhobors by John W. Friesen and Michael M. Verigin
		The rejection of institutions is replaced in Doukhobor faith by the simple commemorative placement of bread, salt and water on a table in the centre of the room during formal religious observances.
		While analysts of the Doukhobor faith have tried to attach a special significance to these emblems, Orthodox believers insist that they are merely reminders of the Doukhobor slogan, "toil and peaceful life." Simply translated, it implies a respect for hard work, reverence for the earth, and the extension of hospitality to others.
		He was a member of the 1995 Doukhobor Centennial Coordinating Committee, representing Alberta, and sits on the Board of Directors of the Pincher Creek and District Historical Society.
	www.borealispress.com /thecommunitydoukhobors.html (522 words)

	Doukhobors in Alberta
		And although this was choice farm land, there was an insufficient amount of it owned by the community, and it became necessary for many members to work outside the village to supplement their income.
		The census reports indicate that in 1931 there was a total of 786 Doukhobors reported for Alberta, 297 in the Cowley/Lundbreck area, 391 in the Mossleigh/Shouldice area, and 98 in other parts of the province.
		In 1953, the Doukhobors in the Shouldice, Mossleigh and Arrowwood locality built a Prayer Home near Mossleigh and registered their society as the United Doukhobors of Mossleigh and District.
	www.doukhobor.org /alberta.html (1081 words)

	Civilization.ca - The Doukhobors: "Spirit Wrestlers"
		Western Canada is home to half the world's Doukhobors, or, translated literally from the Russian, "Spirit Wrestlers." Their Russian origins are evident in all aspects of their heritage.
		In keeping with their motto, "Toil and peaceful life," Doukhobors seek to balance the basic needs of everyday life with spiritual beliefs based on Christian principles.
		To preserve and make known their ideals, Doukhobors have developed a rich song tradition, consisting of psalms and hymns, as well as other types of songs.
	www.civilization.ca /cultur/doukhobors/dou01eng.html (145 words)

	Civilization.ca - Doukhobors - Family Ties
		Doukhobors treasure children as assets that bring joy and comfort to the entire community.
		Objects from the Museum's Doukhobor collections, many of them handmade, reflect this loving concern, and underline the group's respect for humanity at large.
		When the Doukhobors first arrived in Canada, the more conservative community members refused to send their children to school, preferring to educate them within the community.
	www.warmuseum.ca /cultur/doukhobors/dou05eng.html (185 words)

	Wrestling with the Spirit - A Doukhobor Story
		Doukhobors were pacifists who refused to join the Czar's military and rejected the authority and corruption of the Russian Orthodox Church.
		For this, many Doukhobors were forced from their land, arrested and tortured, including members of Vanya's family.
		Although Doukhobors were mostly illiterate, Vanya pursued a life-long love of learning and helped to establish the first school for Doukhobor children in his district.
	www.whitepinepictures.com /seeds/iv/48/subject.html (175 words)

	Doukhobor Prints by John Kalmakov - The Doukhobors
		Although the largest group of Doukhobors currently live in the southern interior of British Columbia, there are sizeable populations in all three western Canadian provinces.
		he assisted the Doukhobors in their emigration to Canada in 1898 and 1899.
		conscription, the Doukhobors refused military service and in June 28-29, 1895 demonstrated their commitment to non-violence by collecting and burning all weapons in massive symbolic bonfires in several villages.
	members.shaw.ca /kalmakov/doukhoborindex.htm (344 words)

	SRG Publications: Sergej Tolstoy
		In preparation for this all the Doukhobors were brought onto the dock, and then the police chief, customs officials and other authorities took up positions by the gangplank and let the people back on board, taking their transit permits and checking them against the passports forwarded to the Batoum administration office by the local governors.
		Several Doukhobors were going by other names; one young man who was subject to conscription came dressed as a female member of another family.
		Since the DoukhoborsÕ homes were far removed from the authorities, and the authorities generally did not enter into their lives, but only took bribes from them, confusion had become normal in the inspection process, which took up a great deal of time -- almost the whole day.
	www.uottawa.ca /academic/arts/gres/stolsten.html (914 words)

	Doukhobors in World War II
		Doukhobor and Mennonite faiths were specifically recognized as valid conditions of exemption but in name only (Janzen, 1981: 459, 561; Hawthorn, 1955: 197-199; Sherstobitoff, 1955: 19-20; Sherstobitoff, 1955, vol.
		The BC Doukhobors were told that the registration ‘had no connection whatsoever with military service’ and that on that understanding many ‘were more or less reluctantly prevailed upon to register.’ However, the zealots or Sons of Freedom, a radical fringe group numbering about 1000, had refused even after this assurance.
		Moreover, many British Columbia Doukhobors were already employed in dam construction and forestry – industries that were vital to the national war effort; the government feared a labour shortage should the Doukhobors quit as a result of pressure from the authorities (Janzen, 1981: 559).
	www.spirit-wrestlers.com /excerpts/Doukhobors_WW2.html (8628 words)

	A Doukhobor bomb blast ignites fear in Kootenays - "On This Day" - CBC Archives
		Starting in the 1920s, a British Columbia sect of Doukhobors known as the Sons of Freedom fought for peace with bombs and arson, and by stripping off their clothes for defiant naked public marches.
		The act allowed the government to seize the community's property if individual Doukhobors did not register births, marriages and deaths or if their children didn't attend school regularly.
		Other Doukhobors who had been previously convicted of bombings and arson were also sent there.
	archives.cbc.ca /IDC-1-71-2151-13097-11/on_this_day/conflict_war/twt (797 words)

	RAJI: On Location in Rostov, Russia: Doukhobors: The Last Generation? Archives
		With 350 residents (less than half of them Doukhobors), no telephone service and a bus that connects to the outside world only once a week, Petrovka is rapidly losing its young people, and with them, the Doukhobor future.
		Sent to the Caucasus mountains in 1841 from northern Russia, the Doukhobors resisted conscription and in 1895 resorted to burning a pile of guns in their refusal to fight in the Tsar’s army against the Turks.
		She said the government recently purchased a tape player to record the songs and prayers of the women, and that they are trying to raise money to maintain the museum.
	journalism.nyu.edu /pubzone/weblogs/rostov/archives/001366.html (841 words)

	Institut d'études canadiennes - Institute of Canadian Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		He loved the Doukhobor choral singing, and was a talented poet and writer of psalms and prayers.
		For Doukhobors, it was not such an anathema, as for other Russian (Soviet dissident) immigrants, as they shared with the Communists, first, a common past enemy (the Tsarist Russia), and secondly, some collectivist principles, which, as they thought, had triumphed in their historic homeland after they left it."
		Brief description of the arrival of the Doukhobors in Canada and their building of the Brilliant Suspension Bridge near Castlegar, B.C. Note: no mention is made of the Doukhobors' quarantine in May 1999 on Grosse-Île in the Gulf of St-Lawrence, which now comes under Parks Canada's jurisdiction.
	www.canada.uottawa.ca /doukhobor_websites.htm (5822 words)

	Doukhobors Take Kingston; Maine Antique Digest, March 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		These bidders were undoubtedly drawn by Lloyd Ryder's collection of Doukhobor furniture and textiles, most of which sold well.
		A quick history lesson: the Doukhobors were a religious sect that appeared in the Ukraine in the early part of the 18th century.
		While Doukhobor furniture is relatively recent (1900-30's) in the great scheme of things, the alternative lifestyle of the makers gives the pieces distinction.
	www.maineantiquedigest.com /articles/douk0399.htm (563 words)

	Doukhobor - Heritage Community Foundation
		Doukhobors were required to take an oath of allegiance to the Crown before they would be eligible for free homesteads.
		The first Doukhobor settlements in Alberta were established in 1916 at Cowley and Lundbreck in southern Alberta.
		This has led to marriage outside the Doukhobor community and a shift in self-understanding and adherence to the ideals and practices of earlier generations.
	www.abheritage.ca /albertans/people/doukhoubor.html (561 words)

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