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	Royalty.nu - Chinese History - Dowager Empress Tzu Hsi or Cixi
		The dowager empress certainly seems to have had a high opinion of her own intelligence and importance; a member of her court, Princess Der Ling, who wrote a book called Two Years in the Forbidden City, quoted Tzu Hsi as saying, "I have often thought that I am the most clever woman that ever lived...
		The new emperor, Kuang Hsu, was skinny, sickly, and terrified of the Empress Dowager.
		With the Empress Dowager of China by Katherine A. Carl.
	www.royalty.nu /Asia/China/TzuHsi.html (3042 words)

	Dowager - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A dowager is a widow who holds a title or property, or Dower, derived from her deceased husband.
		"Jane, Countess of Loamshire" or "Dowager Countess of Loamshire".
		Queen Dowager is used in the United Kingdom and several other countries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dowager (206 words)

	Queen Dowager - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Queen Dowager or Dowager Queen is a title or status generally held by the widow of a deceased king.
		Similarly, the mother of King George III of the United Kingdom, the former Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, was not a queen dowager because her husband, Frederick, Prince of Wales, was never king.
		This situation occurred in the United Kingdom in the period between the ascension of Queen Elizabeth II on 6 February 1952 and the death of her paternal grandmother on 24 March 1953.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Queen_Dowager (817 words)

	TZU-HSI: THE DOWAGER EMPRESS OF CHINA
		However, the empress still was not totally free to rule, for her son's favorite concubine was pregnant and if she delivered a boy, the boy would be the new emperor and his mother dowager empress.
		This book is an extremely useful source when studying the dowager empress because it portrays her in a positive light.
		It is sad to see that what 2 or 3 "journalists" wrote a 100 years ago knowing exactly that is was a lie is still believed to be the official version; what they wrote in their personal diary was very different....
	departments.kings.edu /womens_history/tzuhsi.html (2124 words)

	Dowager Empress
		The empress dowager, who is now practically the Empress of China, was not a slave-girl in her childhood, as was commonly reported by newspaper correspondents.
		Chinese officers declare that the empress dowager disapproved of "Boxerism;" that her wishes were overruled by the Boxer leaders, and that her edicts during the rebellion were garbled.
		It placed the dowager empress in a more favorable light in the estimation of the Western world, and gave her an excuse for breaking down the wall of seclusion that kept the Manchu and Chinese ladies of princely birth from associating with foreign ladies.
	www.cic.sfu.ca /nacc/articles/dowempress.htm (3409 words)

	Empress Dowager Cixi Summary
		The ensuing power struggle between the regents and the two empress dowagers, with the aid of Prince Kung (the deceased emperor's half brother), was resolved in favor of the two women when the court returned to Peking in October 1861.
		She was privileged to become empress dowager only because she was the biological mother of Emperor Tongzhi.
		Concubine Dowager Kangci was the highest ranking surviving concubine of the late emperor Daoguang, and so she was the woman with the highest status inside the Forbidden City.
	www.bookrags.com /Empress_Dowager_Cixi (4380 words)

	Court Life in China
		Although the great Dowager has passed away, it may be interesting to know something about her life and character as a woman as those saw her who came in contact with her in public and private audiences.
		The Empress Dowager first turned to the Emperor, and said, 'Your Majesty, please be seated'; then turning to the princesses and waving her hand, she told them to sit down.
		The Empress Dowager had set her heart upon this union, and she would not allow her plans to be frustrated, so an edict was issued that all people should remain within their homes on a certain night, for the bride was to be taken in her red chair from her father's home to the palace.
	www.romanization.com /books/courtlifeinchina/chap07.html (2628 words)

	Dowager Peeresses
		A widow of a peer may be called dowager only if (a) her husband bore the title and (b) the current peer is a direct descendant of her deceased husband.
		The rules for addressing a dowager in speech are in all ways the same as if her husband were still living, except that if confusion arises, she is referred to as The Dowager Countess (or Amabel, Countess of Denville) to distinguish her from the current peer's wife, or from any other countesses still alive.
		In the latter event, the widow of the senior peer of the family retains the title of Dowager for life, and the widow of the junior peer in that family is known by her Christian name, e.g., Mary, Countess of X, until she becomes the senior widow.
	laura.chinet.com /html/titles09.html (510 words)

	The Dowager got a bad rap
		She was not actually the last empress, as Sterling Seagrave calls her, but she was the last royal personage to wield real power in China, and her rule spanned the bloodiest civil war of all time, plus a series of foreign wars and land grabs that dealt blow after blow to a tottering imperial system.
		Enter Sterling Seagrave, who, with his wife, Peggy, rides to the rescue of defamed dowagers, shouting "Bum rap." In "Dragon Lady: The Life and Legend of the Last Empress of China," a racy, pacy biography of Tzu Hsi, he goes beyond asserting that the Empress Dowager and her predecessors were maligned by old-time misogynists.
		If Tzu Hsi actually did poison her fellow dowager Tzu An in 1881, it is surely curious that no allegations were made for 17 years until the embittered reformers Kang Yu-wei and Liang Chi-chao started denouncing a demonic Empress for expelling them from court in 1898.
	www.macfarquhar.com /NYTimes/Dowager.htm (1492 words)

	Empress Dowager Cixi - Chinese Culture
		The title, "empress dowager", was given to the mother of a Chinese Emperor.
		Since she was just the concubine to the Emperor, her and the Emperor's primary wife, Cian, both served as Empress Dowager, and ruled the land as regents.
		Buck's image of Empress Dowager falls in line with the more traditional view of how ruthless she was and how filled her court had been with intrigue.
	www.bellaonline.com /articles/art28654.asp (848 words)

	Dowager Restoration
		Five hours after launch the DOWAGER left the launch slip under her own power and was tied in under cover next to the WHITE CAP, a 62 year old Richardson sedan cruiser owned and operated by the author and photographer of this web site's DOWAGER material.
		Several days later the DOWAGER was taken on a ten mile shake down cruise on Cayuga Lake.
		She handled and performed with the grace, comfort and dignity that can only be found in well designed and built wooden boats.
	www.cayugawoodenboatworks.com /dowager22.htm (208 words)

	Dowager Peeresses
		A widow of a peer may be called dowager only if (a) her husband bore the title and (b) the current peer is a direct descendant of her deceased husband.
		The rules for addressing a dowager in speech are in all ways the same as if her husband were still living, except that if confusion arises, she is referred to as The Dowager Countess (or Amabel, Countess of Denville) to distinguish her from the current peer's wife, or from any other countesses still alive.
		In the latter event, the widow of the senior peer of the family retains the title of Dowager for life, and the widow of the junior peer in that family is known by her Christian name, e.g., Mary, Countess of X, until she becomes the senior widow.
	www.chinet.com /~laura/html/titles09.html (510 words)

	Hump, dowager definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Hump, dowager: An outward curvature of the vertebrae of neck, creating a hump at the back of the neck, once thought to be a characteristic deformity of older women.
		A dowager was a woman of high social rank whose husband was dead but who had a title (such as duchess) and property because of her marriage to him.
		Dowager hump, or dowager's hump, is formally known in medicine as postmenopausal cervical kyphosis.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=14070 (149 words)

	sociology - Xiaozhuangren Grand Empress Dowager (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Grand Empress Dowager Xiao Zhuang Wen (孝莊太后 Hiyooungga Ambalinggū Genggiyenu Hūwanghu as the Empress in Manchu; 1613-1688) was the grandmother of Emperor Kang Xi of the Qing Dynasty.
		Her aunt, Jere, was married to Hong Taiji who also became an empress dowager when Hong Taiji died and was succeeded by Xiao Zhuang's son, Shun Zhi.
		She was never selfish unlike the Empress Dowager Ci Xi.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/Empress_Xiaozhuang (495 words)

	Names - Empress Dowager Cixi
		She was privileged to become empress dowager only because she was the biological mother of the new emperor.
		As for the empress consort, she was made Empress Mother Empress Dowager, a title giving her precedence over Cixi, and she was given the honorific name Empress Dowager Cian — meaning motherly and calming.
		As she dwelled in the western part of the Forbidden City, Cixi became popularly known as the Western Empress Dowager, while Cian, who lived in the eastern part of the Forbidden City became known as the Eastern Empress Dowager.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /Abell9583/empress-dowager-cixi-names.html (815 words)

	East Asian History Sourcebook: Isaac Taylor Headland: Court Life in China: The Capital, Its Officials and People
		This was the beginning of two important phases of the Empress Dowager's life--her affliction and her power, and her greatness is exhibited as well by the way in which she bore the one as by the way in which she wielded the other.
		A strong detachment was stationed so as to surround the Empress Dowager and the child whom she had selected as a successor to her son, and when the morning sun rose bright and clear over the Forbidden City the surprise of the conspirators who had slept the night away was complete.
		It is unfortunate that the Empress Dowager should have died before this reform had been carried to a successful culmination, but whatever may be the result of the movement the fact and the credit of its initiation will ever belong to her.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/eastasia/headland-courtlife.html (17710 words)

	Dowager Queen - Wookieepedia, the Star Wars Wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Dowager Queen, or "Jah Dowahga Kwee-Kunee" in Huttese, was a colony ship from Bestine IV that crash-landed on the planet of Tatooine in 100 BBY.
		At the time of the Dowager's arrival at Tatooine, Mos Espa was small enough that the crew didn't notice it, and assuming that the planet was uninhabited they attempted to land, where a sandstorm wreaked havoc on the powers, displays, and guidance systems on the Queen, causing it to crash.
		The only known crew member who survived was Captain Lis Kaslan.
	starwars.wikia.com /wiki/Dowager_Queen (252 words)

	Dowager
		Princesses and wives of the royal family were common guests of Empress Dowager's Mah Jong parties.
		During games, two of Empress Dowager's maids would constantly give out signals behind her back, hinting to the players what tiles she was anticipating.
		Although her guests lost most of their games against Empress Dowager, what they got in return were far more valuable than the mony they lost.
	www.yutopian.com /mahjong/Dowager.html (199 words)

	Cixi_full
		If a son were to be born to this concubine, she would become the next empress, and Cixi would lose most of her power, including the title of the dowager empress.
		Soon after he was appointed, his mother (Cixi’s sister), as well as the dowager empress of the east palace, died; so Cixi was in total control until Kuang turned seventeen.
		Despite all of this, she was the last dowager empress, and many had accepted her opinions and actions.
	faculty.rmwc.edu /fwebb/buck/jlstrohacker/Cixi_full.html (1263 words)

	Definition of dowager - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		Learn more about "dowager" and related topics at Britannica.com
		Find more about "dowager" instantly with Live Search
		See a map of "dowager" in the Visual Thesaurus
	www.m-w.com /cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=dowager (53 words)

	Women in power BCE 4500-1500
		She was the first Dowager Queen of Egypt that is known with certainty to have acted as regent for her son, Djoser (Zoser), during the 3rd dynasty.
		Empress Dowager He was accused of the murder of Empress Dowager Dong and ordered to move to the Yongle Palace, outside the main palace complex.
		She nominated his two successors without marrying either, and continued exercise a high degree of influence on the government and is believed to have played a major role in various financial measures and took an active part in foreign politics, mainly in her dealings with Persia.
	www.guide2womenleaders.com /womeninpower/Womeninpowe-chronological1.htm (21736 words)

	6TH LD: Empress Dowager Nagako dies at 97 Japan Policy & Politics - Find Articles
		The empress dowager was the oldest empress or empress dowager since the eighth century, according to the agency.
		Since the death of Emperor Showa, the empress dowager had been cared for by some 40 court ladies and medical experts at the Fukiage Omiya Palace, where she and her husband had lived.
		She was born March 6, 1903, the eldest daughter of Prince Kuni and Princess Chikako, who was the seventh daughter of Tadayoshi Shimazu, the former feudal clan chief of Satsuma, currently Kagoshima Prefecture in southwestern Japan.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2000_June_19/ai_62835988 (635 words)

	Discovering China: Movers & Shakers
		Empress Dowager Cixi ruled over China for about a half a century.
		But thorough wars with France and Japan in the end of the 19th century, the balance of the two forces was corrupted, and to the contrary radical sects demanding political reform tempted taking the power of Empress Dowager.
		But to the contrary, the Empress Dowager attempted to ride the tide of anti-foreign sentiment by declaring war on the foreign powers in 1900.
	library.thinkquest.org /26469/movers-and-shakers/cixi.html (838 words)

	Earplugs Help Louve Royale Capture Dowager \| bloodhorse.com
		Favored Louve Royale, equipped with earplugs to help her relax, prevailed in the $150,000 Rood and Riddle Dowager Stakes Sunday on the Keeneland lawn after a prolonged rally.
		Allowed to lag ninth of 10 in the first half-mile of the 12-furlong turf race for fillies and mares, the 5-year-old Irish-bred daughter of Peintre Celebre collared the leaders on the outside near the eighth pole and proved best by a half length.
		It was another head back to fourth-place Moon Berry, who grudgingly gave up her early lead after posting soft fractions of :25 3/5, :51, 1:16 4/5 and 1:42 4/5.
	www.bloodhorse.com /rss/article.asp?id=35929 (346 words)

	Amazon.com: Empress Dowager Cixi: China's Last Dynasty and the Long Reign of a Formidable Concubine : Legends and Lives ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Empress Dowager Cixi (1835 - 1908) brought destruction to the Qing Dynasty, the last feudal dynasty in the long history of China.
		Written with remarkable charm and verve, this book is a delightful exploration of the history of her extraordinary life and long reign, relating both historical facts and apochryphal anecdotes about her private affairs.
		Written with charm, this book is a delightful exploration of the history of her extraordinary life and long reign, relating both historical facts and apochryphal anecdotes about her private affairs.
	www.amazon.com /Empress-Dowager-Cixi-Formidable-Concubine/dp/1892941880 (1204 words)

	dowager’s hump
		The condition often referred to as “dowager’s hump” is a rounding of the upper back caused by minute fractures of the vertebral bodies of the spinal column.
		Since very many women develop reduced bone mass/osteoporosis after the menopause, the typical rounded back is commonly known as “dowager’s hump”.
		This painful change in posture should by nomeans be dismissed simply as a sign of ageing, as it is evidence of already very advanced osteoporosis: the vertebrae in the spine have become less dense due to reduced bone mass and have collapsed together; this is referred to as "compression"or "compression fractures".
	www.medi.de /dowager_s_hump.1118.0.html (220 words)

	CNN.com - Japan's Empress Dowager Nagako dies - June 16, 2000
		TOKYO -- Japan's Empress Dowager Nagako, widow of the late Emperor Hirohito, died Friday afternoon after slipping into a coma.
		The empress dowager was the widow of the late Emperor Hirohito, and the mother of Japan's current emperor, Akihito.
		Nagako once referred to the war years as "the hardest time of my life." The Allied forces believed her husband was an active supporter of Japan's expansionism throughout the 1930s and 1940s.
	archives.cnn.com /2000/ASIANOW/east/06/16/japan.empress.03 (581 words)

	Japan's Dowager Empress Dead At 97 - CBS News
		(CBS) Japan's Dowager Empress Nagako, the widow of Emperor Hirohito, is dead at the age of 97.
		Well-wishers flocked to the palace in central Tokyo to pray for her, even though she was a remote figure who was rarely seen in public after the death of her husband in 1989.
		Japanese television played footage of the Dowager Empress' life, showing images from her youth, the dark days of World War Two and her travels with her husband around the world after he gave up his divinity following Japan's World War II defeat.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2000/06/16/world/main206551.shtml (844 words)

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