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	Empress Dowager Cixi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cixi was perceived by the majority in modern China to have sidelined the naive and candid Ci'an and ruled as a sole authority in her need for power.
		Cixi was interred amidst the Eastern Qing Tombs (清東陵), 125 km (75 miles) east of Beijing, in the Dingdongling (定東陵) tomb complex (literally: the "Tombs east of the Dingling tomb"), along with Empress Dowager Ci'an.
		Cixi's actions on behalf of the two Emperors that she raised and her own actions are all accounted for and rationalized as being for the good of her people and her country.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi (3472 words)

	Empress Dowager - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Empress Dowager (Chinese, Korean and Japanese: 皇太后; Chinese pinyin: Húang Tài Hòu, Korean pronunciation: Hwang Tae Hu, Japanese pronunciation: Kōtaigō) was title given to the mother of a Chinese emperor or a Japanese emperor.
		Numerous empress dowagers held regency during the reign of an underage emperor.
		Many of the most prominent empress dowagers also extended their control for long periods after the emperor was old enough to govern.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Empress_Dowager (152 words)

	Empress Dowager Cixi - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Image:Tzu-Hsi5.jpg Recent biographies of Cixi usually state that she was the daughter of a low-ranking Manchu official, Huizheng (惠征), of the Yehe-Nara (Yehonala) clan, serving in Shanxi province and then in Anhui province.
		Cixi was purchased by Huizheng to become a servant maid for his house, but soon enough her beauty was such that she was adopted by Huizheng, and became part of the Yehe-Nara clan.
		Image:Mms7858dd20020823821.jpg For the next forty-seven years until her death in 1908, Cixi assumed the regency of the Empire of the Great Qing, along with co-regent Ci'an, first during the minority of the Tongzhi Emperor, then during the minority of the Guangxu Emperor after the premature death of Tongzhi in January 1875.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/T%27zu-hsi (3838 words)

	Royalty.nu - Chinese History - Dowager Empress Tzu Hsi or Cixi
		The dowager empress certainly seems to have had a high opinion of her own intelligence and importance; a member of her court, Princess Der Ling, who wrote a book called Two Years in the Forbidden City, quoted Tzu Hsi as saying, "I have often thought that I am the most clever woman that ever lived...
		The new emperor, Kuang Hsu, was skinny, sickly, and terrified of the Empress Dowager.
		With the Empress Dowager of China by Katherine A. Carl.
	www.royalty.nu /Asia/China/TzuHsi.html (3019 words)

	Cixi - Life History (2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Cixi was such a good planner and so imperious that she was able to prevail against traditions and major court opposition in the selection of the new Emperor, the infant son of Prince Yi Huan, Cai Tian (later to become the Guangxu Emperor).
		Cixi was an extraordinary woman, but her leadership was in the traditional mode.
		Cixi had arranged as an heir to the Guangxu Emperor another young child, known as Pu Yi, whose father, Cai Feng, was a weak regent and could not sustain coherent imperial leadership.
	www.lcsc.edu /modernchina/Cixi2.htm (909 words)

	Names - Empress Dowager Cixi
		Cixi was officially made Holy Mother Notes Empress Dowager, a high privilege considering that she had never been empress consort while Emperor Xianfeng was alive.
		As she dwelled in the western part of the Forbidden City, Cixi became popularly known as the Western Empress Dowager, while Cian, who lived in the eastern part of the Forbidden City became known as the Eastern Empress Dowager.
		At the end of her reign, her official name was: which reads: The Current Holy Mother Empress Dowager Cixi Duanyou Kangyi Zhaoyu Zhuangcheng Shougong Qinxian Chongxi Notes of the Empire of the Great Qing.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /Abell9583/empress-dowager-cixi-names.html (815 words)

	Cixi - Life History (1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Cixi was born on 29 November 1835, to a Manchu family of the Bordered Blue Banner.
		Cixi’s rise to power took place against a backdrop of dynastic decline, in the midst of local uprisings such as the Taiping and Nien Rebellions, and increasing foreign pressures.
		In retaliation, the Dowager Empresses, for a time, refused to set their seal to impending decrees, but since the regents responded by holding up all matters of state, this kind of maneuver was unsuccessful.
	www.lcsc.edu /modchin/Cixi1.htm (738 words)

	Summer Palace with photos- Beijing - China travel
		Cixi quickly placed her sister's son, a four-year-old child, on the Dragon Throne, and she herself took over the regency and continued to exercise great power behind the bamboo curtain until the death of the emperor, Guangxu.
		Cixi moved to live in the Summer Palace in 1889, and Emperor Guangxu was imprisoned there by her after he launched an unsuccessful attempt at reform in 1898.
		The hall was the residence for Empress Dowager Cixi.
	www.cnhomestay.com /city/beijing/summer_palace.htm (5431 words)

	Emperor Guangxu
		Emperor Guangxu, personal name Zaitian, born in 1871, is the ninth emperor (reigned 1875-1908) of the Qing dynasty, during whose reign the Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) totally dominated the government and thereby prevented the young emperor from modernizing and reforming the deteriorating imperial system.
		Cixi adopted the boy as her son so that she could act as regent and dominate the government as she had since 1861.
		Empress Dowager Cixi was outraged and with the support of conservative officials, she cruelly suppressed this reform movement and confined the young emperor to his palace for about 10 years.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/history/known/guangxu.htm (359 words)

	Empress Dowager Cixi - Chinese Culture
		The title, "empress dowager", was given to the mother of a Chinese Emperor.
		Not much is known about Cixi's youth as it was forbidden for a long time to speak of any person in the royal family prior to their entrance into the Forbidden City.
		Cixi orchestrated the rise of her sister's three-year-old son, Guangxu, to the throne.
	www.bellaonline.com /articles/art28654.asp (839 words)

	Beijing Travel: Summer Palace
		Among the fine exhibits inside is a silk craftwork of one hundred bats with the Empress Dowager Cixi's calligraph "shou (longevity)".
		Because the Empress Dowager Cixi, rather than the Emperor, managed the affairs of the state, the phoenix statues, which represent the queen, lie in the middle of the courtyard.
		It is said that the Empress Dowager Cixi once had a heat stroke and was revived when she drank the clear, sweet water from the well.
	www.beijingtrip.com /attractions/summer/benevolence.htm (454 words)

	[No title]
		Thus, in 1895 the Empress Dowager interfered by prohibiting the emperor from studies other than the Classics. Empress DowagerÕs actions on restricting the EmperorÕs education not only shows the difference in intellectual outlooks between the two people but also her conservartive nature and how easily influenced the Emperor is by her.
		The fact of the matter is: During these visits the Dowager had ample opportunity to hear directly from her nephew what he was doing, what reforms he was introducing, and whom he was dismissing from office.
		The theory that Cixi was forced into censuring the reform movement because of her ministers and officialsÕ complaints is an obvious lie.
	www.geocities.com /xiao_2u/Cixi.doc (3998 words)

	The Dowager Empress Cixi (meaning "Kindly and Virtuous”) ruled for 41 years (1861-1911)
		After he was born, she was raised in rank from a third-grade concubine to a first-grade concubine, second only to the Empress herself.
		The regency was to be shared by Cixi and the emperor’s first wife until the son came of age.
		When her only son died at age 18, Cixi appointed her 3-year-old nephew, Kuang Hsu, who was not in direct line of succession to the throne, as the next heir.
	www.jadedragon.com /archives/travel/china/folktales.html (794 words)

	East Asian History Sourcebook: Isaac Taylor Headland: Court Life in China: The Capital, Its Officials and People
		Although the Empress Dowager was but a child of ten at this time she would receive her first impression of the foreigner, which was that he was a pirate who had come to carry away their wealth, to filch from them their land, and to overrun their country.
		It is unfortunate that the Empress Dowager should have died before this reform had been carried to a successful culmination, but whatever may be the result of the movement the fact and the credit of its initiation will ever belong to her.
		The Empress Dowager had set her heart upon this union, and she would not allow her plans to be frustrated, so an edict was issued that all people should remain within their homes on a certain night, for the bride was to be taken in her red chair from her father's home to the palace.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/eastasia/headland-courtlife.html (17710 words)

	Empress Dowager Cixi
		At first, she was made a concubine of the fifth rank and after she gave birth to a son, the only son of the emperor, she was made a concubine of the second rank.
		Cixi then became the empress dowager and began to seize power and handler the state affairs.
		Empress Dowager Cixi died in the Forbidden City at the age of 73.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/history/known/cixi.htm (349 words)

	TZU-HSI: THE DOWAGER EMPRESS OF CHINA
		However, the empress still was not totally free to rule, for her son's favorite concubine was pregnant and if she delivered a boy, the boy would be the new emperor and his mother dowager empress.
		This book is an extremely useful source when studying the dowager empress because it portrays her in a positive light.
		It is sad to see that what 2 or 3 "journalists" wrote a 100 years ago knowing exactly that is was a lie is still believed to be the official version; what they wrote in their personal diary was very different....
	departments.kings.edu /womens_history/tzuhsi.html (2124 words)

	Amazon.com: Empress Dowager Cixi: China's ;Ast Dynasty and the Long Reign of a Formidable Concubine : Legends and Lives ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Empress Dowager Cixi (1835 - 1908) brought destruction to the Qing Dynasty, the last feudal dynasty in the long history of China.
		With The Empress Dowager Of China by Katherine Augusta Carl
		Cixi had to have been a fascinating woman, to rule China for almost 50 years, but all you get with Woo's book is the same old legends of a beautiful, merciless sexual & political predator.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1892941899?v=glance (990 words)

	Empress Dowager - History Forum
		Empress Dowager Cixi (1835—1908), popularly known in China as the Western Empress Dowager and officially known posthumously as Empress Xiaoqin Xian, was a powerful and charismatic figure who was the de facto ruler of the Manchu Qing Dynasty ruling over China in the late 19th and early 20th century.
		I'd be most curious to know what positive things Empress Dowager CiXi did for the benefit of the people she ruled.
		This was a contributor to the failure of the Chinese navy in the Sino-Japanese War of 1895.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=2641 (1436 words)

	Attractions in Beijing
		At the back are the ancient cypress and pine trees, and the well in which the Empress Dowager Cixi Drowned a concubine who was threatening her hold on power.
		Today, with the repair of the damage inflicted in 1860 by the Anglo-Frech troops during the Second Opium War and in 1900 by rioters in the aftermath of the Boxer Rebellion, it retains the residence of the Empress Dwoager, Complete with its Furnishings and her personal effects.
		Hall of Benevolent Longevity (Renshou Dian)--Located directly across the courtyard from the East Gate entrance, this hall is where the Empress Dowager Cixi and her nephew (who was appointed emperor, but placed under her protection) received members of the court.
	www.beijinghighlights.com /cityguide/attractions.htm (2595 words)

	Beijing Official Website International
		The plundering of foreign troops in 1860 destroyed most of the buildings, but they were renovated in 1888 by Empress Dowager Cixi, who was said to have embezzled the funds of the Imperial Navy to build the garden.
		Further west, past the Administration Area is a complex of courtyard buildings that served as the residences of the Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu.
		It was said that in the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Qianlong and Empress Dowager Cixi used to train their navy in the lake.
	www.ebeijing.gov.cn /Tour/ScenicSpots/Parks/t20040123_101281.htm (774 words)

	Was Empress Dowager Cixi a capable ruler? - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		Her underlings are charged with all the tasks of running a central government yet they have none of the authority to make any important decision without the Empress Dowager's explicit approval.
		Even though CiXi was not responsible for the treaties which allowed such discriminatory treatment, she was more intent on protecting her position rather than finding ways to elevate the position of the Chinese citizens so that they would not be looked down upon by the foreignors.
		Cixi ran the country thinking firstly of her own benefit before the needs of the country.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=956 (2231 words)

	PmWiki \| Casinos / MoheganSun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		In 1888, the Empress Dowager Cixi spent the navy fund having the Garden of Clear Ripples rebuilt.
		After Emperor Tongzhi died, Emperor Dowager Cixi made her nephew, who was at that time four years old a successor in order to continue her hold on imperial power.
		It was the major architectural structure in the living quarters and the residence of Empress Dowager Cixi.
	www.baltimoreruit.com /pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Casinos.MoheganSun (3104 words)

	Viajes y actividades de aventura en Beijing Tour: Summer Palace and Panda House LOS United Cosmos Travel en Beijing
		In 1888, Empress Dowager Cixi embezzled navy funds to reconstruct it for her own benefit, changing its name to Summer Palace (Yiheyuan).
		Court Area: this is where Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu met officials, conducted state affairs and rested.
		Although this is the most magnificent architectural complex of the Summer Palace, Cixi used the hall only once a year on her birthday.
	www.hostelworld.com /spanish/tours/tourdetails.php?TourUID=3378 (2848 words)

	All Empires History Forum: The Dowager Empress Cixi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Following the footsteps of his tutor Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang pushed throught efforts to build armament factories, machine shops, and engineered the Beyang Fleet (ships purchased from Britain), which, ironically, was the one of the top fleets in the world.
		Cixi's reluctance to provide adequate funding for the fleet led, to a great extent, to its defeat at the hands of the Japanese during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894.
		Li Hongzhang's legacy was blemished in the eyes of his countrymen, mainly because the Qing government delegated him to sign treaties that ceded land to Japan and other foreign powers.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=7247&PN=1 (2087 words)

	The Dowager Empress Cixi, Tzu Hsi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		This painting was painted by Hubert Vos, the Dutch American painter, whose painting was presented to Empress Cixi at her seventy-first birthday.
		"Dowager Empress." This is an English title given to her by the European and American press over 100 years ago.
		Her Chinese name may be rendered, or translated in two different ways.
	www.chinapage.com /biography/cixi.html (162 words)

	Photo of Emperor GuangXu - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		In fact there are consequential evidence that says he died of poisoning by the Empress Dowager Cixi.
		In fact, he was hoping to continue with his modernisation after the death of Cixi, who sadly, outlived him by 20 hours.
		As for the fall of Qing Dynasty, true enough, Cixi was not exactly the causing factor but nonetheless she's corruption personified.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=8570 (1028 words)

	Find in a Library: Empress dowager Cixi : China's last dynasty and the long reign of a formidable concubine : legends ...
		Find in a Library: Empress dowager Cixi : China's last dynasty and the long reign of a formidable concubine : legends and lives during the declining days of the Qing Dynasty
		Empress dowager Cixi : China's last dynasty and the long reign of a formidable concubine : legends and lives during the declining days of the Qing Dynasty
		Subjects: Cixi, -- Empress dowager of China,
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/ded4fb5053832e41a19afeb4da09e526.html (121 words)

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