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Topic: Down feathers

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	Feathers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Feathers perform a number of functions for a bird: 1) They provide insulation, this is very important in a warm blooded animal (body temperature of most birds is maintained at around 40C); 2) Feathers allow for flight; 3) Feathers control what a bird looks like by supplying the bird with colors.
		Down feathers are smaller and lack the barbules and their accompanying hooklets so they are not zipped together and do not look as neat.
		Semiplumes are half-way between a contour feather and a down feather.
	fsc.fernbank.edu /Birding/feathers.htm (317 words)

	Feathers
		Feathers often bear downy outgrowths on the underside, the aftershaft or afterfeather.
		The gland may have a tuft of down feathers that aids in transferring the oil secretion from the gland to the bill.
		These feathers may be found among the ordinary down and contour feathers, in distinct patches by themselves or both in patches and mixed with other feathers.
	www.ornithology.com /lectures/Feathers.html (1365 words)

	Chapter 10. FEATHER AND DOWN PRODUCTION
		To obtain feathers and down at the time of slaughter, the normal process is to first scald the geese in hot water (60-68°C) for 1-3 minutes.
		The coarse feathers of the wing and tail are then removed by hand with the remainder of the feathers and down removed either by a plucking machine or by hand.
		The harvesting of feathers and down from the breast of live geese is possible because between 9-10 weeks of age their mature down feathers, together with the other soft feathers, moult naturally.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/005/Y4359E/y4359e0c.htm (727 words)

	CHAI - Our Clothes - Down & Feathers
		During their short lives, their feathers are plucked 3–5 times, while their legs are tied together and they are hung upside down.
		In these circumstances, geese first go through the "ripping" process for their down for a few months, then they are confined in small frames and force-fed until their livers are enlarged with disease, and finally they are slaughtered, at which point the last of their feathers are machine plucked.
		Down and feathers are commonly used for pillows, mattresses, comforters, furniture upholstery, and outerwear linings.
	www.chai-online.org /en/compassion/clothes_down.htm (439 words)

	The Bird's Feather
		Feathers do not last for ever, they become worn and battered and are replaced regularly by the bird once or twice a year depending on species.
		The base of the feather - where their are no side branches - is called the calamus or quill and at the base of this is the hollow entrance that was used by blood veins to carry nutrients to the growing feather when it was alive, this is called the Inferior umbilicus.
		Feathers are made of keratin, a protein which is also used to make horn and hair by different animals and beaks by birds.
	www.earthlife.net /birds/feathers.html (1874 words)

	Hospitality Bedding - Down 101 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Duck down and feathers are generally less expensive than goose down and feathers for two primary reasons: It's perceived in the U.S. bedding market as slightly inferior in quality to geese, and the worldwide supply of duck far exceeds that of geese.
		Down and feather bedding can be made using a variety of fabrics for the outer material known as the 'shell' or 'tick'.
		Some feather and down processors do their own internal testing to constantly monitor the quality of their merchandise and be able to make washing adjustments in real-time.
	www.hospitalitybedding.com /Down101.htm (2861 words)

	Feathers
		The stiff, cylindrical, sharp-pointed "midrib" of that feather is known as the shaft, or rachis (RAY-kiss).
		Down feathers look just like semiplumes, except that their fluffy barbs all arise from one point atop the "foot" of the feather (known as a calamus).
		In other words, as the young bird develops, down feathers are pushed from the feather follicles by the tips of the succeeding feathers, to which they remain attached until they rub off.
	www.backyardnature.net /birdfthr.htm (920 words)

	WHAT'S UP? DOWN \|\| The Down Factory
		Feathers, with its quill that is hollow and filled with oils from the goose, must be separated from DOWN and then washed.
		The separation of the DOWN from the feather is followed by a special washing cycle using modern detergent soaps which remove the oils from the quill and permit the clean DOWN to loft and be resilient and to create a life-time of user comfort.
		The bird is muddied and the feathers and DOWN is removed (still alive) and the mud with the feathers and DOWN-entwined together, is added to a big mud-ball on the river bank.
	www.downfactory.com /whats-up-down.html (2533 words)

	Winged Wisdom Pet Bird Magazine - Feathers Part I - Pet Birds
		The vane is the portion of the feather that extends to either side of the rachis and is composed of barbs and barbules.
		Down feathers are fluffy feathers that may be found over the entire body, restricted to certain areas, or even absent, depending upon the species.
		Down of a newly hatched chick is known as "natal" or juvenile down, while down of an adult is known as the "definitive" down.
	www.birdsnways.com /wisdom/ww46eiv.htm (839 words)

	Down and Powder Down Bird Feathers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		They are usually concealed beneath the contour feathers, and their main function appears to be insulation against the cold weather.
		Each down feather has a quill and a soft head of fluffy barbs, but there are no barbules and the barbs are not "zipped" together as they are in contour feathers.
		In some species of water birds the adults pluck down feathers from their beasts and use them to line the nest and keep the eggs warm.
	www.paulnoll.com /Oregon/Birds/feather-down.html (173 words)

	birds of world - morphology: Feathers and Plumage
		The three main types of feathers are the filoplumes (sensory feathers), the contour feathers, and the down feathers (insulation).
		There are 10 primary feathers, connected to the hands that are used to produce thrust (labeled with roman numerals) and several secondary feathers connected to the forelimb that are used to produce lift.
		The colors on bird feathers are caused by a combination of the pigments and the placement of the pigments on the wings.
	www.explorebiodiversity.com /BIRDS/Adaptations/FeathersandPlumage.htm (1067 words)

	Feathers
		Contour feathers are the basic vaned feathers of the body and wings and include the large flight feathers of the wing and tail.
		Bird feather colours are produced by a variety of pigments and structural adaptations of the feathers.
		Humeral tract is a band of contour feathers that overlie the humerus bone on the dorsal side of the wing (shoulder area of the bird).
	www.innvista.com /science/zoology/ornithology/feathers.htm (2015 words)

	Down feathers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The down of birds is a layer of fine feathers found under the tougher exterior feathers.
		Down is a fine thermal insulator and padding, used in goods such as jackets, bedding, pillows and sleeping bags.
		Compressed down is also a very poor insulator, and thus sleeping bags insulated with down require the use of a sleeping pad to provide insulation from warmth that would otherwise be conducted into the ground.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Down_feathers (474 words)

	Hospitality Bedding - Learn About Down Bedding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Generally, farmers sell the birds for their meat, and the down and feathers brokers will buy the raw merchandise to be sold to feather and down processors around the world.
		Down Top - This type of pillow is similar to a single 'Chamber' except that the core is flat with the down still on the outside.
		Most people are not actually allergic to the down and feathers; it's the dust and other allergens that are left on the fill that may cause allergies.
	www.hospitalitybedding.com /learn-about-down-bedding.htm (3534 words)

	The Feathers of Birds Flock Together - Summary
		Feathers can be divided into six categories so there is an abundance of viewing for the students to participate in.
		The contour feathers are the most abundant and cover the outer surface of the bird, giving the smooth, sleek profile so important to flight.
		The metallic sheen of the heron is caused partly by this powder down.
	wings.avkids.com /Curriculums/Birds/feathers_of_birds_summary.html (646 words)

	down - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Down (region, Northern Ireland), former county, southeast Northern Ireland; Downpatrick was the county town.
		Downs, general term for any undulating tract of upland too light in soil for cultivation.
		- feathers as stuffing: the soft breast feathers of a duck or goose, especially the female eider duck.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/search.aspx?q=down (228 words)

	Down Comforter Store \| Down Comforters and Quilts \| Feather Comforters
		Down Comforters: The most popular and luxurious type of fill, down, is made from the delicate tufts that cover geese beneath their feathers.
		Down is used for insulation and loft in down comforters and pillows and feathers are used for bulk and durability for featherbeds and some pillows.
		Down and feathers come from various sources including duck down,duck feather, goose down, goose feather, white goose down, hungarian down, hungarian white goose down and siberian down.
	www.bedbathstore.com /dowcomfacpag.html (298 words)

	Young Naturalists - The Nature of Feathers: Minnesota DNR
		On many feathers, such as flight and tail feathers, each barb has small barbules and even smaller barbicels with hooklets, tiny parts that interlock to keep the surface of the feather smooth and weatherproof.
		Down traps warm air, insulating the bird from cold.
		Feathers are some of the lightest but strongest materials in nature.
	www.dnr.state.mn.us /young_naturalists/birds/feathers/index.html (1664 words)

	Down Comforters, Featherbeds, Pillows, Blankets, Goose Down Comforters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		DOWN insulates by trapping air which is the best insulator of all.
		Down insulates and helps the goose to stay warm in the winter and cool in the summer.
		Down is mearly fluff, and does not contain a quill, it is similar to a cotton ball.
	www.downfactorystore.com /mall/quality.htm (379 words)

	Midwest Feather & Down - Largest selection of down comforters and feather products at unbeatable prices.
		Feathers, the principal covering of birds, are of flat, almost two-dimensional construction.
		Down is the light, fluffy undercoating of waterfowl, consisting of clusters of filaments growing from central quill points.
		Down is lighter than a feather, it is three-dimensional rather than two and therefore Down has more loft or filling power.
	www.down-feather.com /differences.htm (328 words)

	Feathers the Essential Finery
		Owls, which rely on their sense of hearing to capture prey at night, have primary feathers with a fuzzy edge that works as a “silencer.” Broad-tailed Hummingbirds have feathers with a different function ― their wings produce an extremely high-pitched noise when they fly.
		New feathers are called “pin feathers” because when they break through the skin they are encased in a sheath that looks like a pin.
		The tips are actually worn down through flying and general “wear and tear” over the winter, giving us a pretty good example of what the average feather goes through over the course of a season.
	www.loudounwildlife.org /HHFeathers.htm (1166 words)

	Down & Feathers - Down Duvets & Comforters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Down is the light, fluffy undercoating that geese, ducks, and other waterfowl have to keep them warm.
		Small flight feathers: are found among the larger flight feathers and form part of the flying surface of the wing.
		Larger flight feathers: are straight, flat feathers with a hard quill shaft running from one end to the other with a series of fibers joining together into a flat structure on each side of the shaft.
	www.downunderchicago.com /bd-down-feather.html (220 words)

	The Bird Site: Keeping Warm
		Down feathers are the small fluffy feathers right next to the body.
		The down feathers create air pockets around the bird's body which trap the body's warmth and insulate the bird's body.
		Materials: Plastic bags, balloons, water, down feathers from domestic ducks and chickens (it is illegal to use native bird feathers), funnels, marking pen, graduated cylinder or measuring cup, and freezer.
	www.nhm.org /birds/guide/classroom/keeping.html (351 words)

	Nikon MicroscopyU: DXM 1200 Digital Eclipse Image Gallery - Down Feather
		Feathers have an exquisite beauty and functionality that has captured the attention and imagination of people for centuries.
		Contour feathers are found on the wings and backs of birds, while down feathers are usually placed underneath the contour feathers to provide insulation for the bird.
		A primary feature present in all feathers is the large stem (termed the "rachis" or "quill") centrally located that provides a "backbone" around which the feather is constructed.
	www.microscopyu.com /galleries/dxm1200/downfeathersmall.html (245 words)

	About The Down Bedding Law Label
		Down is the soft, fluffy cluster taken from the undercoating of geese or ducks.
		Feathers are relatively inexpensive, they are heavy and do not insulate nearly as well as down.
		There are many factors that determine the quality of a down or feather fill that are not addressed by the law label, including the cleaning and sanitization process.
	www.plumeriabay.com /info/down_law_label.html (608 words)

	Journey North Common Loons
		Down feathers are soft, fluffy gray feathers that insulate a loon's body to hold its heat inside.
		The white parts of the neck feathers are longer than the fl, giving a loon's neck the texture of exquisite velvet corduroy.
		Although the loon's skin is protected by down and contour feathers, its beak, eyes, legs, and feet are bare.
	www.learner.org /jnorth/tm/loon/LoonFeathers.html (621 words)

	The Bird Site: Feathers
		Feathers are made of keratin, just like your hair and fingernails, and are lightweight, yet strong.
		The tail feathers are used for lift, balance, steering, and braking.
		Down feathers provide insulation by trapping body heat close to the skin.
	www.nhm.org /birds/guide/pg007.html (467 words)

	Down - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Down, in American/Canadian football, a period of time where one play takes place
		Down, an album by the Finnish heavy metal band Sentenced
		Down, the English remake of the film De Lift about an express elevator that develops a mind of its own.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Down (124 words)

	Down and Feather Comforter and Pillow Information @ eldridgetextile.com
		Down is the soft fluffy undercoating that traps the body's naturally warmth.
		Down clusters allow our natural body heat to keep us warm while allowing moisture to escape, therefore providing a level of comfort that is unsurpassed.
		Feathers are ideal for cushions in upholstery, featherbeds, and for those who prefer firmer pillows.
	www.eldridgetextile.com /guide/down_feather.html (316 words)

	Winged Wisdom Pet Bird Magazine - Feather Dust And The Powder Down Birds
		The tiny down feathers, small pieces of feathers and other feather particles are very light and can easily be carried throughout the area by traffic, air currents and even via air conditioning and heating ducts.
		Feather dander is caused by a variety of factors.
		Powder down feathers are small specialized feathers that shed a very fine, white, waxy powder composed of keratin.
	www.birdsnways.com /wisdom/ww59e.htm (935 words)

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