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Topic: Downward to the Earth

	World Almanac for Kids
		In common with the entire solar system, the earth is moving through space at the rate of approximately 20.1 km/sec or 72,360 km/hr (approximately 12.5 mi/sec or 45,000 mph) toward the constellation of Hercules.
		The earth consists of five parts: the first, the atmosphere, is gaseous; the second, the hydrosphere, is liquid; the third, fourth, and fifth, the lithosphere, mantle, and core, are largely solid.
		Clearly the magnetism of the earth is the result of a dynamic rather than a passive condition, which would be the case if the iron core of the earth were solid and passively magnetized.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/space/earth.html (2467 words)

	Bibliography: Downward to the Earth
		Downward to the Earth (1970, SFBC, $1.49, 180pp)
		Downward to the Earth (1971, Signet, 176pp, pb)
		Downward to the Earth (1984, Bantam, 0-553-24043-9, $2.50, 181pp, pb)
	www.isfdb.org /cgi-bin/title.cgi?2077 (146 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for downward
		Land surfaces are never perfectly flat, and as a result the runoff after precipitation tends to flow downward by the shortest and steepest course in depressions formed by the intersection of slopes.
		subduction zone large-scaled narrow region in the earth's crust where, according to plate tectonics, masses of the spreading oceanic lithosphere bend downward into the earth along the leading edges of converging lithospheric plates where it slowly melts at about 400 mi (640 km) deep and becomes reabsorbed.
		rift valley elongated depression, trough, or graben in the earth's crust, bounded on both sides by normal faults and occurring on the continents or under the oceans.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=downward (662 words)

	Weight: Mountain vs Valley
		Assume that the earth is perfectly round and not rotating and same relative location on the earth of mountain and valley.
		In a Valley: Imagine that the earth was an orange, and the valley you are in is peel-deep.
		The value of r is the distance from the center of the Earth, M is the mass of the Earth, and m is your mass.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/phy00/phy00348.htm (1492 words)

	Why the Earth May Really Be Flat
		The hypothesis H is considered that the earth is flat.
		It proceeds from the center of mass of the disc-shaped earth out to the further reaches of the earth, while all the time it is curved in such a way as to pull objects on the earth downward.
		Given that the earth is spinning rapidly so as to cause a circular shadow during a lunar eclipse, and that gravity is curved so as to affect the whole surface of the earth equally, we can conclude that the earth may in fact be flat.
	www.personalityresearch.org /metatheory/flatearth.html (1138 words)

	A Lightning Primer from the GHCC
		Perhaps a flash propagates toward the Earth when the electric field gradient in the lower regions of the cloud is stronger in the downward direction.
		If the field strength is highest in the lower regions of the cloud a downward flash may occur from cloud to Earth.
		As it grows, it creates an ionized path depositing charge along the channel, and as the stepped leader nears the Earth, a large potential difference is generated between the end of the leader and the Earth.
	thunder.nsstc.nasa.gov /primer/primer2.html (1138 words)

	EO Study: SOLSE
		Current instruments flying on NOAA and NASA satellites look directly downward toward the Earth, which limits their ability to accurately measure ozone in the lower layers of the stratosphere, the layer of atmosphere 10 to 50 kilometers (6.2 to 31 miles) in altitude.
		The way each component of the Earth’s atmosphere interacts with sunlight is called the “absorption spectrum.” Like fingerprints reveal the identities of people, the absorption spectrum of the atmosphere can be used to identify the various gases and particles in it.
		SOLSE-2 infers the presence of ozone by using a spectrometer to separate the light it detects into individual wavelengths, and then measuring the relative absence of radiation at wavelengths that are strongly absorbed relative to wavelengths that are weakly absorbed.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Study/SOLSE (808 words)

	Landing in a Forced Circular Motion
		In the case of a standard airplane, the wings are pitched upward so that, as a result of the motion of flight, the lift occurs that is supposed to carry the airplane (Figure 42).
		As a result, a pressure directed downward towards the Earth occurs, exactly offsetting the centrifugal force excess by properly selecting the angle of incidence and in this fashion forcing the vehicle to remain in the circular flight path (Figure 44).
		Finally, the centrifugal force for all practical purposes becomes zero with further decreasing velocity and with an increasing approach to the Earth: from now on, the vehicle is only carried by the wings until it finally descends in gliding flight.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-4026/noord19.html (579 words)

	Earth
		B the Earth's axis is at its largest angle with respect to the ecliptic plan because of precession
		D the Earth's magnetic field is an extension of that of the sun.
		Earth tides are caused primarily by the moon because:
	webs.wichita.edu /astronomy/Testbank/earth.htm (4736 words)

	Downward to the Earth (S.F.Masterworks S.) \| Funny UK Comedy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		DOWNWARD TO THE EARTH is Robert Silverberg's mythical masterpeice of mankind's awakening.
		Beautifully written and completely engrossing, Downward to the Earth is a novel of endless wonder and amazement.
		A superb and versatile SF writer, Robert Silverberg's 'Downward to Earth' isn't in the same league as classics such as 'Down the Line', 'Tower of Glass',and the SF Masterworks series' own 'The Book of Skulls'.
	www.funny.co.uk /comedy/prod_0-0575075236-Downward-to-the-Earth-SFMasterworks-S.html (393 words)

	Exploring The Planets - Earth - Lithosphere
		By tracking the orbit of satellites, it is possible to determine accurately the shape of the Earth.
		The shape of the Earth, called the geoid, is represented in the global geoid height map at right.
		Where two plates approach each other, one is thrust downward into the mantle where it is heated and melted.
	www.nasm.si.edu /research/ceps/etp/earth/earth_litho.html (325 words)

	Downward to the Earth A REVIEW (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The title is misleading - the earth has little to do with the planet Belzagor, or Holman's World as it used to be known before the colonial power withdrew, recognising the sentience of the elephant-like nildoror.
		However, there is another overarching influence on DOWNWARD TO THE EARTH - Gunderson, the protagonist, a former administrator has returned to the planet and is going, through the jungle, in search of Kurtz.
		DOWNWARD TO THE EARTH repeats the tropes, almost repeats the plot, of Conrad's HEART OF DARKNESS (APOCALYPSE NOW as it reappeared on screen).
	dspace.dial.pipex.com /town/terrace/rbd26/rs_dtte.htm (391 words)

	Flat Earth - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Eratosthenes, however, had already calculated that the earth was a sphere as well as its rough circumference by the third century B.C. By the time of Pliny the Elder in the 1st century, however, the Earth's spherical shape was generally acknowledged among the learned in the western world.
		During this period, Earth was generally thought of as divided into zones of climate, with a frigid clime at the poles, a deadly torrid clime near the equator, and a mild and habitable temperate clime between the two.
		Saint Cyril of Jerusalem (315–386) saw Earth as a firmament floating on water (though the relevant quotation is found in the course of a sermon to the newly baptized, and it is unclear whether he was speaking poetically or in a physical sense).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Flat_earth (5706 words)

	Creation Window (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In the upper left of the third panel is the Hand of God and His power of creation flowing from His hand downward upon the earth-creating all things.
		The rays of light flowing downward represent the Holy Spirit upon the Christ Child.
		The rays flowing downward over the Chi-Rho which symbolize Christ, represent the power and grace of God giving Christ, His Son, the power of miracles.
	www.gbgm-umc.org /suttonfedumcucc/window.htm (1486 words)

	Volcano Facts - IdahoPTV's Dialogue For Kids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A volcano is a vent, or opening, in the earth's crust where melted rock (molten rock) called magma is ejected.
		Where plates of the Earth's crust meet and rub together or where plates are moving apart.
		The magma in the mantle causes the earth's plates to move.
	www.idahoptv.org /dialogue4kids/volcanoes01/facts.html (1002 words)

	- S Q U A R E - E A R T H - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		We should be thankful to the Earth for that protection, and accept its true shape: it is a square.
		We see the Earth as being flat, but clearly there is gravity, so it must have a centre.
		Previously the circular Heaven was separate from the square Earth and was supported by eight great mountains in each of the eight directions.
	bb.1asphost.com /squareearth/square.html (949 words)

	No Death Before the Fall - A Young Earth Problem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Then God said, "Let the earth bring forth living creatures after their kind: cattle and creeping things and beasts of the earth after their kind"; and it was so.
		And God made the beasts of the earth after their kind, and the cattle after their kind, and everything that creeps on the ground after its kind; and God saw that it was good.
		But the present heavens and earth by His word are being reserved for fire, kept for the day of judgment and destruction of ungodly men.
	www.godandscience.org /youngearth/death.html (4657 words)

	Magnetic Calculator Help
		At a given location, the Inclination is the angle between the magnetic field vector and the horizontal plane (the plane is tangent to the surface of the Earth at that point).
		The inclination is positive when the magnetic field points downward into the earth and negative when it points upward.
		The horizontal intensity is the intensity of the component of the magnetic field is tangent to the Earth surface at a given point.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /seg/geomag/jsp/MagneticCalculatorFAQ.jsp?pagetype=0 (753 words)

	Why the Earth Is Not Like a Pot
		The major difference between a pot and the earth is that a pot has impermeable sides and bottom.
		When a downward moving table of water reaches an impermeable layer (in this case the plastic pot bottom) it will not drain until the layer just above the impermeable layer (pot bottom) is saturated.
		This phenomenon is also true of planting in the earth, but only when stratification of the soil is present to cause an impermeable layer, such as when you are planting on a layer of clay or hardpan, or you create a boundary between two dissimilar soil types.
	www.evergreengardenworks.com /earthpot.htm (938 words)

	Other Energy Resources - Learn More About Geothermal, USGS-ERP
		Geothermal energy is present everywhere beneath the Earth’s surface, although the highest temperature, and thus the most desirable, resources are concentrated in regions of active or geologically young volcanoes.
		Such “hot” zones generally are near the boundaries of the dozen or so slabs of rigid rock (called plates) that form the Earth’s lithosphere, which is composed of the Earth’s crust and the uppermost, solid part of the underlying denser, hotter layer (the mantle).
		High heat flow also is associated with the Earth’s “hot spots” (also called melting anomalies or thermal plumes), whose origins are somehow related to the narrowly focused upward flow of extremely hot mantle material from very deep within the Earth.
	energy.usgs.gov /other/geothermal/geothermal_learn.html (882 words)

	Hicksville Water District
		Also known as the hydrologic cycle, the water cycle is the continuous flow of water between Earth and sky in a transitioning state.
		Water rises from the ground and is absorbed by a cloud, ultimately falling back to the Earth in the form of precipitation, such as rain or snow.
		Next, the precipitation is eventually evaporated to the cloud again, repeating the cycle constantly while changing from a solid to a liquid to a gas.
	www.hicksvillewater.org /facts_cycle.html (212 words)

	OptIPuter Outreach
		Focus is the location within the earth where underground rock moves and sends out earthquake waves.
		The epicenter is the location on the surface of the earth directly above the focus of an earthquake.
		P and S waves travel downward into the earth, and L waves travel along the top of the crust.
	education.sdsc.edu /optiputer/teachers/earthquakes.html (810 words)

	Mathematical Explanation of Tides
		The effect of that is that the gravitation of the Moon acts on the CENTER of the Earth and not the individual molecules of it.
		So, even if the Earth and Moon did not move, or rotate, it would form a "hill of water" or "tidal bulge" at that location, directly under the location of the Moon, due to the upward "excess acceleration" due to the Moon's gravitation and that lesser distance.
		The amount of friction between the water and the moving Earth under and in front of it depends on the speed of that differential motion.
	www.mb-soft.com /public/tides.html (4554 words)

	USGS Open-File Report 02-188
		It is assumed that the EM fields at the surface of the earth behave almost like plane waves, with most of their energy reflected but with a small amount propagating vertically downward into the earth.
		The amplitude, phase, and directional relationships between electric (E) and magnetic (H or B) fields on the surface depend on the distribution of electrical conductivity in the subsurface (Vozoff, 1991).
		The sections are shifted upward or downward to their elevations correct for topography.
	pubs.usgs.gov /of/2002/of02-118/html/proc.htm (603 words)

	Chapter 5
		suggested that the same force that causes an apple to fall to the ground on earth was responsible for the motions of the planets around the sun.
		realized that the gravitational force between the apple and the earth was also at work between the earth and the moon.
		The same force that pulls the apple to the earth also keeps the moon in orbit around the earth and the planets in orbit around the sun.
	www.physics.siu.edu /holland/101/chpt5.htm (1336 words)

	Honolulu Star-Bulletin Business
		It's true that the core of the earth is hot, very hot, and that the outer part of it is molten, but there is nearly 2,000 miles of solid rock above that.
		The temperature at the center of the earth is thought to be around 12,000 degrees Fahrenheit, which nearly as hot as the surface of the sun.
		Temperature increases downward in the earth quickly and it is hot enough to melt solid rock only a few tens of miles beneath the surface.
	starbulletin.com /2002/11/03/business/brill.html (570 words)

	Earthquake! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		An earthquake is the shaking of the earth caused by pieces of the crust of the Earth that suddenly shift.
		An earthquake is the rapid vibration of the earth created by a sudden movement of large sections of rock.
		Earthquakes are happening every day somewhere in the world, and each of these quakes send out seismic waves in all directions-- outward along the surface of the earth and downward into the middle of the earth.
	cse.ssl.berkeley.edu /lessons/indiv/davis/inprogress/QuakesEng3.html (2517 words)

	Global Warming and the Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect
		The radiation from the atmosphere moves in all directions, including downward toward the earth.
		The end result is that the atmosphere recycles some of the earth's outgoing infrared radiation, keeping the earth warmer than if there were no atmosphere above it.
		The ocean thus plays a large role in controlling the earth's climate, and it's contribution should not be ignored.
	www.uwm.edu /~kahl/WebQuests/Arctic/id29.htm (754 words)

	Re: Lightning (I know this much) -- Discussion Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		potential difference is generated between the end of the leader and the Earth.
		As >it grows, it creates an ionized path > depositing charge along the channel, and as >the stepped leader nears the Earth, a large > potential difference is generated between the >end of the leader and the Earth.
		Typically, a > streamer is launched from the Earth and >intercepts the descending stepped leader just > before it reaches the ground.
	www.voy.com /6429/55.html (318 words)

	Questions and Answers about Death and the State of the Soul
		The wise man then wrote, "Who knoweth the spirit of man that goeth upward, and the spirit of the beast that goeth downward to the earth?" Some have translated this question as asking whether or not the spirit goes upward or downward instead of knowledge of the spirit itself that goes upward or downward (ASV).
		The expression "the memory of them is forgotten" is referring to even the fact of their previous existence on earth is not remembered (Eccl.
		The writer makes it plan that he has in mind the dead from the perspective of this life or life on earth when he stated, "neither have they any more a portion for ever in any thing that is done under the sun" (vs. 6).
	www.bibletruths.net /Archives/BTAR130.htm (1667 words)

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