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Topic: Drag force

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Drag coefficient

Incompressible flow

Fluid Dynamics

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Hydrodynamics

George Gabriel Stokes

Aeroelasticity

	Lift-induced drag - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In aerodynamics, lift-induced drag, or more simply, induced drag, is a drag force arising from the generation of lift by wings or a lifting body during flight.
		Induced drag therefore increases with angle of attack to be at a maximum at the stalling angle.
		Induced drag is inversely proportional to the square of the indicated airspeed (IAS).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Induced_drag (987 words)

	Lift, Thrust, Weight, and Drag [Ch. 4 of See How It Flies] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Drag is the component of aerodynamic force parallel to the relative wind.
		When a force acts on a surface, it is often useful to distinguish processes that act perpendicular to the surface (pressure against the surface) versus forces that act parallel to the surface (friction along the surface).
		Friction drag is proportional to viscosity (roughly, the “stickiness” of the fluid).
	www.av8n.com /how/htm/4forces.html (2992 words)

	Drag Force - Wright 1903 Flyer
		Drag is the aerodynamic force that opposes an aircraft's motion through the air.
		Drag is generated by the difference in velocity between the solid object and the fluid.
		The component of the aerodynamic force that is opposed to the motion is the drag; the component perpendicular to the motion is the lift.
	www.lerc.nasa.gov /WWW/Wright/airplane/drag1.html (770 words)

	Air resistance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The drag force produced by the motion through water is the most important force in swimming as well and can be understood using the same ideas and formulas [that is why we use the word "fluid" below, which can be a gas or a liquid].
		Oddly, while the viscous force is a very important force in determining the motion of flowing air molecules near a solid surface, it is relatively unimportant in directly producing a force on solid objects.
		This is what happens in the drag force: the pressure in front of a moving object is somewhat greater than the pressure behind the object and the difference produces a net force that opposes the motion of the object through the air.
	carini.physics.indiana.edu /E105/drag-force.html (1526 words)

	The Drag Coefficient
		The drag coefficient is a number that aerodynamicists use to model all of the complex dependencies of shape, inclination, and flow conditions on aircraft drag.
		This equation is simply a rearrangement of the drag equation where we solve for the drag coefficient in terms of the other variables.
		The drag coefficient then expresses the ratio of the drag force to the force produced by the dynamic pressure times the area.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/K-12/airplane/dragco.html (869 words)

	EGR 182 - Air Drag
		As the force required to displace a fluid element is proportional to the mass of the element, then the force exerted by the object on the fluid must be related to the density of the fluid.
		Using the law of action and reaction, the force exerted by the fluid on the object is equal and opposite to the force exerted by the object on the fluid.
		Thus knowledge of the drag coefficient, the fluid density, the projected area, and the object velocity is sufficient to predict the drag force acting on the object.
	www.eng.auburn.edu /department/me/courses/nmadsen/egr182a/drag01.html (3906 words)

	Drag Force
		The force exerted on a body moving in a medium like air or water depends in a complex way upon the velocity of the body relative to the medium, the viscosity and density of the medium, the shape of the body, and the roughness of its surface.
		This is the quadratic model of fluid resistance, in that the drag force is dependent on the square of the velocity.
		Note that the frictional force between two surfaces is an example of a situation in which the drag force is constant and does not depend upon the body's velocity or contact surface area.
	www.ac.wwu.edu /~vawter/PhysicsNet/Topics/Dynamics/Forces/DragForce.html (322 words)

	Basic Flight Physics
		Drag is a force exerted on an object moving through a fluid; it is always oriented in the direction of relative fluid flow (try running against a high wind and you'll feel drag pushing you back in the direction of relative fluid flow).
		Lift is another force exerted on an object moving through a fluid; it is generally (but not always) directed upwards (perpendicular to the drag force), opposing the weight of the animal that is pulling it down to Earth.
		Drag is very helpful, however, when a flying animal is trying to slow down or land; so in that case, animals spread out their wings (turning on the air brakes, so to speak).
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /vertebrates/flight/physics.html (1040 words)

	Terminal velocity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The terminal velocity of an object falling towards the ground, in non-vacuum, is the speed at which the gravitational force pulling it downwards is equal and opposite to the atmospheric drag (also called air resistance) pushing it upwards.
		The reason objects reach a terminal velocity is because the drag force depends on the speed.
		This equation is derived from the drag equation by setting drag equal to mg, the gravitational force on the object.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Terminal_velocity (409 words)

	FORCE AND MOTION - II - Title
		Experiments have shown that the force of static friction is largely independent of the area of contact and proportional to the normal force N acting between the block and the surface.
		The force that tends to reduce the velocity of objects moving through air is very similar to the friction force; this force is called the drag force.
		C is a dimensionless drag coefficient that depends on the shape of the object and whose value generally lies in the range between 0.5 and 1.0.
	teacher.pas.rochester.edu /phy121/LectureNotes/Chapter06/Chapter6.html (3298 words)

	What is Drag?
		Drag is a force and is therefore a vector quantity having both a magnitude and a direction.
		Drag acts in a direction that is opposite to the motion of the aircraft.
		Both the lift and drag force act through the center of pressure of the object.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/K-12/airplane/drag1.html (775 words)

	AERODYNAMIC FACTORS AFFECTING DRAG RACING
		Aerodynamic forces (drag, lift and side loads) and moments (yawing, pitching and rolling torques) depend on the direction of the relative wind and the shape and size of the racer and its speed through the air.
		The corresponding horsepower required to overcome the aerodynamic drag is zero, 9 hp at 100 mph, 71 hp at 200 mph, and 239 hp at 300 mph.
		Lift, a force trying to raise the car up off the road, caused by air pressures distributed over the body, is normal for all automobiles and is often of the same magnitude as the drag.
	www.trackaero.com /factors1.html (588 words)

	EXSS 323 Week 9/10
		Lift and Drag forces are also affected by the "angle of attack" of an object moving through a medium.
		The lift and drag forces are affected by the medium involved.
		Buoyant force in a fluid is an upward directed force which has a magnitude equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by an object.
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/exss323/week9.htm (707 words)

	Drag of Blunt Bodies and Streamlined Bodies
		This drag is associated with the formation of a wake, which can be readily seen behind a passing boat, and it is usually less sensitive to Reynolds number than the frictional drag.
		Formally, both types of drag are due to viscosity (if the body was moving through an an inviscid fluid there would be no drag at all), but the distinction is useful because the two types of drag are due to different flow phenomena.
		Frictional drag is important for attached flows (that is, there is no separation), and it is related to the surface area exposed to the flow.
	www.princeton.edu /~asmits/Bicycle_web/blunt.html (1069 words)

	Activities - Tennis - Beginner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Drag is one the of the _______ major forces of flight.
		Drag is a resistance force and slows the forward motion of an object, including airplanes and tennis balls.
		________ drag, or drag due to lift is a small amount of excess force generated in the opposite direction of the lift force along a wing.
	wings.avkids.com /Activities/Tennis/tennis/drag.html (297 words)

	Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines: Drag
		The reason why drag is much more of a problem for a racing bicyclist than for, say, a runner, is that a fast runner will be moving at speed of some 6 m/s (21 km/h, 13 mph), whereas a racing bicyclist is moving at a speed of some 12 m/s (42 km/h, 26 mph).
		Just as it is case for lift, drag may vary quite dramatically with the surface roughness of the object.
		The formula for the drag force is fairly logical when you compare it with the formula for the power of the wind.
	www.windpower.org /en/tour/wtrb/drag.htm (1296 words)

	Drag Resistance
		Drag forces on a car moving through air can be reduced by (c.) streamlining.
		A drag force of 200 N is experienced by a hydrofoil boat moving through water at a speed of 12 m/s.
		The drag force on an automobile is such that a force of 50 lb is required to keep it moving at a speed of 25 mph.
	webpages.charter.net /griche/pt/u4s1bprb.htm (282 words)

	Lift-induced drag -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		rightInduced drag is the rearward component of liftAs a wing moves through the air, it generates lift both by accelerating the air downwards and by creating a pressure difference on either side of the wing.
		However, deflecting the air downwards generates both a lifting force and a drag force, and this drag force is induced drag.
		Induced drag is also inversely proportional to wingspan because a wider-span wing will generate more lift at a given angle of attack than a narrow one.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/li/lift-induced_drag.htm (439 words)

	Forces Acting on Particles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		According to Archimedes' Bouyancy Principle, the bouyant force exerted on a floating body is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
		The Bouyancy Force exerted on a spherical particle is:
		is the drag coefficient, and V is the relative velocity between the gas and the sphere.
	www.mfg.mtu.edu /cyberman/environment/air/forces/forces.html (202 words)

	Drag
		Drag is a complicated phenomena and explaining it from a theory based entirely on fundamental principles is exceptionally difficult.
		The portion of the drag force that is due to the inertia of the fluid -- the resistance to change that the fluid has to being pushed aside so that something else can occupy its space -- is called the pressure drag (or form drag or profile drag).
		Drag increases with the density of the fluid (ρ;).
	www.hypertextbook.com /physics/matter/drag (1744 words)

	Terminal Velocity
		One force is the gravitational force, expressed as the weight of the object.
		When drag is equal to weight, there is no net external force on the object and the object falls at a constant velocity as described by Newton's first law of motion.
		Drag depends on a drag coefficient, Cd the air density, r the square of the velocity V and some reference area A of the object:
	www.lerc.nasa.gov /WWW/K-12/airplane/termv.html (410 words)

	:: NASA Quest > Aerospace :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The magnitude of a force can be described as "how hard the force is" or "how much power the force has." For example, a force of magnitude 10 can be described as a "stronger" force than one of magnitude 2, which can be described as a "weaker" force.
		When two forces act in parallel, in either the same or opposite direction, measuring them is simply a matter of adding or subtracting their magnitudes.
		The gravity force is pulling the Shuttle back down in the direction of the earth with a magnitude of one times the force of gravity.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /aero/wright/teachers/wfomanual/math/force.html (933 words)

	ESPN SportsFigure - Interactive Zone Results
		By making measurements of the drag force for varying velocities, we find that the air drag force is dependent on the square of the velocity.
		Finally, the air drag is dependent on the temperature and the humidity of the air.
		This occurs when the air drag force is exactly equivalent to the weight of the object.
	sportsfigures.espn.com /sportsfigures/enhanced/lp_drag.jsp?iAm=null (531 words)

	Search Results for drag - Encyclopædia Britannica
		A fluid stream exerts a drag force FD on any obstacle placed in its path, and the same force arises if the obstacle moves and the fluid is stationary.
		All four forces—lift, thrust, drag, and weight—interact continuously in flight and are in turn affected by such things as the torque effect of the propeller, centrifugal force in turns, and other...
		generation of a sidewise force on a spinning cylindrical or spherical solid immersed in a fluid (liquid or gas) when there is relative motion between the spinning body and the fluid.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=drag&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (464 words)

	Air drag
		As is well-known, the drag force acting on an object which moves very slowly through a viscous fluid is directly proportional to the speed of that object with respect to the fluid.
		The drag force acting on a projectile, passing through air, always points in the opposite direction to the projectile's instantaneous direction of motion.
		Wind tunnel measurements reveal that the drag coefficient is a strong function of speed for baseballs, as illustrated in Fig.
	farside.ph.utexas.edu /teaching/329/lectures/node70.html (800 words)

	2003 Flight Forecast - Forces and Flight
		The lift is perpendicular to the drag and thrust forces and is primarily produced as a result of Bernoulli's Principle.
		This is the force that the atmosphere exerts on the aircraft that is opposite of the motion of the plane.
		This force is produced as a result of the friction of the air as it passes over the airplane.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /2003FF/forces (903 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Ask Us - Lift & Drag vs. Normal & Axial Force
		The lift force is defined as being perpendicular to the velocity vector while drag is defined as being parallel to it.
		Similar to lift and drag, normal force and axial force are defined as being perpendicular and parallel to the chord line, respectively.
		We have already seen that lift and drag always keep the same orientation with respect to the velocity no matter what the angle of attack is. However, the orientation between these two forces and the chord line of the airfoil does change.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /question/aerodynamics/q0194.shtml (1332 words)

	Sources of Drag in Supersonic Flow
		The third source of drag, which is a very significant portion of the drag in subsonic flight, is "lift-induced drag", or "induced drag".
		The entropy rise across a shock is related to the third power of the static pressure change, or the turning angle, whereas the drag coefficient in wave drag is proportional to the square of the turning angle.
		The drag by a shock of given static pressure ratio is thus considerably greater than the total wave drag due to several waves, each of small pressure ratio.
	www.ae.gatech.edu /research/windtunnel/classes/hispd/hispd03/sources_of_drag.html (1932 words)

	Next Century of Flight: Aviation Week's AviationNow.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The force known as drag is actually a combination of two forces - pressure drag and friction.
		The magnitude of the friction force is dependent on pressure between the surfaces and the nature of the surfaces in contact.
		The friction force between the rider and the air could be reduced by wearing smoother, tighter-fitting clothing.
	www.aviationnow.com /content/ncof_bk/lo_efm09.htm (569 words)

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