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Topic: Drag Resistant Aerospike

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	Drag - WOI Encyclopedia Italia
		Lift-induced drag is only relevant when wings or a lifting body are present, and is therefore usually discussed only in the aviation perspective of drag.
		Beyond these two kinds of drag there is a third kind of drag, called wave drag, that occurs when the solid object is moving through the fluid at or near the speed of sound in that fluid.
		The overall drag of an object is characterized by a dimensionless number called the drag coefficient, and is calculated using the drag equation.
	www.wheelsofitaly.com /wiki/index.php?title=Drag&redirect=no (242 words)

	Drag - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For a solid object moving through a fluid or gas, drag is the sum of all the aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces in the direction of the external fluid flow.
		Beyond these two kinds of drag there is a third kind of drag, called wave drag, that occurs when the solid object is moving through the fluid at or near the speed of sound in that fluid.
		The overall drag of an object is characterized by a dimensionless number called the drag coefficient, and is calculated using the drag equation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Drag (184 words)

	Patent 4650139: Aerospike for attachment to space vehicle system
		The aerospike basically comprises a tapered elongated portion having a first end which is adapted to be attached to the nose of the space vehicle, and a second free end terminating in a substantially rounded disc-like tip member.
		Aerospike 17 is attached to nose 13 of the external tank; and the nose is preferably manufactured in a flat or blunt fashion to facilitate attachment to aerospike 17, e.g., by welding, by attachment to an existing bolt ring.
		Aerospike 17 provides the additional capability of transporting an increased payload weight of a space vehicle and permits the entire system to be more efficient by enhancing drag reduction and permitting the use of heavier and wider payloads with a predetermined amount of fuel than would otherwise be possible with vehicles lacking aerospikes.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4650139.html (5166 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Drag (physics)
		Drag is made up of friction forces, which act in a direction parallel to the object's surface (primarily along its sides, as friction forces at the front and back cancel themselves out), plus pressure forces, which act in a direction perpendicular to the object's surface.
		For a solid object moving through a fluid or gas, the drag is the sum of all the aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces in the direction of the external fluid flow.
		is the drag coefficient (a dimensionless constant, e.g.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Drag_(physics) (1326 words)

	Experiment on Reducing Drag on an Aerospace Launch Vehicle
		In order to measure performance of the linear aerospike engine under a variety of flight conditions, the model was mounted on the SR-71 with a pylon that was instrumented with 8 load cells oriented to measure total forces and moments in six degrees of freedom.
		With increasing mach number in the subsonic flight regime, base drag (referenced to the LASRE base area) was found to be relatively constant at a base-drag coefficient of approximately 0.38 until the divergence-drag-rise mach number of approximately 0.90 is reached.
		As the forebody drag is increased, the thickness of boundary layer at the aft end of the forebody increases, with a consequent reduction in the effectiveness of the pumping and a reduction in the base drag.
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/Aug99/DRC9901.html (1311 words)

	Patent 4790499: Aerospike for attachment to space vehicle system
		An aerospike in accordance with claim 1 wherein said space vehicle is part of a system which comprises a shuttle orbiter, an external tank, and two rocket boosters attached to outer walls of said external tank.
		An aerospike in accordance with claim 1 wherein said spike comprises a plurality of telescoping sections, each of said sections being substantially cylindrical, said sections having different diameters, the largest diameter section being positioned adjacent to said vehicle nose and said cylindrical sections decreasing in diameter in a direction away from said nose.
		An aerospike in accordance with claim 1 wherein said vehicle system is attached by said tether to a second vehicle reaction control system to comprise means for maneuvering said vehicles.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4790499.html (5239 words)

	Drag Resistant Aerospike
		A Drag Reducing Aerospike is a device used to reduce the forebody pressure drag of blunt bodies at supersonic speeds.
		The Trident aerospike consists of a flat circular plate mounted on an extendible boom which is deployed shortly after the missile breaks through the surface of the water after launch from the submarine.
		In 1995 at the 33rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting it was reported that tests were performed at an aerospike-protected missile dome to Mach 6, obtaining quantitative surface pressure and temperature-rise data on the feasibility of using aerospikes on hypersonic missiles.
	music.musictnt.com /biography/sdmc_Drag_Resistant_Aerospike (330 words)

	Asonic aerospike engine - US Patent 6648275 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		As a rocket using the aerospike nozzle climbs higher and higher, the plume is able to expand continuously against the decreasing atmospheric pressure, albeit at a cost to the thrust vector which diverges progressively sideways.
		In one embodiment, the aerospike engine includes a tapered body and a slanted reaction plane on the tapered body, and further comprises means for increasing propulsive pressure on the reaction plane and means for inhibiting boundary layer separation.
		4, a linear aerospike engine 40 increases pressure on the reaction plane 32 by using an adjustable spoiler or flap 42 to induce a vortex 44 on the reaction plane 32 parallel to a lateral axis of the reaction plane 32.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6648275.html (9950 words)

	Bringing launch costs down to earth
		As a linear aerospike shoots its exhaust gases across the central ramp, they are not enclosed by a nozzle, so the exhaust gases can expand to the ambient atmospheric pressure while reacting against the ramp.
		Aerospike technology was pioneered by Rocketdyne engineers in the 1950s, first with Air Force and then NASA funding support, Bouley said.
		And because the aerospike's conformal nature lets it produce a hot gas plume that nearly fills the base area of the vehicle, it lowers base drag.
	www.memagazine.org /backissues/membersonly/october98/features/launch/launch.html (4137 words)

	Blackstar
		Evidently building on plans of the 1960’s for air-launch of the X-15-3 or X-20 spaceplane by a modified XB-70 bomber, the final design consisted of an XOV that would be dropped from the SR-3 at Mach 3.3 and 31.6 km altitude.
		Propulsion was by aerospike rocket action, possibly air-augmented and fed by ribbed or straked channels in the lower surface of the vehicle.
		Use of aerospike technology, air-augmentation, high-pressure combustion, and storable N2O4 and Aerozine-50 propellants were expected to result in a specific impulse as high as 360 seconds.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/blakstar.htm (1713 words)

	jolt.co.uk public forums - Great Helio's Chariot! Its Phaethon!
		The skin of the plane is made of heat resistant ceramics coated with near frictionless carbon.
		Certain joints on the plane are made of a purpose formulated alloy that expands and contracts properly with the extreme temperatures associated with hypersonic speeds.
		Aerospikes are an alternate design to standard exhaust nozzles that use the force of air rushing past them to contain the flame rather than having metal panels.
	forums.jolt.co.uk /showthread.php?threadid=428651 (1753 words)

	America Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The range of both models of the missile is increased by an aerospike, a telescoping outward extension that reduces frontal drag by about 50 %.
		The launch from the submarine occurs below the ocean surface, they are ejected from their launch tubes by gas pressure created by a "gas generator," a solid fuel rocket motor attached to the bottom of the missile tube and exhausting into it.
		After the missile leaves the tube and rises through the water over the submarine the first stage motor ignites, the aerospike extends, and the boost stage begins.
	www.americaencyclopedia.com /index.php?title=Trident_missile (489 words)

	drag resource page - drag queen
		The standard equation for drag is one half the coefficient of drag multiplied by the fluid density, the cross sectional area of your specified item, and the square of the velocity
		Some of the people caught in a drag racing sting were in court today.
		July 5 (Bloomberg) -- Drag is in at the Aix-en-Provence Festival.
	www.thetaxglossary.com /Dol-to-Dra/drag.php (774 words)

	Aerospike - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An aerospike engine which is a rocket engine with out a traditional rocket nozzle.
		A Drag Resistant Aerospike which helps reduce drag on missiles.
		This is a disambiguation page â” a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aerospike (102 words)

	Trident II D-5 Fleet Ballistic Missile FBM / SLBM - United States Nuclear Forces
		The missile's range is increased by the aerospike, a telescoping outward extension that reduces frontal drag by about 50 percent.
		Trident II is fired by the pressure of expanding gas in the launch tube.
		When the missile attains sufficient distance from the submarine, the first stage motor ignites, the aerospike extends and the boost stage begins.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/usa/slbm/d-5.htm (4528 words)

	Rocket Man Blog: Itâs Never As Easy As It Sounds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The drag coefficient for the two vehicles will be about the same because the two vehicles are the same diameter; Vehicle B is just longer than Vehicle A to account for the larger LH2 tanks.
		In aerospike designs, pretty much the whole understructure of the booster stage is effectively part of the engine and has to be built to handle exhaust-level temperatures anyway.
		If one combustion chamber on an aerospike engine goes dead during boost, things are a lot less dramatic than when, say, the one and only BIG combustion chamber in the one and only main engine coughs and quits.
	www.rocketmanblog.com /2004/02/its_never_as_ea.html (17416 words)

	Asonic aerospike engine - US Patent 6213431 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In general, in another aspect, the invention relates to a rocket engine comprising a tapered body, a slanted reaction plane on the body, means for increasing propulsive pressure on the reaction plane, and means for inhibiting boundary layer separation from the reaction plane.
		In general, in another aspect, the invention relates to a space plane comprising a main body, an aerospike engine attached to the main body, and a bell-shaped nozzle engine attached to the main body.
		In accordance with this embodiment, the engine 30 is provided with a first set of injectors 36 located adjacent a leading end 34 of the engine 30, and a second set of injectors 38 located generally intermediate the leading end 34 and a trailing end 35 of the engine 30.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6213431.html (10741 words)

	Philosophy Forum -> Scramjet
		The turbojets operate at supersonic speeds, but their ramps slow the incomng air down, this is a huge source of drag.
		The basic principle behind scramjets is that the entire aircraft forward of the engine would be used to compress the air and the aft section as an exaust! It basically means that the whole body of the aircraft is the engine, with a sort of cowl/pipe acting as the combustion chamber.
		These are incredibly inefficient compared to a high bypass turbofan due mostly to the drag of their turbulence inducing propellers, however vastly less expensive, produce less pollution and are still far more efficient than a piston engine equivalent.
	forum.darwinawards.com /index.php?showtopic=5427 (5645 words)

	drag resources
		It was a little off the wall, yes, but he pursued the dream of organizing a snowmobile drag race anyway.
		Three Phoenix area high school students were deported to Mexico after a police officer stopped the car they were in for drag racing and called federal immigration officials.
		As the subject of a Disney Channel movie with 65 million viewers, 23-year-old NHRA drag racer Erica Enders is a fan favorite, especially among the younger set.
	www.cryptoger.com /Drp-to-Edd/drag.php (790 words)

	ch3
		Reducing drag was an important part of making an aircraft aerodynamically "clean," and the shape of the aircraft was what normally determined its drag.
		As aerodynamicists turned to the problem of bodies reentering the atmosphere from hypersonic and high-altitude or upper-atmospheric flight, one of the largest problems that faced them was the reduction of drag, and hence friction and heat, at the aircraft's laminar boundary layer.
		Even that need was predicated on their ability to design the "power plants," or engines capable of propelling aircraft or launch vehicles at the speeds necessary to travel faster than the speed of sound, or the thrust ("specific impulse") necessary to burst through the heavy barrier of Earth's atmosphere and gravity.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-4104/ch3.htm (12925 words)

	[No title]
		This is, of course, neglecting the considerable losses to air resistance.
		There are several advantages to a plan like this; first, an increase in payload mass doesn't have the same exponential effect on booster requirements, since you don't have to accelerate all of the first stage engines, fuel, and tankage at the same time.
		In order to make this scheme work, the launch trajectory would have to have a significant horizontal component, and so would have to cut through a lot more atmosphere than a conventional boost (i.e, straight up to clear the atmosphere and _then_ add a horizontal component for orbital velocity).
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/usr/mnr/st/std061 (4184 words)

	[ERPS] Re: ERPS-list digest FMA Co-Pilot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Re: aerospikes and fins (Tony Fredericks) > 9.
		Re: aerospikes and fins (Pierce Nichols) > 15.
		The aerospike test vehicle > >still has a need for 3-axis stabilization, so much of the electronic > >development from gizmocopter should still apply.
	www.erps.org /archives/erps-list/msg01092.shtml (2237 words)

	HearingRoom.com: Event Transcript
		The materials will be extremely flexible, allowing the wing to reform to optimal shapes, remain extremely resistant to damage, and potentially self heal.
		We use the results of Langley's research and development to achieve enhanced maneuverability and drag reduction on the F-22.
		We've got lightweight tank structures, we've got linear aerospike engine that's being tested at Stinus (phonetic), the proof of that engine's performance (technical difficulty).
	www.asme.org /gric/engineeringpolicy/Aviation/Transcript.htm (17516 words)

	Trident missile - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Both Trident versions are three-stage, solid-propellant, inertially guided missiles whose range is increased by an aerospike, a telescoping outward extension that halves frontal drag.
		The Trident is carried by 14 active US Ohio class submarines and (with British warheads) four UK Vanguard class submarines.
		The missiles are ejected from their tubes by gas pressure created by a "gas generator," a solid-fuel rocket motor attached to the bottom of the missile tube and exhausting into it.
	www.grohol.com /psypsych/wiki/Trident_II (467 words)

	NASAexplores: Glossaries
		They have an extremely high temperature resistance, 230 °C when wet, 250 °C when dry; the disadvantage is the high cost.
		These oligomers are cured at 300 °C to 400 °C to provide crosslinked polyimides with excellent solvent resistance, high strength, and high temperature properties.
		The current tends to flow through the area of low resistance, bypassing the rest of the circuit.
	www.nasaexplores.com /glossaries/glossaries_9-12.php (6703 words)

	Space & astronomy - Why is a LOX/Kero SSTO not rather easy?
		resistance, lower back pressure losses, and earlier peak acceleration)
		What I would like to see is an annular aerospike for the engine for it
		A cheap aluminium rocket could have been built to test the aerospikes - it
	www.spacebanter.com /q-t_8520-Why-is-a-LOXKero-SSTO-not-rather-easy.html (3635 words)

	Subject Listing for Helicopters / rotorcraft
		The WIND methodology was able to consistently predict the subtle measured trends associated with Reynolds and Mach numbers as well as the dramatic measured trends noted for variation in ice shape height and location, especially for upper surface ice locations and thick airfoils.
		For a leading-edge iced airfoil, the size effect is still significant but not as large and, in general, the variations in lift, drag, and pitching moment tend to vary more linearly with ice shape size.
		However, a significant shortcoming of the numerical methodology was the inability to predict a maximum lift coefficient (though such a maximum was noted in the experiments) for airfoils with a large upper surface ice shape; this result was consistent with other codes that use RANS turbulence models.
	aerade.cranfield.ac.uk /subject-listing/heli.html (15838 words)

	BBC - Press Office - Space Odyssey: Voyage To The Planets spacecraft
		Designed to withstand 900 tonnes of air pressure per square metre of its surface and temperatures of 500 degrees centigrade (hot enough to melt lead and zinc)
		Launch engine - a toroidal aerospike - capable of reaching the Venus escape velocity of over 10km/second in just under eight minutes
		Launch Engine - toroidal aerospike - capable of reaching the Mars escape velocity of five km/second within five minutes
	www.bbc.co.uk /pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2004/10_october/13/space_craft.shtml (912 words)

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