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Topic: Draize test

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	National Anti-Vivisection Society: Animal Tests
		These outmoded tests have been used for decades, testing the same chemicals on the same types of animals year after year, despite the fact that the information resulting from these tests is not being used to protect human safety but only to determine levels of toxicity.
		The Draize tests attempt to measure the harmfulness of chemicals to humans by observing the damage they cause to the eyes and skin of animals.
		In the Draize test for skin irritancy, the test substances are applied to shaved and abraded skin, which is then covered with plastic sheeting.
	www.navs.org /site/PageServer?pagename=ain_pt_animal_tests (662 words)

	Draize test - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Draize Test is a common animal test devised in 1944 by FDA toxicologist John Draize that involves dropping the tested substance directly into an immobilized animal's eyes and observing the results.
		The test subject is commonly an albino rabbit.
		The tests are controversial, considered by some to be an example of animal cruelty as well as unscientific and unnecessary.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Draize_test (614 words)

	Draize Eye Irritancy Test Factsheet: What it is and Alternatives
		The Draize test is responsible for the suffering and death of thousands of rabbits each year in the United States but does not prevent or help cure human injury.
		During the test, 100 milligrams of a concentrated solution are dripped into the eyes of six to nine conscious albino rabbits, who may be immobilized in stocks from which only their heads protrude.
		Many companies therefore continue to perform the Draize test mainly because they are in the habit of using the test, and because their legal departments and insurance companies suggest they do the tests to cover themselves when they are sued.
	www.geari.org /faqdraize.html (903 words)

	CAAT: Animals and Alternatives in Testing: History, Science, and Ethics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Many in vitro tests are being used as reduction and refinement alternatives while undergoing validation, the process by which the suitability of a particular test is assessed for a specific purpose, with its reliability and reproducibility verified (Frazier, 1990).
		The test protocol is the schedule of events defining the test -- for example, exposing hepatocytes to a test chemical for a specific period of time and measuring the defined endpoint at various times after rinsing the chemical form from dish of cells.
		The test was introduced in 1927 by a British biologist, Trevan, to assess and standardize the potency of batches of therapeutic substances such as digitalis, insulin, and diptheria toxin.
	caat.jhsph.edu /pubs/animal_alts/chap4.htm (3238 words)

	3R Training Switzerland
		For over 60 years the Draize Test has been carried out on the eyes of rabbit’s, to test the possible irritating effects of various substances on the human eye.
		This test has been most often used in relation to household products, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products which are used for therapeutical purposes on the eye.
		Should the test be suitably reliable, it could be used in future to replace the Draize test in all applications.
	3r-training.tierversuch.ch /en/module_3r/draize_test_replacement/eye_irritation (332 words)

	'Safety' Testing of Products for Human Use (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		One, as mentioned, is that the data indicate the Draize test is not a reliable indicator of human reactivity.
		Draize, J.H., Woodard, G. and Calvery, H.O.: Methods for the study of irritation and toxicity of substances applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes.
		Sperling, F. and McLaughlin, J.L.: Biological parameters and the acute LD test.
	www.avar.org /safety_testing.html (5502 words)

	Altweb: ECVAM Reports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Draize rabbit test (2) continues to be the method of choice for the regulatory assessment of eye irritation hazard (3, 4), despite criticism on both scientific and animal welfare grounds.
		The in vitro tests which performed to a certain level in the concordance analysis were subsequently analysed by non-linear regression to approximate the relationship between the in vitro and in vivo scores.
		Testing in animals is only required as a last step to confirm negative results generated by the non-animal tests applied in earlier steps.
	altweb.jhsph.edu /publications/ECVAM/ecvam34.htm (10236 words)

	Choose Cruelty Free - Testing
		The traditional method for testing irritation and damage to the eye is the Draize test.
		The test substance is placed in the eyes of conscious rabbits, who are either held in stocks or have plastic collars around their neck so that they can't rub their eyes with their paws.
		Since the same substances were being tested, using the same method, and the same species of animal, you would expect scores for the degree of eye injury to be similar.
	www.choosecrueltyfree.org.au /tests.html (1022 words)

	Lasers May End Some Tests on Rabbits - 9/20 National Post
		The Draize test is often criticized as inaccurate, however, because it relies on the subjective evaluation of a lab technician of how red, inflamed or damaged a rabbit's eyes are.
		Unlike the Draize test, the bovine lens test does not test the cornea, the eye's outer covering, since it is insensitive at low doses and is an unreliable indicator of damage once it is removed from the rest of the eye, Dr. Sivak said.
		One important component of the test, which sets it apart from most other eye irritancy tests, is that the lens is studied while it is still growing in a solution of nutrients, so lab technicians can observe how it responds to damage and regrows.
	www.fass.org /FASStrack/news_item.asp?news_id=701 (696 words)

	Draize-Test
		This test has been especially designed for the testing of medical, cosmetical and chemical substances, but also for the testing of the end products, like creams, lipsticks, mascaras, face-lotion, soap, shampoos, powder, hairspray, toothpaste, lacquer, detergent and everything, which could perhaps touch one’s skin someday somehow.
		Depending on the tested substance the rabbits’; eyes get red, their cornea (this is the outer skin of the eyeball) is injured, the tissues are destructed or they build abscesses.
		The sheep which didn’t die during the tests are killed after the last one, because now they are useless for further research.
	www.draize.com (607 words)

	Animal Testing
		In vitro tests use human or animal cells specimens which can be grown in a laboratory.
		Test substances are dripped into the eyes of restrained rabbits, and results are recorded over a period of three to twenty-one days.
		One alternative to Draize Testing involves exposing a synthetic matrix of proteins to the test substance.
	www.animalalliance.ca /kids/anitest1.htm (534 words)

	Fall 1984 CAAT Newsletter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Few issues have galvanized the focus of animal welfare and animal rights advocates more than opposition to the Draize eye test, in which chemicals are placed in the eyes of live rabbits to gauge potential harm to human eyes.
		"The Draize projects are examples of how the Center can stimulate basic researchers to ask questions that will provide answers needed for the development of applied science," says CAAT director Alan M. Goldberg, Ph.D. In the Draize test, a chemical is placed in one eye of an albino rabbit.
		The Draize session will be chaired by CAAT Advisory Board members David Maurice, Ph.D., research professor of ophthalmology at Stanford Medical Center, Stanford, Calif., and James P. McCulley, M.D., professor and chairman of ophthalmology at the University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas.
	caat.jhsph.edu /pubs/newsletter/news_fall84/draize.htm (1286 words)

	Facts: Cosmetic Testing
		A company that tests on animals may claim it no longer uses the Draize test, when in fact a very similar, equally cruel test is being performed under a different name.
		The Draize Eye Irritancy Test is used to evaluate the ability of a test substance to cause damage to the tissues of the eye.
		In a typical test, six to nine rabbits are held in stocks from which only their heads protrude so that they cannot dislodge the substance with a paw.
	www.idausa.org /facts/costesting.html (982 words)

	Draize Test Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Another type of test is the Draize test.
		In the Draize eye irritancy test, any compound, which might intentionally or accidentally come in contact with the eye, is tested.
		During the test, 100 milligrams of a concentrated solution are dripped onto the eyes of 6-9 conscious albino rabbits, which may be immobilized in stocks from which only their heads protrude.
	www.louisville.edu /~jrthom05/draizetest.htm (391 words)

	Page Title
		Data from animal tests are never used to treat cases of accidental poisonings, because products that are not toxic to animals can be toxic to humans and vice versa.
		The skin tests and tests in which noxious substances are actually applied to the eyes of animals also are inappropriate not only because they are patently inhumane and cause the animals great pain and suffering, but because it has been shown that these tests have little or no medical validity.
		Traditional animal toxicity tests, as exemplified by the Draize test and the LD50 tests, are archaic and inhumane.
	web.linkny.com /~civitas/page342.html (1256 words)

	Cosmetic Animal Testing
		The Draize test is an eye test named after a man by the name of John Draize.
		This test involves dropping a substance into an animal’s eye and watching the results.(All for Animals Newsletter, Issue 1) This test is usually preformed on albino rabbits, and it is done by clipping their eyes back.
		This test, as well as the Draize test, is preformed without administering no kind of painkillers.(Shah, abstract) Many health professionals agree that these tests are crude and imprecise.
	www.freeessays.cc /db/28/lfm209.shtml (3961 words)

	New England Anti-vivisection Society (NEAVS)
		The traditional LD50 (lethal dose 50%) test forces animals to ingest chemicals to determine the approximate dose that results in the death of half the test animals.
		This test, which is more accurate than the animal models, is cruelty-free in that it uses donated human tissue, rather than animals.
		After the test the rabbits are usually killed and internal effects on the rabbits are examined.
	www.neavs.org /betterscience/bettersci_animal_tests_ld50_draize_corrosovity.htm (807 words)

	Draize test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Draize Test (named after FDA toxicologist John Draize), along with the LD50, are two of the mostcommon animal tests.
		The Draize Test involves dropping the tested substancedirectly into an animal's eyes and observing the results.
		Such tests are controversial, considered by animal rights activists tobe animal cruelty.
	www.therfcc.org /draize-test-61103.html (73 words)

	Development of Alternatives to Animal Use for Safety Testing and Hazard Assessment
		Some of the first tests to be developed and required by regulatory agencies in the U.S. and throughout the world included the Draize tests for eye and skin irritation and the LD50 test for acute toxicity.
		John Draize, a pharmacologist who had previously researched the effects of agents used in chemical warfare, was hired by the FDA to develop eye and skin tests to determine the safety of cosmetic products.
		The test protocol is the schedule of events defining the test; for example exposing liver cells to a test chemical for a certain period of time and measuring the defined endpoint at various times after rinsing the chemical from the dish of cells.
	www.solutions-site.org /artman/publish/article_67.shtml (6860 words)

	Ruy Tchao In The News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Tchao and his colleague Joseph Leighton, MD, were asked by animal welfare organizations to develop nonanimal tests to replace the Draize--a test performed on rabbits by many cosmetic and household product companies to predict how their chemicals would affect the human eye.
		In the Draize test, a rabbit is held tight and its eyelid pulled back with a clip so a sample of chemical can be placed in its eye.
		Damage to the integrity of this epithelium is then assessed by determining its permeability to sodium fluorescein, a solution opthalmologists use to test the integrity of the human cornea.
	www.usip.edu /pharmtox/tchaointhenews.shtml (761 words)

	Animal Ethics Clarifier: an encyclopedia of animal ethics - D Entries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Draize test was introduced in the 1940's by John H Draize (1900 - 1992), an American toxicologist with the US Food and Drug Administration.
		In the test for eye irritation a solution of a substance is dropped onto one eye of several rabbits and their other eye is left untreated as a comparison.
		Similarly, in the test for skin irritation substances are applied to the bear skin, sometimes prepared by abrading it.
	www.wolftrust.org.uk /aec-d-entries.html (3327 words)

	Section 13.90.010 Findings and purposes. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A. The Draize Test or ocular test determines the irritancy level of substances by applying them to the eyes of immobilized, unanesthetized live animals, generally rabbits.
		B. The Draize Test and Skin Irritancy Test are scientifically unsound and inapplicable to clinical situations.
		E. The Draize Test and the Skin Irritancy Test are unnecessary and grossly inhumane.
	www.ci.berkeley.ca.us /bmc/berkeley_municipal_code/Title_13/90/010.html (178 words)

	Draize Rabbit Eye Test Compatibility with Eye Irritation Thresholds in Humans: A Quantitative Structure-Activity ...
		Draize eye scores and eye irritation thresholds in man can be combined into one quantitative structure-activity relationship.
		Draize, J. H., Woodward, G., and Calvery, H. Methods for the study of irritation and toxicity of substances applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes.
		Enslein, K. An overview of structure-activity relationships as an alternative to testing in animals for carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, dermal and eye irritation, and acute oral toxicity.
	toxsci.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/76/2/384 (4052 words)

	Fighting to Win, by Henry Spira
		That is the Draize test, named after John H. Draize, a former official of the Food and Drug Administration of the United States.
		This test, which has been used since 1927, is so named because it aims to find the lethal dose for 50 per cent of a sample of animals.
		There is a whole new climate in the area, a climate which encourages the leap from the scientific barbarism of Draize tests and LD50s to the scientific elegance of cell biology.
	www.animal-rights-library.com /texts-m/spira01.htm (5523 words)

	ARTL: Draize Test, Cosmetics and Consumer Products
		The Draize Test (the application to animals' eyes of the test substance, wherein the normally docile and silent rabbit screams in agony and is sometimes blinded), is usually carried out in contract laboratories which are far removed from the manufacturers of the product.
		ARSL's condoning, even promoting the Draize test reveals its authors' complicity in perpetuating the myth that such procedures are scientifically valid.
		Valid methods of testing have ALWAYS existed and the discriminating purchaser has for decades had access to cosmetics which were never, either in their formulae or in the finished product, tested on animals.
	www.health.org.nz /draize.html (1286 words)

	draize test - OneLook Dictionary Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "draize test" is defined.
		Draize test : Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary, 10th Edition [home, info]
		Draize test : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=draize+test (94 words)

	Alternatives To The Draize Test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This type of test testing uses one-tenth of the amount of the substance.
		It reduces the potential for pain and discomfort and is more predictive of possible human eye irritation because it more closely stimulates human experience than does the standard Draize test.
		The Eytex testing kits can test three concentrations of a chemical for about $99.50; a Draize test of comparable range would cost more than $1,000 (Feder 4).
	www.louisville.edu /~jrthom05/draizealt.htm (202 words)

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