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Topic: Dramatic Prakrit

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	Prakrit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Prakrits became literary languages, generally patronized by kings identified with the ksatriya caste, but were regarded as illegitimate by the Brahmin orthodoxy.
		The earliest extant use of Prakrit are the inscriptions of Asoka, emperor of Northern India, and while the various Prakrit languages are associated with different patron dynasties, with different religions and different literary traditions, none of them were at any time an informal "mother tongue" in any area of India.
		Other Prakrits are reported in historical sources, but have no extant corpus (e.g., Paisaci).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prakrit (405 words)

	PRAKRIT - LoveToKnow Article on PRAKRIT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Dramatic works have been written in it, and it was also the vehicle of many later scriptures of the Jaina religion, We also know a good deal about Ardhamagadhi, in which th~ older Jaina writings were composed.
		On the other hand, although to a certain extent artificial, the literary Prakrits are all based on local vernaculars, a fact entirely borne out by a comparison with the modern Indian languages, which closely agree with them in their mutual points of difference.
		In literary Prakrit we have two important specimens of formal epic poetrythe Rdva~iava/ia or Stubandha (attributed to Pravarasena, before A.D. 700), dealing with the subject of the Ramayaiya, and the Gautlavaha of Vkpati (7th8th century A.D.), celebrating the conquest of Bengal by YaiOvarman, king of Kanauj.
	80.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PR/PRAKRIT.htm (5500 words)

	[No title]
		PRAKRIT (prakrta, natural), a term applied to the vernacular languages of India as opposed to the literary Sanskrit (sarizskrta, purified).
		This later stage of the Secondary Prakrits is known as the Prakrit par excellence, and forms the main subject of the present article.
		Dramatic works have been written in it, and it was also the vehicle of many later scriptures of the Jaina religion.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=54141 (2034 words)

	Theater - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Dialogue was a mixture of verse and prose spoken in classical Sanskrit, the learned language spoken by gods, kings, generals, and sages; and Prakrit, the everyday dialects of Sanskrit used by women, children, servants, and people of low birth.
		The platform served as a street, where the dramatic action occurred, and openings in the back wall served as doorways into fictional houses that bordered the street.
		Dramatic festivals gave way to gladiatorial contests, water ballets, and sea battles held in the orchestras of theaters.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761553217___45/Theater.html (4905 words)

	Dramatic Prakrit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Any of the three main dialects of Prakrit, used extensively in Sanskrit literature.
		The Eastern Indo-Aryan languages are descended from the Dramatic Prakrits.
		This page was last modified 06:37, 28 June 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dramatic_Prakrit (65 words)

	Prakrit Did You Mean prakrit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In Sanskrit drama, kings speak in Prakrit when addressing women or servants, in contrast to the Sanskrit used in reciting more formal poetic monologues.
		Prakrit is foremost a native term, designating "vernaculars" as opposed to the artificial Sanskrit.
		By the definitions used by classical grammarians themselves, a Prakrit would have its grammar ("Vyakarana") written in Sanskrit, whereas Pali grammars are written in Pali (posing an independent claim to legitimacy, i.e., counter to Sanskrit's claims as the supreme language) --an important, if merely techical, distinction.
	www.did-you-mean.com /Prakrit.html (409 words)

	PRAKRIT (prakrta, natu... - Online Information article about PRAKRIT (prakrta, natu...
		Tertiary Prakrits and become the modern Indo-Aryan languages.
		original—the Primary Prakrit of the Midland—its vocabulary, making allowances for phonetic changes, is the same as in that language.
		The Prakrits of the Outer Band, all more closely connected with each other than any one of them was to Sauraseni, were Magadhi, Ardhamagadhi, Maharastri, and an unknown Prakrit of the See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /POL_PRE/PRAKRIT_prakrta_natural_.html (2427 words)

	The Origin of the Hindu Drama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Vedic priesthood endeavoured to expunge whatever was lascivious or farcical in the popular cult of the two primitive gods, but the sanvâdas, with all their rippling laughter and gross licence, survived, and were even cultivated in Sanskrit literature.
		This view is corroberated by the existence of an old Sanskrit treatise on dramatic art.
		In the dramatic literature of India, the prâkrits hold exactly the same position.
	www.theatrehistory.com /asian/horrwitz02.html (2401 words)

	Kalidasa articles on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Asian drama ASIAN DRAMA [Asian drama] dramatic works produced in the East.
		Prakrit literature PRAKRIT LITERATURE [Prakrit literature] By the 6th cent.
		These vernacular forms, of which there were several, are called the Prakrits [Sktnatural].
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/06806.html (277 words)

	Prakrit articles on Encyclopedia.com
		Prakrit PRAKRIT [Prakrit], any of a number of languages belonging to the Indic group of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages (see Indo-Iranian).
		The Prakrits are usually classified as Middle Indic languages that followed the Old Indic stage of Sanskrit and Vedic but
		Pali PALI [Pali], language belonging to the Indic group of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Prakrit&StartAt=11 (440 words)

	Bharata Natyam - Classical Dance of the Ancient Tamils
		The prakrits recognised by the Natya Sastra are later than those of Asvagosha.
		Abhiriaya is the interpretation of a song with facial expressions and Nataka is dance with the dramatic element.
		This was before the Christian era, and may have extended over a period of some centuries.(7) The influence of Aryan culture is clearly seen in the life described in the Cilapathikaram.
	www.tamilnation.org /culture/dance (4312 words)

	Tourism of India - Culture
		This crude dramatic enactment led to the fine delineation of dramatic treatises like the Natya shastra that has encodes like the Poetics of Aristotle.
		The decline of Sanskrit theatre is evident from the fact that while Mricchakatikam was in Sanskrit, the Karpuramanjari was in Prakrit, which was a colloquial form of Sanskrit.
		Rajashekhara has himself said that he chose to write in Prakrit, as the language was soft while Sanskrit was harsh.
	www.tourismofindia.com /exi/theatre.htm (804 words)

	Asian Drama: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		The earliest extant critical work on Sanskrit drama is attributed to Bharata, the legendary formulator of the dramatic art in India.
		References to the drama and to dramatic criticism in the work of the grammarian Panini constitute a more certain indication of an early date for Sanskrit drama.
		Since Sanskrit is a literary language, it is used only by important characters; inferior characters speak in the vernacular known as Prakrit.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/asian_drama.jsp (3020 words)

	Indian Theater
		The origin of the Indian theatre or rather folk theatre and dramatics can be traced to religious ritualism of the Vedic Aryans.
		Bharatamuni is said to have lived around the 4th century but even he is not aware of the actual origin of the theatre in India.
		He has cleverly stated in a dramatic manner that it was the lord of creation Brahma who also created the original Natyashastra (Drama).
	www.gloriousindia.com /culture/theater.html (1192 words)

	Introduction to Prakrit
		Introduction to Prakrit provides the reader with a guide for the more attentive and scholarly study of Prakrit occurring in Sanskrit plays, poetry and prose - both literary and inscriptional.
		Part I consists of I-XI Chapters which deal with the three periods of Indo-Aryan speech, the three stages of the Middle Period, the literary and spoken Prakrits, their classification and characteristics, their system of Single and Compound Consonants, Vowels, Sandhi, Declension, Conjugation and their history of literature.
		Part II consists of a number of extracts from Sanskrit and Prakrit literature which illustrate different types of Prakrit - Sauraseni, Maharastri, Magadhi, Ardhamagadhi, Avanti, Apabhramsa, etc., most of which are translated into English.
	www.exoticindiaart.com /book/details/IDD562 (408 words)

	Sri_Lanka
		However, archaic Sinhalese langauge is closer to Prakrits used in northwest India, indicating an origin in the present western coastal Indian state Gujarat.
		Sri Lankan Tamil presence is noted throughout the country's written history.
		A vast majority of the Sri Lankan community were only influenced by their own traditional food and nothing more.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/s/sr/sri_lanka.html (4852 words)

	index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		She quotes from various sources to establish similarities between Prakrit and Tamil and brings in the Dravidi-Prakrit in support of her argument.
		In the rest of the chapters, she deals with music, dramatic forms, Western music, yoga, martial arts, inscriptions, cinema, ethics of entertainment and relates all of these to Natya Sastra.
		Nee irangayenil is good overall, though it sounds somewhat dramatic and could have done with more sukhabhava.
	www.sruti.com /december/bks.htm (1074 words)

	Asian drama: Sanskrit Drama
		Sanskrit drama is part of Sanskrit literature, the classical literature of India, which flourished from about 1500 B.C. to about A.D. The earliest extant critical work on Sanskrit drama is attributed to Bharata, the legendary formulator of the dramatic art in India.
		References to the drama and to dramatic criticism in the work of the grammarian
		is a literary language, it is used only by important characters; inferior characters speak in the vernacular known as Prakrit.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/ent/A0856736.html (350 words)

	Online edition of Daily News - Features
		Some palm leaves from Mingoi contain fragments of two Buddhist religious dramas, one being Sariputra-prakarana of Asvaghosa written in the script prevalent at the time of King Kanishka.
		It is the oldest known Sanskrit MSS as well as the oldest specimen of Indian dramatic art.
		Prakrit version of the Dhammapada in Kharosthi characters was discovered by Dutrewil de Rhine near Khotan in addition to numerous other documents; the language and alphabet of these are more or less similar to those of the period of the Kushanas in India.
	www.dailynews.lk /2004/01/19/fea06.html (3189 words)

	THE NATYASASTRA - the Ancient Hindu Treatise on Dramaturgy and Histrionics - AND CONTEMPORARY - Indian and in General - ...
		It is not unimportant that the advice given at many points in the treatise is for the decision on various matters to be taken by the Producer, sometimes also called the Director, the Expert or the Wise.
		As the language analysed is Sanskrit and sometimes Prakrit, it is a field of special studies.
		Without making any distinction between tragedy and comedy, plays are classified according to the number of acts they have, the number of actors required, the quantity of music and dancing involved, the number of secondary plots.
	www.theatrelibrary.org /sibmas/congresses/sibmas85/london85_13.html (5141 words)

	Languages of India
		Kalidasa is the author of three outstanding plays Malavikagnimitra, Abhijnanshakuntalam and Vikramorvasiya.
		His treatment of the Shakuntala story in Abhijnanshakuntalam in particular reveals him as the master of dramatic art superior to all others in potraying the emotions of love.
		Sudraka is another important dramatist whose Mrichcha Katika is well known.
	indiansaga.com /languages/sanskrit1_lit.html (441 words)

	Introduction to Prakrit by Alfred C. Woolner at Vedic Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Introduction to Prakrit provides the reader with a guide for the more attentive and scholarly study of Prakrit occurring in Sanskrit plays, poetry and prose--both literary and inscriptional.
		Part II consists of a number of extracts from Sanskrit and Prakrit literature which illustrate different types of Prakrit--Sauraseni, Maharastri, Magadhi, Ardhamagadhi, Avanti, Apabhramsa, etc., most of which are translated into English.
		It presents a gerenal view of the subject with special stress on Sauraseni and Maharastri Prakrit system.
	www.vedicbooks.net /introduction-prakrit-p-358.html (388 words)

	Languages of India
		Heroic romance, historical chronical and the romantic tales are the principle narrative forms of the early period.
		Rasa, originally a folk dance was converted into a melodious dramatic poetry by Jain authors.
		Phagu, a more lyrical and shorter poem became popular.
	indiansaga.com /languages/gujarati_lang.html (591 words)

	Me Marathi : Marathi Kavita, Jokes, Charolya, Ukhane, Greetings and Articles
		Also, an interesting couplet is found in the Jain monk Udyotan Suri's 'Kuvalayamala' in the 8th century, referring to a bazaar where the Marhattes speak Dinnale (Dile - given), Gahille (Ghetale - taken).
		Scholars believe that Marathi descended from the Prakrit dialect Maharashtri and was the official language of the Satavahana empire during its early periods.
		With the patronage of the Satavahana empire based at Pratishthana (now Paithan), Maharashtri became the most widespread Prakrit dialect of its time, and also predominated amongst the three "Dramatic" Prakrits (Sauraseni and Magadhi being the other two).
	memarathi.blogspot.com (1158 words)

	LANGUAGES Books - Discover LANGUAGES Books at Vedic Books - Books from India Direct! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Student's Sanskrit-English Dictionary meets the need of the English knowing reader who is interested in the study of classical as well as modern Sanskrit.
		I used this book at the University of Washington and it is as great as ever.
		This volume brings together eight contributions of Professor Madhav M. Deshpande relating to the historical socio-linguistics of Sanskrit and Prakrit languages.
	www.vedicbooks.net /languages-c-0_78.html?sort=3d&page=1 (1676 words)

	[1985]
		Between 1875 and 1900 the average "curatorial" complement of the three Departments was supported by clerical and assistant staff.
		The contrast between the bibliographic information provided in that period and what has been achieved in the first ten years of the British Library is dramatic, if we consider the average number of curatorial and clerical staff involved in cataloguing since 1973.
		If the British Museum Library had to halt GK2 because productivity was falling behind intake, how can we possibly cope with the current intake given that AACR2 and PRECIS is more complicated and time- consuming by an order of magnitude?
	www.r-alston.co.uk /essay7.htm (2999 words)

	Ancient India Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		We do know they had a written language, but only a few
		...Maharashtri is a language of medieval India, descended from Sanskrit, and spoken in what is now Maharashtra and.....A Dramatic Prakrit, Sauraseni was the chief language of northern...
		Ancient India Language Ancient India Contest!Send in your Articles and the Best will win Exciting Prizes!
	www.nagpurbusiness.com /ancient-india-language.html (202 words)

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