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Topic: Draught animal

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	Animal Husbandry - MSN Encarta
		The animals and their uses, however, are closely associated with the culture and experience of the people who care for them (see Agriculture).
		Water buffaloes are used as draught animals in southern Asia, where they have adapted to the high temperatures and humidity, whereas horses, which thrive in moderate climates, were the principal draught animals in the temperate regions until they were replaced by tractors.
		Perhaps the first animals to be used in husbandry, they were domesticated in south-western Asia about 11,000 years ago, and approximately a billion are now widely distributed throughout the world, with the largest populations in Africa, South America, Asia, Europe, and Oceania.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761562167/Animal_Husbandry.html (843 words)

	Draught Animal Power
		Draught animal power is a critical input to increased productivity of land and labour and therefore to sustainable agricultural production in low input systems in West Africa humid and subhumid zones.
		ITC's work on the animal traction system (farmers, implement, harness, animal, soils) focuses mainly on the animal component with the view to design innovative packages and new avenues for the adequate supply of draught animal power for cropping and transport in West Africa subhumid zones.
		Longitidunal studies and cross-sectional surveys are currently being conducted in The Gambia to asses constrains of utilisation of equines that form 74% of the draught animal population in The Gambia.
	www.itc.gm /html/draught_animal_power.html (536 words)

	Working animal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A draught animal is an animal used for its physical (i.e.
		Animals are also used for animal-powered transport, for movement of people and goods.
		Animal power is also used to drive machines and devices, and for ploughing: especially oxen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Draught_animal (710 words)

	Untitled Document
		Animal draught power is useful for small- and medium-scale farmers with limited income: those who cannot afford to buy or hire tractors.
		Draught animals can be used for many purposes: mowing, ploughing, weeding, harvesting, transportation and pumping water.
		Using animal traction to prepare the land, and for weeding and other field work helps to avoid the compaction and physical destruction of the soil that can be caused by tractors.
	www.iirr.org /saem/page200-203.htm (1093 words)

	UAE - CIAE
		Majority of the Indian Farms are of small size on which draught animals are the major source of power for tillage and sowing operations.
		If draught animals utilization on the farm is increased, the demand for additional electrical and mechanical power will be reduced considerably which will save fossil fuels and make electricity available for other non-agricultural sectors.
		To increase annual utilization of draught animals by identifying/developing equipment for operations for which animals are not being used presently and by increasing use of animals for stationary jobs and agro-processing use.
	www.ciae.nic.in /uae.htm (500 words)

	Effect of work on dry matter intake, milk production and reproduction in multipurpose cows fed low quality roughage
		Even though draught animals should be in good condition especially at the beginning of the working periods, work conducted by Khibe and Bartolomew (1993) in Mali shows that feeding for weight maintenance during the dry season would represent an inefficient use of feed resources compared with short term feeding during the working period.
		Animals are seldom kept exclusively for draught; they are often trying to grow or lactate at the same time.
		Draught cows are used primarily where feed resources for draught animals are scarce.
	www.cipav.org.co /lrrd/lrrd6/2/ethiopia.htm (5357 words)

	Animal Logic: TVC - Carlton Draught (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Animal Logic created 3D computer-generated human extras for all the large, aerial crowd shots, clothed them in flowing robes and then brought them into specialised crowd simulation software called Massive.
		Animal Logic technical directors then added behavioural controls and performance parameters that allowed the digital humans to respond to their environment and to the actions of the 'people' surrounding them.
		Massive is a recent addition to the suite of tools being used and developed by Animal Logic artists on a range of television commercial and feature film projects.
	www.animallogic.com /commercials/cub (313 words)

	0 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Animal traction for smallholder conditions is technically feasible and economically viable.
		Animal draught power is environmentally friendly and is appropriate for farm mechanisation options in most rural areas.
		It is essential that recognition and promotion of draught animal power for sustainable development for the small-scale farmer be researched and developed.
	www.dispatch.co.za /2005/04/08/Farming/f1.html (318 words)

	Oxen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Modern draught oxen would not have this second purpose as regulations post BSE dictate that no animal may be sold as beef over 30 months - about the age at which an ox reaches his prime.
		It would be relatively easy to assemble a team of draught oxen but a trainer and a set of ox collars might be harder to find.
		Draught oxen were in use on Shetland until the mid 1940s.
	www.farm-direct.co.uk /farming/history/ox.html (218 words)

	Draught animal power: Tilling and timing
		Animal traction is increasing in most African countries, and in Tanzania, for example, the number of draught animals has nearly doubled in the last twenty years.
		Naturally the animals' owners select the optimum time for their own land work which means, of course, that the hirers must wait, often until the rains are well established.
		This makes better use of draught animals and is particularly useful for people dependent on hiring or indeed those who wish to hire out their animals.
	www.new-agri.co.uk /03-4/focuson/focuson6.html (1032 words)

	\|\| ICRISAT \|\| GT-Agroecosystems
		Dependent on the availability and condition of draught animals and implements, they are normally cultivated annually to a depth of 80 to180 mm (Koza et al., 2000).
		During each weeding operation, the depths and widths of soil disturbance for each weeder were recorded (four measurements per plot), as were draught forces (eight measurements per run for a total of eight runs per plot).
		However, for farmers who do not own a cultivator and draught animals are not a constraint, post emergent-ridge weeding with the mouldboard plough should be actively encouraged, as it not only gives good weed control, but also enhances crop yields.
	www.icrisat.org /gt-aes/Evaluationofanimal-drawn.htm (2170 words)

	Management of draught camels (Camelus dromedarius) in crop-livestock production systems in Northwest Nigeria
		Camels are increasingly being used as draught animals in Northern Nigeria.
		The aim of the study was to assess the feeds and feeding management practices of farmers who own draught camels and to formulate an optimal feed ration, and to compare the gross margin with that of draught oxen.
		Farmers keep the camel largely as a draught animal for land preparation during the rainy season and for transportation of farm produce during the harvest period or for transportation of other goods to and from village markets.
	www.cipav.org.co /lrrd/lrrd18/1/moha18016.htm (2047 words)

	The Earth's Green Carpet - Chapter 5
		Animals in the wild are sometimes starved, they often find it difficult to get sufficient sustenance and may roam hundreds of miles in search of it; their seasonal migrations for food are on a huge scale.
		13.) The instinct is as unmistakable in the smaller animals as in the larger, in the domesticated animal as in the wild.
		The principle of asking the animal to co-operate should terminate the grossly exaggerated fragmentation into which agricultural research has allowed itself to fall; work on plants and animals should not be so rigidly demarcated as at present nor so formally allocated to different experiment stations.
	journeytoforever.org /farm_library/greencarp/greencarp5.html (5528 words)

	The Irish Draught Horse Society - The Development and Diffusion of the Irish Draught
		No Irish Draughts were listed as such in 1916 or 1917, but from 1918 until 1921 (preceding the partition of Ireland), there was steady increase in the numbers registered, from 44 in 1918 to 60 in 1921.
		The distribution of Irish Draught stallion in 1921 is shown on Figure One, and it is apparent that they were concentrated south of the line from the Boyne to Galway Bay.
		The Irish Draught is no longer an essential draught animal on our farms and the Irish Draught sires no longer walk the highways and byeways of the country in the blissful months of Spring in search of trade, of mares to service and savour.
	www.irishdraught.ie /hist-the_dev.asp (2337 words)

	New Agriculturist 03-4: Focus on... Draught animal power
		It would be hard to estimate the number of working animals in the world (400 million is one estimate) but there is no doubt that their contribution to agricultural production is enormously significant.
		Yet draught animal power is largely overlooked when policy makers discuss how to boost agricultural production and improve farm incomes.
		Draught animals complement other forms of transport and many serve dual purpose for power and productivity.
	www.new-agri.co.uk /03-4/focuson.html (547 words)

	Animal Husbandry
		Other domesticated animals of importance include, in the cattle family, the yak in Tibet, the mithan in India, and the banteng in South East Asia.
		Although a few specialized farms have raised various animals (primarily mink and foxes) for their pelts, most furs are obtained from wild animals by hunting and trapping.
		In Peru, the government is encouraging the raising of guinea pigs for their food value, and elsewhere in Latin America research is being conducted into the farming of the iguana lizard.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /stoker/130/animal_husbandry.htm (1560 words)

	Tillers Draft Animal classes
		Animal Power classes are the heart of the Tillers' experience.
		Maurice is recovering from a stroke that occurred in the Fall of 1999.
		It is always a thrill to watch his measured, considerate, and effective training of young animals.
	www.tillersinternational.org /classes/animalpower.html (1287 words)

	Merajuddin takes up animal cause - Deccan Herald - Internet Edition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Animal Husbandry Minister Merajuddin N Patel on Wednesday called for a National Animal Day to be jointly organised by the Centre and the State to focus on the welfare of the animals.
		Delivering the inaugural address at the national symposium on “Draught animal breeding and development for efficient utilisation under Indian farming” in Bangalore on Wednesday he said that a free check-up should be given for all animals on the occasion of the National Animal Day.
		Besides, he said there is a lack of published reports and knowledge concerning the actual extent of draught animals usage, optimum systems for their utilisation and the potential to improve the performance of these animals through selective breeding, feeding and management.
	www.deccanherald.com /deccanherald/apr212005/state1827232005420.asp (449 words)

	Lenin: 1907/agrarcom: Livestock in Small and Large Farms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In any case, as regards the use of draught animals, there can be no comparison between the big farms and those farms of which 93 or 84 per cent employ no draught animals at all.
		This dispersion is partly due to the fact that the small farmers are obliged to use draught animals of an inferior quality, that is, to use cows as draught animals.
		From this it is clearly evident that the use of cows in field work is increasing, and that cows are the principal draught animals on the semi-proletarian and small-peasant farms.
	www.marxists.org /archive/lenin/works/1907/agrarcom/xi.htm (3131 words)

	RSNL1990 CHAPTER A-10 - ANIMAL PROTECTION ACT
		(4) Where the owner of the animal is not present or where not promptly found and informed of the animal's distress, the peace officer or the SPCA into whose custody the animal is delivered shall take reasonable steps to find the owner and inform him or her of the action taken.
		(1) The owner of an animal in the custody of the SPCA is liable in a court in an action for debt for expenses properly incurred by the SPCA with respect to transportation, food, care, shelter or veterinary medical treatment provided for the animal and its destruction if the animal is destroyed.
		Where a staff veterinarian is aware that an animal is in distress, he or she shall exercise those powers under this Act that are necessary to relieve the distress.
	www.hoa.gov.nl.ca /hoa/statutes/a10.htm (2006 words)

	Breeds of Livestock - Irish Draught (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The name Irish Draught may be misleading in that many people are surprised to find that the breed is a lighter free-moving animal than the traditional image of the heavy draught horse.
		Traditionally, the Draught was the farm horse in Ireland and it also had to be capable of being used as hunter and ridden.
		The feet are one of the most important points and the reason why the Irish Draught is required for the breeding of show jumpers, they have to withstand the concussion from jumping, often on hard surfaces.
	www.ansi.okstate.edu /breeds/horses/irishdraught/index.htm (468 words)

	ITG LIBRARY - TROPICAL MEDICINE BOOKS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The role of draught animal technology in rural development; proceedings of the International Seminar held at Edinburgh, Scotland, 2-12 April 1990.
		Animal energy in agriculture in Africa and Asia; technical paper presented at the FAO Expert Consultation, Rome, 15-19 November 1982.
		Animal traction for agricultural development; proceedings of the Third Workshop of the West Africa Animal Traction Network, held 7-12 July 1988, Saly, Senegal.
	lib.itg.be /vsn.htm (385 words)

	People ex rel.
		The reference to property damage caused by "draught animals" is archaic,[FOOTNOTE 3] but the remaining language of section 11580, subdivision (a) expresses an intent to require a direct action provision in most liability policies issued to California residents.
		That decision, involving property damage caused by a landslide, merely mentions in a footnote that one of the defendant insurers had argued that no direct action was available because the property damage was not caused by a vehicle or draught animal.
		We conclude it is not necessary for property damage to be caused by a vehicle or draught animal in order to bring a direct action against an insurer under section 11580.
	www.law.com /regionals/ca/opinions/apr/a094534.shtml (1712 words)

	Cowboy Heaven
		While having the strength and placid temperament the working horse, the Irish Draught is not simply a draught in the usual application of that word to the equine.
		The Irish Draught evolved on both the small and large farms of the Irish countryside where the farm horse doubled up as a riding horse and hunter as well as pulling the trap or dogcart into town.
		Today the Irish Draught is more sought after for its breeding qualities, being used more and more to get extra bone and substance in the progeny of the lighter type mare.
	www.cowboyheaven.com /breeds/breed23.htm (629 words)

	Irish Draught Horse Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		It was more profitable for the Irish farmer to supplement his living by breeding his good draught mare to a thoroughbred than to breed her to a purebred stallion.
		The Irish Draught's movement is smooth and free but without exaggeration and not heavy or ponderous.
		The Irish Draught Horse Society of North America is the sole organization in North America approved by the parent Society to register Irish Draughts and Irish Draught Sport Horses.
	www.imh.org /imh/bw/iredr.html (660 words)

	2. Animal Production and Livestock (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA) was formed in 1990 to improve information exchange and regional cooperation relating to animal draft power.
		This list is intended not only to cover purely technical aspects of animal traction topics such as design of implements and harnessing, but is also open for topics such as animal traction management, and sociocultural, political and economic questions which are steadily gaining importance.
		It is intended to build up an address list of scientists, research institutes and animal traction farmers who are interested and engaged in animal traction and are willing to participate in the solution and development of the future animal traction scene.
	www.inasp.info /pubs/rd/book/ch02.htm (4008 words)

	Agricultural Tools
		Included are tools for cultivation and plowing; implements for draft animals; tractors and accessories; seeders; planters; harvesting implements; threshing and cleaning tools; processing equipment; tools for composting, mulching and handling sludge; woodlot and orchard equipment; livestock and fish-farming equipment.
		Improved harnesses could mean that a single animal could accomplish the job now performed by two animals, in certain situations, or that a single animal or team of animals could cover a larger area, travel a longer distance, or pull a heavier load than was previously possible.
		It is pulled by a draft animal, with the driver seated on the unit.
	www.tekio.net /library/agricultural_tools.html (11909 words)

	CentralPets.com - Irish Draught Page (Printer Friendly Version)
		Irish Draughts and their descendents have been successful in a wide range of disciplines, such as dressage, eventing, showjumping and showing.
		The Irish Draught was originally bred to be a versatile animal.
		However, the Irish Draught was still better off than many other breeds as it was hard working and economical to keep, making it more useful than a temperamental Thoroughbred, for example.
	centralpets.com /php/PrintFriendly.php?AnimalNumber=429 (445 words)

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