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Topic: Dravidian language family

	Dravidian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The origins of the Dravidian languages, as well as their subsequent development and the period of their differentiation, are unclear, and the situation is not helped by the lack of comparative linguistic research into the Dravidian languages.
		The existence of the Dravidian language family was first suggested in 1816 by Alexander D. Campbell in his Grammar of the Teloogoo Language, in which he and Francis W. Ellis argued that Tamil and Telugu were descended from a common, non-Indo-European ancestor.
		Dravidian languages are also characterized by a three-way distinction between dental, alveolar, and retroflex places of articulation as well as large numbers of liquids.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dravidian_languages (950 words)

	Elamo-Dravidian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Elamo-Dravidian languages are a hypothesised language family which includes the living Dravidian languages of India and Pakistan, in addition to the extinct Elamite language of ancient Elam, in what is now southwestern Iran.
		In addition to Elamite and the Dravidian languages, some speculate that the extinct language or languages of the Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, may be part of the Elamo-Dravidian language family.
		According to McAlpin, 20% of Dravidian and Elamite vocabulary are cognates; a further 12% are probable cognates.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_language_family (460 words)

	Tamil language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Tamil-Kannada languages belong to the southern branch of the Dravidian language family.
		The language is also spoken by small groups of minorities in other parts of these two countries, most notably in the Indian states of Karnataka, Kerala and Maharashtra, and in Colombo and the hill country in Sri Lanka.
		Tamil is the official language of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, and is one of 22 nationally recognised languages under the Indian Constitution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tamil_language (4150 words)

	Encyclopædia Britannica Article on Dravidian languages
		The Dravidian languages are spoken in the Republic of India (mainly in its southern, eastern, and central parts), in Sri Lanka (Ceylon), and by settlers in areas of Southeastern Asia, southern and eastern Africa, and elsewhere.
		Apart from the survival of some islands of Dravidian speech, however, the process of replacement of the Dravidian languages by the Aryan tongues was entirely completed before the beginning of the Christian Era, after a period of bilingualism that must have lasted many centuries.
		Dravidian languages would probably be called agglutinative in the categorization of the 19th-century philologists.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~haroldfs/sars238/encybrit.html (3062 words)

	AllRefer.com - Dravidian languages (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia
		Dravidian languages[druvid´Eun] Pronunciation Key, family of about 23 languages that appears to be unrelated to any other known language family.
		The Dravidian languages are spoken by more than 200 million people, living chiefly in S and central India and N Sri Lanka.
		The Dravidian languages have their own alphabets, which go back to a common source that is related to the Devanagari alphabet used for Sanskrit.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/D/Dravidia-l.html (408 words)

	Dravidian Language Family
		At present, speakers of the Dravidian languages are concentrated in the southern portion of India, while speakers of the Indo-Aryan language predominate in the northern portion of the country.
		Dravidian languages are agglutinative, i.e., i.e., grammatical relations are indicated by the addition of suffixes to stems.
		Dravidian languages are written with syllabic alphabets in which all consonants have an inherent vowel.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/april/DravidianLanguageFamily.htm (687 words)

	Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Dravidian languages are believed to be the descendents of the original language of much of the Indian sub-continent.
		For example, a Dravidian language is believed to be the language of the ancient Indus Valley civilization.
		It is an official language in the countries of India, Sri Lanka, and Singapore and the first official language of Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~mukil/tamil/language.htm (265 words)

	Welcome to Thatparan.com
		Tamil is the pre-eminent member of the Dravidian Language family and has one of the longest unbroken literary traditions of any living language in the world.
		Dravidian languages, family of about 23 languages that appears to be unrelated to any other known language family.
		It is thought that the Dravidian tongues are derived from a language spoken in India prior to the invasion of the Aryans c.1500 B.C. Dravidian languages are noted for retroflex and liquid sound types.
	www.thatparan.com /tamil.htm (275 words)

	Peoples and languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The language of the first wave, which remained confined to the Pamir mountains of Pakistan, is identified as Dardic while the second one may be called Indic.
		This language, opines Gankovsky, was probably made up of elements from the languages of the 'local pre-Indo-European population and Indo-Aryan tribes, as well as the Dardic and East-Iranian ethnic elements'.
		These languages have not generally been used in the domains of power because the rulers of this region were generally foreigners.
	menic.utexas.edu /asnic/subject/peoplesandlanguages.html (6627 words)

	Japanese language - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Japanese is a relative of the Altaic language family.
		The Ryukyuan languages are spoken in the islands of Okinawa (沖縄) Prefecture.
		Their use is often optional, since Japanese is described as a so-called pro-drop language, i.e., one in which the subject of a sentence does not always need to be stated.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Japanese_(language) (3680 words)

	Tamil language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Tamil and Malayalam]] Tamil is a classical language and one of the major languages belonging to the Dravidian language family.
		The language is also spoken in other parts of these two countries, most notably in the Indian states of Karnataka, Kerala and Maharashtra, and in Colombo and the hill country in Sri Lanka.
		The language is centamil.]] In addition to its various dialects, Tamil also exhibits a rather sharp diglossia between its formal or classic variety, called centamil, and its colloquial form, called koduntamil, a broad term which traditionally referred to all spoken Tamil dialects rather than any one standard form.
	tamil-language.area51.ipupdater.com (3016 words)

	HEBREW LANGUAGE : Encyclopedia Entry
		In Israel, it is the de facto language of the state and the people, as well as being one of the two official languages (together with Arabic), and is spoken by an overwhelming majority of the population.
		This language family is generally thought by linguists to have originated somewhere in northeastern Africa, and began to diverge around the 8th millennium BCE, although there is much debate about the exact date and place.
		The language of the Neo-Babylonian Empire was a dialect of Aramaic.
	www.bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/Hebrew_language (5359 words)

	Pakistan - Linguistic and Ethnic Groups
		Additional languages, such as Shina and other northern-area languages, are related to the Dardic branch of Indo-European and the early Dravidian language family.
		Increasingly, elements of Persian, the official language of the Mughal administration, were incorporated until Urdu attained its stylized, literary form in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
		Language riots in Dhaka occurred in the early 1950s, leading to the elevation of Bengali as a second national language with Urdu until the secession of East Pakistan in 1971; when Bangladesh became independent, Bangla was designated the official language.
	countrystudies.us /pakistan/31.htm (829 words)

	KryssTal : Language Families
		Languages in the same family, share many common grammatical features and many of the key words, especially older words, show their common origin.
		The most widely studied family of languages and the family with the largest number of speakers.
		The languages of southern India (in contrast to the Indo-European languages of northern India).
	www.krysstal.com /langfams.html (1095 words)

	Japanese language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Japanese is related to southern Asian Some researchers have suggested a possible relationship Japanese and Tamil a member of the Dravidian language family spoken in southern India.
		The Ryukyuan languages used in and around Okinawa are related to Japanese but the are mutually unintelligible.
		In all moras are pronounced with equal length and Syllables can consist of one or two depending on the presence or absence of long vowel a syllable-final "n" or a consonant (really a glottal stop) each of which adds one mora the syllable length.
	www.freeglossary.com /Japanese_language (3816 words)

	Brahui language and culture
		In Pakistan it is mainly spoken in the Kalat region of Balochistan.
		Although it is a Dravidian language, it has been heavily influenced by other languages spoken in the area and shares few words with the Dravidian languages spoken in southern India and Sri Lanka.
		It is debated whether Brahui is a remnant of a formerly more widespread Dravidian language family that was reduced during the Aryan expansion, or if it is a more recent migrant from northern or central India.
	www.lonweb.org /link-brahui.htm (441 words)

	South Asia Language Resource Center - Tamilweb
		The Tamil language is spoken mainly in Southern India.
		It is a member of the Dravidian language family, a group of about thirty languages (~225 million speakers in total) concentrated in southern India, but also in Pakistan as well.
		The Dravidian language family is distinct from the Indo-European language family (which includes Hindi and many other Indian languages, Farsi, and the Germanic and Romance languages among others).
	lrrc3.sas.upenn.edu /tamilonline/abo.html (593 words)

	Dravidian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The Dravidian language family was first described in 1816 by Francis Ellis, a British civil servant who recognized the relationship between the four literary languages as well as Tulu, Kodagu and Malto.
		We may presume that Dravidian was the language of all of India before ca.1500 B.C., a language which must have been identical, or almost so, with the Saharan language, at the time the migration took place.
		In the spoken language we find thousands of examples of words related to Basque, such as kut (in Malto) meaning "to burn", kutu (in Tamil) meaning "to be hot, to heat up", while kutxer (in Basque) means "frying pan" in which xer or xerra means "small steak" (in Basque the "x" is pronounced as "sh").
	www.islandnet.com /~nyland/dravidia.htm (1800 words)

	Japanese language
		Some researchers have suggested a possible relationship between Japanese and Tamil, a member of the Dravidian language family spoken in southern India.
		The Ryukyuan languages used in and around Okinawa are related to Japanese, but the two are mutually unintelligible.
		Unlike languages like Chinese, knowing a standard Japanese suffices most of the time but it may be necessary to be familiar with local dialects on some occasions.
	www.knowledgefun.com /book/j/ja/japanese_language.html (3810 words)

	Japanese language - Gurupedia
		Estonian, Turkish, and Korean, Japanese is an agglutinative language, with two (phonologically distinctive) tones, similar to Serbian/Croatian and Swedish.
		topic-prominent language, which means it marks topic separately from subject, and the two do not always coincide.
		Most nouns in the Japanese language may be made honorific by the addition of お o- or ご go-; as a prefix.
	www.gurupedia.com /j/ja/japanese_language.htm (3454 words)

	Hindustan Culture
		Languages spoken in the Indian subcontinent are generally classified as belonging to the following families: Indo-European (the Indo-Iranian branch in particular), Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic (Munda in particular), and Sino-Tibetan.
		The Manipuri language of Assam and the Newari language of Nepal are usually classified, along with languages of the Bodo group, as belonging to the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
		Languages used in Pakistan include the Sindhi, Punjabi, and Urdu languages, which belong to the Indo-Aryan group, and Brahui, which is a Dravidian language.
	www.hindustan.org /index/hindustan-culture.htm (341 words)

	The Dravidian Languages - Cambridge University Press
		The Dravidian languages are spoken by over 200 million people in South Asia and in Diaspora communities around the world, and constitute the world's fifth largest language family.
		With its comprehensive coverage this book will be welcomed by all students of Dravidian languages and will be of interest to linguists in various branches of the discipline as well as Indologists.
		' handled with great lucidity DL is of interest to a wide range of scholars and students of language Because of the thorough and meticulous nature of the analysis, it is an important contribution to the theory of comparative reconstruction a timely work of great importance.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521771110&print=y (345 words)

	Iranian Language Family
		Middle Persian was initially the language of the province of Pars (Persia), and a development of the Old Persian of the Achaemenid royal inscriptions or one of its close dialects.
		It was also taken as the language of artistic expression and science by the population of Central Asia and Muslim inhabitants of China, as well as the aristocratic classes of Ottoman Turkey.
		Almost all of the speakers of these minor languages are bi-lingual in the official languages of theirrespective countries; such is also the case with the speakers of Kurdish, Baluchi, and Pashto.
	www.iranologie.com /history/ilf.html (2828 words)

	Kannada language resources
		The predominant language of Karnataka is Kannada, which is its official language.
		Kannada Kannada is a Dravidian language spoken primarily in Karnataka State in South India, and has a literature that dates from the ninth century.
		Kannada Language Kazakh Language Khmer Cambodian Language Kikukyu Language Kikuyu Language Konkani Language Korean Language Kurdish Language Kyrgyz Language Laotian Language Latin Language Latvian Language...
	mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Kannada.html (1327 words)

	Eelavar Networks: History Net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		As Dr.Mathivanan had too proven that the Indus script is Dravidian, there is no necessity to question the collective wisdom of all these scholars, yet there are schools of thought, which want to deny the Dravidian roots of the Indus Valley civilization.
		This feature is characteristic of the Dravidian language family than the Indo-Aryan text; the rgveda shows Dravidian influence (indicating that early Indo-Aryans had some contact with Dravidian speakers) make it likely that the language of the Harrappans was a Dravidian one.
		The evidence for the presence of the substratum is the presence of retroflex consonants which do not exists in Iranian or European members of the Indo European family of languages.
	www.eelavar.com /eelam/pageview.php?ID=723&SID=2101 (811 words)

	Language Diffusion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Discuss the distribution of the Indo-European language families, branches and groups.
		Discuss the distribution of the world’s major non Indo-European language families, and branches.
		Know the region of the Altaic language family and how it was diffused.
	www.cofc.edu /~cofcgeog/_notes/HumSyllabus/Assignments/Diffusion.html (224 words)

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