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Topic: Dreyfus affair

	Alfred Dreyfus and “The Affair”
		The fact that it followed other scandals — the Boulanger affair, the Wilson case, and the bribery of government officials and journalists that was associated with the financing of the Suez Canal — suggested that the young French Republic was in danger of collapse.
		Dreyfus came under suspicion, probably because he was a Jew and also because he had access to the type of information that had been supplied to the German agent.
		In September 1899, the president of France pardoned Dreyfus, thereby making it possible for him to return to Paris, but he had to wait until 1906 —; twelve years after the case had begun — to be exonerated of the charges, after which he was restored to his former military rank.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/anti-semitism/Dreyfus.html (680 words)

	Dreyfus Affair - MSN Encarta
		Dreyfus Affair, the controversy involving the French army officer Alfred Dreyfus, who was convicted on a charge of treason in 1894.
		In 1894 Dreyfus was found guilty by a court-martial, reduced in rank, and transported to Devil’s Island, where he was to be imprisoned for the rest of his life.
		Seven years later, in 1906, Dreyfus was fully rehabilitated by a judgment of the Cour de cassation, restored to the army with the rank of major, and decorated with the Legion of Honor.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761560347 (759 words)

	Dreyfus Affair. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Dreyfus protested his innocence, but public opinion generally applauded the conviction, and interest in the case lapsed.
		Nonetheless, a pardon was issued by President Émile Loubet, and in 1906 the supreme court of appeals exonerated Dreyfus, who was reinstated as a major and decorated with the Legion of Honor.
		The immediate result of the Dreyfus Affair was to unite and bring to power the French political left wing.
	www.bartleby.com /65/dr/DreyfusA.html (661 words)

	Beyond the Pale: The Dreyfus Affair - 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The greater integration, but also the greater exposure to anti-Semitic discrimination, is reflected in the Dreyfus Affair, an anti-Semitic incident that engaged French society and the political forces for many years.
		In 1894, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, an officer on the French general staff, is accused of spying for Germany, France's opponent in the last war.
		Dreyfus is convicted, partly on evidence forged by anti-Semitic officers, and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island off the coast of South America.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/beyond-the-pale/english/25.html (225 words)

	Alfred Dreyfus - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Born in Mulhouse, Alsace, France, Dreyfus was the youngest of seven children in the family of a Jewish textile manufacturer who stayed in France and kept French nationality when The German Empire annexed Alsace in 1871.
		Dreyfus was arrested for treason on 15 October, 1894 and the events that follow until his eventual exoneration on 12 July, 1906 are chronicled in the article on the Dreyfus affair concerning which he was best known.
		Dreyfus was present at the ceremony removing Émile Zola's ashes to the Pantheon in 1908 when he was wounded in the arm by a gunshot from Louis Gregori, a disgruntled journalist.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Alfred_Dreyfus (766 words)

	Dreyfus Affair
		Dreyfus was arrested for treason on October 15, 1894 and the events that follow until his eventual exoneration on July 12, 1906 are chronicled in the article on the Dreyfus affair concerning which he was best known.
		Dreyfus' time in prison, notably at Devil's Island, had been difficult on his health, and he was granted retirement in October 1907.
		Dreyfus was present at the translation of Emile Zola's ashes in 1908 when he was wounded in the arm by a gunshot from a disgruntled journalist.
	faculty.ucc.edu /egh-damerow/dreyfus_affair.htm (971 words)

	First, it is necessary to draw distinctions between the two periods of the Dreyfus Affair
		The Dreyfus Affair began with an unjust conviction of treason in 1894 that would not be rectified for another twelve years.
		Dreyfus, with his gifted military capabilities thought that they would best serve him in terms of upward mobility, and when he would eventually be arrested for treason, this lack of sympathy among his superiors would most definitely cost him.
		The very nature of the Dreyfus Affair would be centered around public opinion, and it was no accident that rural and poor areas lacking press influence due to limitations in circulation, would throughout the entire process be immune from the hysteria the press would often times incite.
	www.harwich.edu /depts/history/HHJ/drey.html (7828 words)

	Anti-Semitism and the Alfred Dreyfus Affair (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Dreyfus was found guilty of treason in a secret military court-martial despite his protestations of innocence and the denied right to examine the evidence against him.
		Dreyfus was finally given a new court-martial in 1899 and again found guilty and condemned to 10 years in detention, but not without the observation that there were “extenuating circumstances” (Alfred Dreyfus).
		Dreyfus agreed not to appeal, and he was finally pardoned by the president of France in September of 1899 but not allowed to return until the end of his 12-year sentence.
	www.angelfire.com /nb2/drook/antisem.html (1766 words)

	ACUI : The Dreyfus Affair
		The Dreyfus Affair is the story of Capt. Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer falsely accused of treason.
		Dreyfus was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison on Devil's Island.
		A century ago, the Dreyfus Affair involved corruption of the media, perjury, and injustice on a massive scale.
	www.acui.org /Acui/Resources/Dreyfus/index.cfm (482 words)

	Dreyfus Affair
		In 1894, French Captain Alfred Dreyfus was tried for high treason and sentenced to life imprisonment in total isolation on Devil’s Island, off the coast of the peal colony of French Guiana.
		It took many years for the truth to be known: Dreyfus was totally innocent of the crime and false evidences had been used to convict him.
		The Dreyfus Affair, from its infamous first verdict to the Jewish officer’s unequivocal exoneration in 1906, split French public opinion in two opposing camps.
	www.dreyfuscase.com /html/dreyfus_affair.html (159 words)

	BOME
		Dreyfus was the only Jew in the army department, and was therefore suspect.
		A superior officer publicly humiliated Dreyfus as his medals were torn from his coat, his red sash ripped, and his sword split in two.
		The affair split the French intellectual world of the time: Cezanne, Degas, and Renoir were anti-Dreyfus, as was the filmmaker Melies; senior faculty at colleges and universities in France were pro-Dreyfus, while junior faculty were anti-Dreyfus.
	www.ecfs.org /bome/cities/paris/hband/Rous/dreyfus2.htm (1378 words)

	Dreyfus Affair (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Dreyfus, besides fitting the requirements, was a Jew, a natural suspect to absorb the stain of treason.
		Dreyfus refused to confess and persisted in maintaining his innocence – thus it was ordered that he be confined to Devils Island, one of three prison islands off the coast of South America used for desperate criminals.
		The public were satisfied at first due to the fact that the unanimity of the military court seemed confirmed by the published rumor that Dreyfus had confessed, which as it was passed from journal to journal seemed to acquire the force of an official statement.
	www.history.und.ac.za /dreyfus/Dreyfus.htm (474 words)

	Dreyfus Affair — FactMonster.com
		Dreyfus Affair: Pardon and Aftermath - Pardon and Aftermath Later in 1898 it was discovered that much of the evidence against Dreyfus had...
		Dreyfus Affair: The Controversy - The Controversy The matter flared up again in 1896 and soon divided Frenchmen into two...
		Dreyfus Affair: The Case - The Case The case arose when a French spy in the German embassy discovered a handwritten bordereau...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0816105.html (131 words)

	The Lorraine Beitler Collection of the Dreyfus Affair
		All of the major events of the Dreyfus Affair, from the wrongful conviction of Captain Alfred Dreyfus for treason in 1894, to Emile Zola's galvanizing statement headlined "J'Accuse.
		Although the Dreyfus Affair took place over a century ago, the subject remains of perennial interest, not for its sensational aspects, but for the timeless issues it raises.
		The Lorraine Beitler Collection of the Dreyfus Affair was donated to the University of Pennsylvania Library in 2003.
	www.library.upenn.edu /collections/rbm/dreyfus/dreyfus.html (269 words)

	israelinsider: The Dreyfus Affair again
		Students of Jewish history will recall that Dreyfus, the first Jew to serve on the French army general staff, was wrongly accused of spying for Germany in the late nineteenth century.
		When Dreyfus was paraded through the streets of Paris in a humiliating display, "Death to Dreyfus" was not the call of the mob.
		Theodor Herzl, who was reporting on the Dreyfus Affair, was there to hear the citizens of Paris demanding death for his people.
	www.israelinsider.com /views/articles/views_0269.htm (572 words)

	BRIA(11:1) The Rights to a Jury Trial, Fair Trial, Free Press, Media, Dreyfus Affair, Jazz-Age Journalism, Arbuckle, ...
		Before being shipped to Devil’s Island, the army put Dreyfus through a humiliating ceremony known as a "degradation." In front of assembled troops, scores of journalists, and 20,000 citizens, he was stripped of his military insignia and his sword was broken in half.
		Dreyfus, who eventually rose to the rank of major, stayed in the army until retirement and even returned to serve his country during World War I. He died on July 11, 1935, and was buried on Bastille Day, the French patriotic holiday.
		J’accuse: The Dreyfus Affair: A web site containing extensive hisotrical background of the Dreyfus affair, including biographies of the principal players, a brief history, a biblography, and more.
	www.crf-usa.org /bria/bria11_1.html (5341 words)

	Forzinetti Acquisition Sheds Further Light on Dreyfus
		The Dreyfus Affair centered on the 1894 trial of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish artillery officer in the French army who was wrongly convicted of treason.
		Forzinetti's role in the affair was foundational-it was, literally, into his hands that Dreyfus was remanded on the day of his arrest, and it was there that he remained until his exile to Devil's Island.
		Given the historical importance of the affair, these materials will be the source of important textual research and general interest for scholars, students, and the public for years to come.
	www.hrc.utexas.edu /news/newsletters/2004/fall/2.html (564 words)

	Dreyfus Affair - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a graduate of the elite "Ecole Polytechnique", was one of the most promising young artillery officers in the French Army.
		Although Alfred Dreyfus was in the General Staff, his artillery training, his Alsatian origins and his yearly trips to the then German town of Mulhouse in Alsace to visit his ailing father had earmarked him for suspicion.
		The affair saw the emergence of the "intellectuals"—that is, academics and other with high intellectual achievements who take positions on grounds on higher principles such as Zola, the novelists Octave Mirbeau and Anatole France, the mathematicians Henri Poincaré and Jacques Hadamard, and the librarian of the École Normale Supérieure, Lucien Herr.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dreyfus_Affair (2182 words)

	The Dreyfus Affair - France.com
		Dreyfus was, in fact, innocent: the conviction rested on false documents, and when high-ranking officers realised this they attempted to cover up the mistakes.
		Dreyfus was pardoned in 1899, readmitted into the army, and made a knight in the Legion of Honour.
		The factions in the Dreyfus affair remained in place for decades afterwords.
	www.france.com /docs/150.html (453 words)

	America's Dreyfus Affair (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Dreyfus was in a position, or at least almost so, to have been the sender, and he seemed just the right type of quiet, unsociable, stiff, cold, generally disliked person to be capable of the dastardly deed.
		The eventual exoneration of Dreyfus, to take a novel approach, might be seen as a sign of the first tiny glimmering of Jewish media power in the West, but they were as yet too weak to have pulled it off without truth, and certain key, brave adherents to truth on their side.
		Godefrey Cavaignac, the new Minister of War, was one of the staunchest defenders of the Army and opponents of the Dreyfusards in the Chamber of Deputies.
	www.aci.net /kalliste/dreyfus.htm (20422 words)

	THE DREYFUS AFFAIR
		And so it was that Counsel for Dreyfus summed up only on the matter of the bordereau, and did not realise that the Judges had access to a dossier of apparently damming evidence.
		Dreyfus was convicted of treason and sentenced to life in exile on Devil’s Island.
		Waldeck-Rousseau’s reforms dealt with the root cause of the Dreyfus affair, and France regained the respect of democratic nations.
	www.users.bigpond.com /burnside/dreyfus.htm (1562 words)

	Commentary Magazine - The Dreyfus Affair Fifty Years Later (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		...In the course of the Affair, when the antiDreyfusards were still triumphant, it had been their claim that the proceedings had been substantially just and that the objections to them were technicalities...
		...Yet perhaps the most comforting aspect of the Affair today is not the role of the glorious, who may never come again, but the realization of how much Dreyfus owed to some of the despised, shabby politicians of the 'third Republic, to the inglorious who are always with us...
		...Dreyfus and Picquart were reinstated as army officers, and Picquart became minister of war in the Clemenceau cabinet, Clemenceau had meant to improve military courts, but a series of violent strikes accompanied by mutinies made it seem inadvisable to undertake radical reforms...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V21I1P31-1.htm (4614 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Dreyfus Affair (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Dreyfus Affair DREYFUS AFFAIR [Dreyfus Affair], the controversy that occurred with the treason conviction (1894) of Capt. Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935), a French general staff officer.
		As chief of the army intelligence section in 1896, he discovered that the memorandum that had been used to convict Captain Dreyfus (see Dreyfus Affair) had probably been the work of Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy.
		He was a professor at the Sorbonne and the École Polytechnique when the Dreyfus Affair aroused his interest in politics.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/03809.html (657 words)

	Ferdinand Forzinetti Collection of Alfred Dreyfus and the Dreyfus Affair
		In October 1894, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a French Army General Staff trainee of the 14th Artillery, was accused of high treason and subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island.
		Ferdinand Forzinetti, commandant of Cherche-Midi military prison where Dreyfus was first held, was convinced of Dreyfus's innocence from the beginning and is credited as the first Frenchman to protest his innocence.
		This collection of letters, documents, and photographs provides a unique vantage point for understanding the Dreyfus Affair, which became the vortex of French politics in the latter part of the 19th century.
	www.hrc.utexas.edu /research/fa/forzinetti.html (1330 words)

	Absinthe Books at The Virtual Absinthe Museum: Zola and the Dreyfus Affair (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Fresh from the Dreyfus Affair, it was not surprising that Edouard Drumont, editor of the virulently anti-semitic
		Dreyfus, a Jewish artillery officer in the French army.
		Dreyfus was, in fact, innocent: the conviction rested on
	www.oxygenee.com /absinthe-BOOKS7.html (363 words)

	L’Affaire Dreyfus: Conference to Remember Zola on 100th Anniversary of the Dreyfus Affair. Columbia University ...
		“The Dreyfus Affair continues to be a symbol against oppression and persecution of any kind, and of major importance in our age because of enduring prejudice,” said Columbia Professor Henri Mitterand, one of the world’s leading authorities on Zola and the conference organizer.
		Dreyfus was set free in 1899 and rejoined the French Army in 1906, although he suffered emotional and physical effects of the ordeal throughout his life.
		The exhibition, “Zola and the Dreyfus Affair: A Moment in the Conscience of Humanity,” is drawn from the collection of the Beitler Family Foundation.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/record/archives/vol23/vol23_iss14/32.html (817 words)

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