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Topic: Drift (geology)

	Geology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Geology (from Greek γη- (ge-, "the earth") and λογος (logos, "word", "reason")) is the science and study of the Earth, its composition, structure, physical properties, history, and the processes that shape it.
		The word "geology" was first used by Jean-André Deluc in the year 1778 and introduced as a fixed term by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure in the year 1779.
		The theory of continental drift was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 and by Arthur Holmes, but wasn't broadly accepted until the 1960s when the theory of plate tectonics was developed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geology (1488 words)

	Geology - Continental Drift
		Geology is the scientific study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, and history.
		The term geology is broadly inclusive and is often regarded as embracing all of the geologic sciences.
		It is closely allied with urban geology and deals with the impact of human activities on the physical environment (e.g., contamination of water resources by sewage and toxic chemical wastes).
	www.crystalinks.com /geology.html (1159 words)

	MSN Encarta - Geology
		Geology, study of the planet earth, its rocky exterior, its history, and the processes that act upon it.
		The word geology comes from the Greek geo, “earth,” and logia, “the study of.” Geologists seek to understand how the earth formed and evolved into what it is today, as well as what made the earth capable of supporting life.
		The field of geology includes subfields that examine all of the earth's systems, from the deep interior core to the outer atmosphere, including the hydrosphere (the waters of the earth) and the biosphere (the living component of earth).
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761555455/Geology.html (1005 words)

	The Geobotanical Atlas: Regional Description, Glacial Geology
		On a smaller scale, some of the complex glacial geology of the upper Kuparuk River area is due to the influence of permafrost, which underlies an active layer of variable thickness that freezes and thaws annually.
		Drift of four major glacial intervals is recognized in the valleys of the Itkillik and Sagavanirktok rivers (Hamilton, 1978, 1979c); and these valleys are the type localities for two of the glaciations (Detterman, 1953).
		Drift limits of Itkillik II age are marked by sharp moraine fronts that rise above the heads of conspicuously channeled outwash aprons.
	www.geobotany.uaf.edu /toolikgeobot/regdesc/glacgeo/glacgeo.html (5841 words)

	The Elements of Geology - CHAPTER V - THE WORK OF GLACIERS
		The agent which laid the drift is one which can carry a load of material of all sizes, from the largest bowlder to the finest clay, and deposit it without sorting.
		The drift dragged along at the glacier's base and lodged beneath it is known as the ground moraine.
		The load laid down at the end of a glacier in the terminal moraine is loose in texture, while the drift lodged beneath the glacier as ground moraine is often an extremely dense, stony clay, having been compacted under the pressure of the overriding ice.
	www.globusz.com /ebooks/Geology/00000018.htm (6320 words)

	The Elements of Geology - CHAPTER XXII - THE QUATERNARY
		The boundary of the drift is equally independent of the relief of the land, crossing hills and plains impartially, unlike water-laid deposits, whose margins, unless subsequently deformed, are horizontal.
		The pebbles and bowlders of the drift are in part stream gravels, bowlders of weathering, and other coarse rock waste picked up from the surface of the country by the advancing ice, and in part are fragments plucked from ledges of sound rock after the mantle of waste had been removed.
		Moreover, the two drift sheets are somewhat unlike in composition, and the different proportion of pebbles of the various kinds of rocks which they contain shows that their respective glaciers followed different tracks and gathered their loads from different regions.
	www.globusz.com /ebooks/Geology/00000035.htm (7872 words)

	Geology of Aquifers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Geology plays an important role in determining topography, the development of soils, and the location and availability of groundwater.
		The province consists of thick sandy till, glacial outwash containing sand and gravel with small amounts of silt or clay, and drift overlying crystalline bedrock in the north and sandstone in the south.
		The Drift Province and Sand-Plain Province form the sand and gravel aquifer that covers most of the County.
	www.uwsp.edu /water/portage/undrstnd/geol.htm (1177 words)

	History of geology--Wegener
		Wegener's theory of continental drift was generally criticized on both geophysical and geological grounds.
		He developed the hypothesis of drifting continents, a presursor to modern plate tectonics, but was not generally accepted until half a century later.
		American geology was held in high regard in the early 20th century, and such overwhelming rejection of continental drift put an end to serious scientific discussion of the idea for the next four decades.
	academic.emporia.edu /aberjame/histgeol/wegener/wegener.htm (1842 words)

	AllRefer.com - continental drift (Geology And Oceanography) - Encyclopedia
		Though first proposed by American geologist Frank Bursley Taylor in a lecture in 1908, the first detailed theory of continental drift was put forth by German meteorologist and geophysicist Alfred Wegener in 1912.
		On the basis of geology, biology, climatology, and the alignment of the continental shelf rather than the coastline, he believed that during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras, about 275 to 175 million years ago, all the continents were united into a vast supercontinent, which he called Pangaea.
		The theory of continental drift was not generally accepted, particularly by American geologists, until the 1950s and 60s, when a group of British geophysicists reported on magnetic studies of rocks from many places and from each major division of geologic time.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/contin-dr.html (581 words)

	Principles of Geology
		It was not, at first, a textbook of geology, but became one as a result of later enlargment and revision, up to the final edition of 1875.
		Geology is full of "cycles" that are not cycles at all, because they do not "go around." The thing about a cycle, such as the hydrologic cycle, or the carbon cycle, is that, like a wheel, it returns to its initial state and continues again and again.
		Much interesting geology is associated with "overthrusts" in which a sheet of older rock lies on younger rock, with a surface of discontinuity, the "thrust plane," separating them, over which the older rocks have glided.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/geol/holmes.htm (7449 words)

	The Dumble Survey: THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF TEXAS, 1891. Page 364 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The topography of the drift area is a high land, gently sloping eastward and toward the north and south into the valleys of the San Gabriel river and Brushy creek.
		The drift continues as a thin layer along the crest of the dividing ledge southeast between the San Gabriel river and Brushy creek, beyond the Missouri Pacific Railway, where it increases in thickness, becoming quite a thick bed.
		Wherever the exposures of this drift could be found, whether in railway cuts, in bluffs, or in well sections, the action of rapid and shifting currents was depicted in the structure of the beds.
	www.lib.utexas.edu /books/dumble/publications/09/09b364a.html (514 words)

	Geology Undergraduate Programs and Information, University at Albany, SUNY
		Geology is an exciting field; over the last 30 years there has been a scientific revolution resulting from the set of ideas known as Plate Tectonics, which provide a unified explanation of the origin of most earthquakes, volcanos, mountains, oceans and the cause of continental drift.
		Geology is an essential component of studies to understand the surface environment of the Earth, including Global Climate Change, resource discovery and limits, environmental hazards and their possible mitigation, and satisfactory remediation of subsurface pollution.
		Geology is also essential to understanding and planning rational responses to the needs for long-term radioisotope disposal, the remediation of contaminated groundwater, and the prevention of future pollution of groundwater by hazardous materials.
	www.albany.edu /geosciences/geolugrd.html (1327 words)

	When Scientists Drift into Pseudoscience
		Interestingly enough, the more the evidence favored drift, so that one could be justified in referring to opposition to drift as pseudoscience, the more striking the parallels became between the writings of the anti-drifters and the tactics we have already seen in other pseudoscientists.
		In addition to the attacks on continental drift, I have seen very similar attacks made against relativity, the quark theory of particle physics, the notion that meteor craters exist on the earth, and the idea that some dinosaurs may have been warm blooded.
		In every ease, the remarks are being made, not by a scientist challenging the Establishment with a revolutionary new idea, but by conservatives who are trying to block the acceptance of a new idea and who rationalize their minority stance by believing that all their colleagues have been carried away by an excess of enthusiasm.
	www.uwgb.edu /dutchs/PSEUDOSC/SCICRANK.HTM (1601 words)

	Mars Pathfinder - Science Results - Geology and Geomorphology
		The dark red soil at Lamb is darker than drift by about equally as red; the curvature of sppectrum at visible wavelengths indicates either more ferric minerals or a larger particle size.
		Pinkish or whitish pebbles and crusts on some of the rocks (blue spectra) are brighter in blue light and darker in near-infrared light than is the drift, and they lack the spectral characteristics closely associated with iron minerals.
		Typical soils and drift, which are heavily weathered, are shown in green and flesh tones.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov /MPF/science/geology.html (3560 words)

	DRIFT AND TECTONICS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		This theory is called "continental drift." All our present continents are said to have moved slowly into their present positions from what was just a single massive continent surrounded by ocean.
		The outstanding evidence is the manner in which the east coast of South America and the west coast of Africa appear to match.
		In contrast, Flood geology suggests that, when the continents rose and ocean basins sank, the immense stress placed on the underlying foundations produced these fault lines.
	www.pathlights.com /ce_encyclopedia/19plat01.htm (1017 words)

	Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information
		The Enhanced Characterization of the Repository Block Cross Drift (Cross Drift) excavated at Yucca Mountain is being studied to determine its suitability as a permanent high-level nuclear waste repository.
		The lower portion of the Topopah Spring crystal-rich lithophysal transition subzone (Tptrl1) is exposed on the west side of the Solitario Canyon fault from Sta.
		Lithologically, the units exposed in the Cross Drift are similar in comparable stratigraphic intervals of the Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF), particularly in terms of welding, secondary crystallization, fracturing, and type, size, color, and abundance of pumice and lithic clasts.
	www.osti.gov /bridge/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=763121 (546 words)

	Glacial Geology glossary
		Drift: An archaic term for heterogeneous sediment (presumed to be deposited by drifting icebergs, perhaps in Noah's flood!).
		Outwash Plain: A plain of glaciofluvial deposits of stratified drift from meltwater-fed, braided, and overloaded streams beyond a glacier’s morainal deposits.
		Stratified Drift: Sediments deposited by glacial meltwater that are sorted and layered; a major subdivision of glacial drift that includes river, lake, and marine deposits
	www.homepage.montana.edu /~geol445/hyperglac/glossary.htm (2573 words)

	Iceland Geology - Travallo - Globetrotters Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The basic predicate of continental drift is that these disks are relatively free and constantly move.
		As examples are particularly the Himalaya mountains, raised by itself the Indo Australian disk shifting under the Eurasi disk to call and the Anden where the South American one is raised by the Nazca disk.
		Itself apart moving disks: From the drift of two disks results break in the earth's crust, which is concluded however through from the Earth's mantle ascending lavas.
	www.travallo.de /laender/iceland/geologie.html (879 words)

	Geology of South Dakota
		The scientific study of South Dakota's geology is ongoing.
		Geology of the Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming edited by F.J. Rich, 1985.
		Geology Department, S.D. School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701.
	www.northern.edu /natsource/EARTH/Geolog1.htm (1514 words)

	NPS: Nature & Science» Geology Resources Division (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The maximum advance of the Laurentide ice sheet in the New England area is marked by the terminal moraines on Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket.
		Marine scarps were formed by the attack of storm surge waves, and the sediment was carried by long-shore drift to form bars and spits.
		Prior to 6,000 years ago, the longshore drift of sand was predominantly to the south.
	www2.nature.nps.gov /geology/parks/caco (3975 words)

	Tower of Babel Review
		Pennock's treatment of Darwin's geology both before and during the Beagle voyage is plain wrong.
		Not to accept the vast age of the earth is an implicit rejection of physics and chemistry, as well as geology.
		This ambivalence to the age of the earth is the main reason why I have reservations with Intelligent Designers, though I respect some of their arguments and applaud their attack on atheistic naturalism.
	www.wheaton.edu /ACG/essays/roberts1.html (2763 words)

	The EXPANDING EARTH - Geology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		A readily workable driving "mechanism of continental drift" (3) was lacking prior to plate tectonics' adoption because it was not widely understood that crystalline crustal rocks "flow" in the manner of a highly viscous, chemically differentiated fluid over periods of millions of years.
		The western adoption of continental drift represents the greatest single popular change in Earth science thinking to date, and it's adoption has produced many significant advances in the understanding of Earth and generated a vast wealth of raw data.
		This image sequence demonstrates that no pan-global continental drift mechanism is required to account for observed long-term climatic changes Note the formation and overprinting of successive orogenic rift zones of which the circum-global Tethys was the most recent.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/8098/1.htm (13217 words)

	Continental drift bibliography
		Chatterjee, S., 1984, The drift of India: A conflict in plate tectonics: Memoirs of the Geological Society of France, v.
		Meyerhoff, A. A., and Meyerhoff, H. A., 1972, Continental drift, IV: Journal of Geology, v.
		Meyerhoff, A. A., and Teichert, C., 1971, Continental drift, III: Journal of Geology, v.
	www.talkorigins.org /origins/biblio/continental_drift.html (537 words)

	Natural history - Minnesota's geology - SNAs: Minnesota DNR
		Minnesota's Geology, by Richard Ojakangas and Charles Matsch (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982) presents a highly readable description of Minnesota's geological record.
		We occasionally glimpse the underlying till that is distinctive of their origin, or the striations on bedrock outcrops that indicate their direction of travel.
		Though southeastern Minnesota escaped the glacial drift deposits, it lay directly in the drainage path to the Gulf of Mexico.
	www.dnr.state.mn.us /snas/naturalhistory.html (2512 words)

	Field Guide to the Coastal Geology of North Norfolk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		It has grown westwards by littoral drift and has migrated inland over the old salt marshes at almost 1 metre per annum in recent centuries, keeping pace with the erosion of the cliffs.
		In the cliff are good sections of the Contorted Drift displaying banded tills in the lower part of the cliffs and highly contorted tills and sand pods in the upper part.
		The structural geology is dominated by pro-glacial thrusting which has occurred at the margin of an advancing ice-sheet in the Anglian glaciation.
	www.chesterfieldlodge.fsnet.co.uk /field.htm (3650 words)

	The Geology of the Grand Canyon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The most powerful force to have an impact on the Grand Canyon is erosion, primarily by water (and ice) and second by wind.
		Other forces that contributed to the Canyon's formation are the course of the Colorado River itself, vulcanism, continental drift and slight variations in the earths orbit which in turn causes variations in seasons and climate.
		Again there were a number of forces at work and this is where continental drift, vulcanism and climatic change come into play.
	www.kaibab.org /geology/gc_geol.htm (3443 words)

	Current British Geological Maps
		The solid and drift geology for an area have been merged to represent the 'underfoot' geology (i.e.
		Both solid linework and symbology, and drift linework and symbology are shown, and the solid and drift deposits each have their own colours.
		This shows the same information as the Solid and Drift edition, except that the drift geology is shown as linework/symbology only and is uncoloured.
	www.lib.gla.ac.uk /Depts/MOPS/Maps/bgs.shtml (364 words)

	Earth's Continental Plates - ZoomSchool.com
		The plates are made of rock and drift all over the globe; they move both horizontally (sideways) and vertically (up and down).
		Over long periods of time, the plates also change in size as their margins are added to, crushed together, or pushed back into the Earth's mantle.
		In 1915, the German geologist and meteorologist Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) first proposed the theory of continental drift, which states that parts of the Earth's crust slowly drift atop a liquid core.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/Continents.shtml (1162 words)

	Have the continents drifted? - ChristianAnswers.Net
		A handful promoted the notion that the continents had moved (continental drift), but they were accused by the majority of indulging in pseudo-scientific fantasy.
		Some creationists believe that continental drift occurred rapidly by some mechanism(s), not now operative, at the close of the Flood or as a separate post-Flood catastrophe (e.g., when Genesis 10:25 says that in Peleg's day the earth was divided, meaning, in their view, continental drift rather than the division at Babel).
		However, the theory that slow continental drift has taken place for millions of years is considered, to many Christians, contrary to the clear teaching of Scripture.
	www.christiananswers.net /q-aig/aig-c001.html (3344 words)

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