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Topic: Drift mining

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	Drift Mining
		Drift mines are a form of underground mining.
		This kind of mining is done when the rock or mineral is on the side of a mountain.
		The tunnels that are dug are horizontal [as in the diagram] and are called drifts.
	library.thinkquest.org /05aug/00461/drift.htm (148 words)

	Drift mining - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Drift mining is a method of accessing valuable geological material, such as coal, by cutting into the side of the earth, rather than tunneling straight downwards (see shaft mine).
		Drift mines have horizontal entries into the coal seam from a hillside.
		Drift mines are distinct from slope mines, which have an inclined entrance from the surface to the coal seam.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Drift_mining (319 words)

	MSN Encarta - Printer-friendly - Coal
		In surface mining the layers of rock or soil overlying a coal seam are first removed after which the coal is extracted from the exposed seam.
		Drift mining is used when a horizontal seam of coal emerges at the surface on the side of a hill or mountain, and the opening into the mine can be made directly into the coal seam.
		A slope mine may follow the coal seam if the seam is inclined and exposed to the surface, or the slope may be driven through rock strata overlying the coal to reach a seam.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761558734___10/Coal.html (1256 words)

	Mining - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein, or (coal) seam.
		Another early mining operation was the turquoise mine operated by the ancient Egyptians at Wady Maghareh on the Sinai Peninsula.
		Turquoise was also mined in pre-Columbian America in the Cerillos Mining District in New Mexico, where a mass of rock 200 feet (60 m) in depth and 300 feet (90 m) in width was removed with stone tools; the mine dump covers 20 acres (81,000 m²).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mining (917 words)

	Methods of Mining. University of Kentucky
		According to the Kentucky Department of Mines and Minerals, 131.8 million tons of coal was mined in Kentucky in 2000; 62 percent (81 million tons) was from underground mines and 38 percent (50 million tons) was from surface mines.
		In room and pillar mining, the most common type of underground coal mining, coal seams are mined by a "continuous miner" that cuts a network of "rooms" into the seam.
		Contour mines are surface mines that mine coal in steep, hilly, or mountainous terrain.
	www.uky.edu /KGS/coal/coal_mining.htm (716 words)

	Alleghany, Gold Districts of California
		Quartz mining was reported to have begun in the district in 1853 at the German Bar and Irelan mines.
		Although the quartz mines were moderately productive until the 1870s, drift mining was the principal source of gold then.
		The Sixteen-to-One mine, the largest gold source in the district, curtailed normal operations late in 1962, and the Brush Creek mine, the second largest operation, was shut down in 1964.
	www.museumca.org /goldrush/dist-alleghany.html (896 words)

	Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) - Coal Mine Fatal Accident Investigation Report: 10/12/1999 - Fatality #38 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Drifts were conventionally mined, arched in shape, and ranged from 12 to 20 feet wide and 14 feet to 20+ feet high.
		Drift dimensions ranged from approximately 15 to 21 feet in width, with an average of 18.2 feet wide, and from 16 feet to 20 feet high, with an average of 17.8 feet in height in the portion of the drift developed in 1998.
		Mine personnel indicated that the initial fall varied from eight to ten feet in width, was 12 feet long, and weighed approximately 48 tons.
	www.msha.gov /FATALS/1999/FTL99M38.HTM (2846 words)

	Comparison of Water Quality from Fifteen Underground Coal Mines in 1968 and 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Acid mine drainage from surface mines is estimated to last for 10-20 years, while estimates of acid drainage from underground mines vary from 10-100s of years.
		The discharges were all draining drift mines to various streams within the Muddy Creek Watershed from the Upper Freeport coal seam (Table 1).
		The drift mining method was generally used in hilly areas where coal seams outcrop along the contour and where the seam is nearly flat or slightly dipping.
	www.wvu.edu /~agexten/landrec/undermine.htm (3984 words)

	Coal Mineral Report
		Drift mines work by coming in horizontally into the side of a hill and then mining out the coal inside the hill.
		Mining disturbs the land, but the goal is for mines to reclaim th surface after mining is completed to return the land to usefull purposes.
		Before the mining process can begin the mining company is required to put down a certain amount of many for every ton of coal or acre of land they will be mining to make sure reclamation will occur.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/d/a/dap5003/coal.htm (761 words)

	Former Mining Communities of the Cherokee-Crawford Coal Field of Southeastern Kansas, by William Powell, Summer 1972
		Underground mining was instrumental in the historical development of the Cherokee-Crawford coal field by having a stimulating impact upon employment, demographic movements, the network of transportation, commerce, and forms of settlement within the coal field (Figure 1).
		Employees frequently moved from mine to mine and from camp to camp during the halcyon era of underground mining (1874-1930).
		Several of the mining communities survived the decline of underground mining and became the hamlets, villages, towns, and the one city (Pittsburg) of the area of study (Table 1).
	www.kancoll.org /khq/1972/72_2_powell.htm (4359 words)

	Year of the Coal Miner - Mining History - Lethbridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The output of the mine at present is about 300 tons a day, and the coal must be giving the public satisfaction as the coal company at present are not able to supply the demand...
		In all, 196 coal mines were registered with the provincial Mines Branch over the years in the Lethbridge coal field, and countless more 'pot-hole' operations were carried on without official approval or notice.
		When the Standard Mine at Shaughnessy was declared abandoned on 4 February 1965, one of the most important and complex chapters in the history of Lethbridge and southern Alberta came to a close.
	www.coalminer.ca /mininghistory/lethbridge.asp (1211 words)

	Glossary of Mining Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Barrier pillars are solid blocks of coal left between two mines or sections of a mine to prevent accidents due to inrushes of water, gas, or from explosions or a mine fire.
		Drift mine – An underground coal mine in which the entry or access is above water level and generally on the slope of a hill, driven horizontally into a coal seam.
		It is most widely applied to mine equipment and explosives of all kinds which are similar in all respects to samples that have passed certain tests of the MSHA and can be used with safety in accordance with specified conditions where hazards from explosive gas or coal dust exist.
	www.dep.state.pa.us /dep/deputate/minres/dms/website/training/glossary.html (10747 words)

	Drift
		Xuka Drift on the upper reaches of the Mbashe River near Ngcobo in the Eastern Cape.
		Drift (geology), rock debris transported and deposited by or from ice, especially by or from a glacier.
		Drifting (motorsport), a sport where drivers intentionally induce oversteer, to be judged on their technique.
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2F%3Farticle%3Ddrift%26type%3Den (310 words)

	Mining (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Mining is the extraction of valuable mineral s from the ground, usually from an ore body or vein.
		Materials commonly recovered by mining include bauxite, coal, copper, diamond s, iron (from haematite and limonite), gold, lead, manganese, magnesium, nickel, phosphate, platinum, salt, silver, tin, titanium, uranium, and zinc.
		Placer mining, which was important in the recovery of alluvial deposits of gold and continues to be used in the mining of gems in Myanmar and Sri Lanka Bioleaching is the application of naturally available bacteria to extract metals from their ore.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Mining.html (649 words)

	Gold Mining Terms - for recreational gold prospecting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In mining, a drift is defined as a horizontal passageway that is excavated along a rich vein of ore. Hard rock mines usually use drifts to obtain the rich ore, though, some hard rock mines are open pit.
		Hydraulic mining used water that was diverted into ditches and wooden flumes at high elevations, and gravity did the rest.
		Placer Mining is the most common form of mining, it involves mining gold that has been washed away from it's motherlode (or source) and deposited in small cracks, holes, or sand bars in the mainstream of a river..
	www.prospectorsparadise.com /html/mining_terms.html (1224 words)

	ipedia.com: Coal mining Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		strip mining, coal is extracted by large machines in strips; the strata on top of the coal are often allowed to fall back to where the seam was once the mining has finished.
		Drift mines are smaller than deep mines and are common in South Wales.
		Mining can be very dangerous and although in the West disasters are now rare, pit collapses, explosions and flooding are still common in parts of the world.
	www.ipedia.com /coal_mining.html (323 words)

	Shaft mining - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shaft mining is a type of underground mining done by use of a mine shaft.
		A mine shaft is a vertical or inclined passageway used to access to an underground mining facility.
		The cage serves as a lift for the transportation of minerals, equipment and workers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shaft_mining (134 words)

	Hydraulic Mining - CPRR Photographic History Museum
		Hydraulic mining uses jets of water to break down gold-laden gravel banks and to wash the material through gold-separating devices (sluices and under-currents).
		Drift mining (tunneling into the bottom of the Tertiary gravel beds) was a costly and risky way to reach the richest deposits, but most of the gold was scattered as fines throughout the gravels.
		But for most mines it was too late: their ditches and flumes had failed, capital for adequate debris dams was difficult to raise, and their workers had moved on.
	www.cprr.org /Museum/Hydraulic_Mining (1381 words)

	MSN Encarta - Coal
		Reserves are coal deposits that can be mined profitably with existing technology—that is, with current equipment and methods.
		Large coal deposits in Russia are being mined in the Kuznetsk Basin in southern Siberia.
		Mining of these fields began in the 20th century.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761558734_2/Coal.html (815 words)

	Gold Prospecting and Mining History Books
		Mines Of Death Valley presents the story of fabulous mining booms, of the men who braved the hot wastes to find gold and silver bonanzas from 1849 to World War II, and informal record that proves the truth is a far better story than the numerous 'fakes' written about this region.
		Mines Of The Mojave covers the numerous mining districts running across the upper Mojave Desert from Tropico, west of the town of Mojave, to Mountain Pass, a little west of the Nevada border.
		In Mines Of The San Gabriels author John Robinson describes the various districts, such as the San Fernando and the Santa Anita placers, the gold mines of the Soledad region and Lytle Creek, as well as the lode mines on the upper San Gabriel River and on the slopes of Mt. Baldy.
	www.rocksandgems.info /books/books_gold.shtml (1837 words)

	Coal Mining in Blaenafon / Blaenavon, South Wales
		There is evidence of mining in the Blaenafon area going back to the 14th century, but it is believed to have been practised in Roman times and possibly earlier.
		The coal mining industry burgeoned in the 19th century, when shafts were sunk to complement the open-cast and drift mining already exploiting the ample and obvious coal resources.
		The only deep mine still working in Wales, the Tower Colliery, Hirwaun run by a miner's co-operative since 1984, is itself facing the prospect of running out of coal in the near future if new seams are not developed.
	www.norbiton.com /blaenavon/mining.htm (650 words)

	Gold Districts of California
		Drift mining began in the 1850s, and the drift mines were continuously active until around 1900.
		Large-scale lode-gold mining was resumed in the district again during the 1930s when the Lava Cap and Banner mines were operating.
		The development of quartz and hydraulic mining in the region helped bring about the demise of the wandering prospector, those drifting miners always in search of better diggings, while at the same time insuring the town’s continued existence.
	www.pioneermining.com /dist_nevada_city.htm (1844 words)

	USGS California Water Science Center: Mercury Contamination from Historic Gold Mining in California
		As mining progressed into deeper gravels, tunnels were constructed to facilitate drainage and to remove debris from the bottom of hydraulic mine pits.
		Underground mining of placer deposits (drift mining) and of hardrock gold-quartz vein deposits produced most of California's gold from the mid-1880s to the early 1900s.
		The present distribution and fate of the mercury used in historic gold mining operations remains largely unknown, and is the focus of ongoing studies.
	ca.water.usgs.gov /mercury/fs06100.html (2329 words)

	Mercury Contamination from Historical Gold Mining in California
		Gold mining evolved from hydraulic mining of unconsolidated placer deposits in the early days of the Gold Rush, to underground mining of hardrock deposits, and finally to large-scale dredging of low-grade gravel deposits, which in many areas included the tailings from upstream hydraulic mines.
		Underground mining of placer deposits (drift mining) and of hardrock gold-quartz vein deposits produced most of California's gold from the mid-1880s to the 1930s.
		To enhance gold recovery from hydraulic mining, hundreds of pounds of liquid mercury (several 76-lb flasks) were added to riffles and troughs in a typical sluice.
	pubs.usgs.gov /fs/2005/3014 (2944 words)

	Fairburn Mining & Exploration Company
		Fairburn Mining and Exploration, Inc. exists to develop projects for the location and extraction of valuable metals and their subsequent proper reclamation.
		We desire to promote an economically sound and stable mining and mineral industry, while encouraging the highest level of integrity in the development of natural resources.
		One of those systems, (the Fairburn Lode drift whose portal is located on the east side of the project), has been a primary focus of development.
	www.fairburn-mining.com (195 words)

	Historic Maps in K-12 Classrooms - Map 8 - 6-8 Lesson Plan
		A caption should summarize the differences between surface and shaft mining, indicating where they can be seen on the model, and include a brief description of the Caledonia mining claim.
		The model is to scale, identifying all of the features of the Caledonia Mine and showing where shaft mining and surface mining occurred.
		The caption is well written, summarizes the differences between surface and shaft mining, and describing the Caledonia mining claim incorporating information from the engineering reports and the map.
	www.newberry.org /k12maps/module_08/6-8.html (857 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - drift
		Drift mining is used when a horizontal seam of coal emerges at the surface on the side of a hill or mountain, and the opening into the mine can be...
		American newspaper columnist, editor, and author Walter Lippman’s book Drift and Mastery (1914) addressed social and political change in the United...
		Exclusively for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers--quickly search thousands of articles from magazines such as Time, Newsweek, The Atlantic Monthly, and Smithsonian.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /drift.html (102 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		A place at which placer mining is or may be carried on.
		That form of mining in which the surficial detritus is washed for gold
		down the gravel, the term hydraulic mining is generally employed.
	www.maden.hacettepe.edu.tr /dmmrt/dmmrt880.html (674 words)

	ScienceDaily: Mining (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		A feasibility study to make a decision as whether to develop or abandon a proposed mine
		The science of extractive metallurgy is the study of extraction of valuable metals and minerals from their ores.
		Although extractive metallurgy is all-encompassing, mineral processing (or mineral dressing) is often the term used for the study of processing coal, industrial minerals and precious stones, as these are not metals.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/mining (1594 words)

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