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Topic: Drug metabolism

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Drug metabolism
		Drug metabolism is the metabolism of drugs, their biochemical modification or degradation, usually through specialized enzymatic systems.
		Factors responsible for the liver's contribution to drug metabolism include that it is a large organ, that it is the first organ perfused by chemicals absorbed in the gut, and that there are very high concentrations of most drug-metabolizing enzyme systems relative to other organs.
		In general, drugs are metabolized more slowly in fetal, neonatal and elderly humans and animals than in adults.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Drug_metabolism (801 words)

	Intramural Research Program - National Institute on Drug Abuse
		The timecourse of drug effects are studied with simultaneous measurements of drug and metabolite plasma concentrations to better examine the relationship between the onset, peak and duration of effects and concurrent drug concentrations.
		Drug testing provides a means to ensure that the mother and child receive adequate medical, social and psychological care.
		For drug testing in alternate matrices to be useful, an understanding must be developed of the fundamental chemical and pharmacological principles governing the appearance and disappearance of drugs and their metabolites in these matrices.
	www.drugabuse.gov /DIR/metabolism.html (1506 words)

	Drug metabolism/interactions
		Drug metabolism is the process by which the body breaks down and converts medication into active chemical substances.
		Factors such as genetics, environment, nutrition, and age also influence drug metabolism; infants and elderly patients may have a reduced capacity to metabolize certain drugs, and may require adjustments in dosage.
		Treatment of a drug interaction is dependant on a number of factors, including the medication(s) or supplements used and the medical history of the patient.
	www.healthatoz.com /healthatoz/Atoz/ency/drug_metabolisminteractions.jsp (1403 words)

	IngentaConnect Publication: Current Drug Metabolism
		Current Drug Metabolism aims to cover all the latest and outstanding developments in drug metabolism and disposition.
		Current Drug Metabolism is an essential journal for academic, clinical, government and pharmaceutical scientists who wish to be kept informed and up-to-date with the latest and most important developments.
		In vitro systems including CYP-450; enzyme induction and inhibition; drug-drug interactions and enzyme kinetics; pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, species scaling and extrapolations; P-glycoprotein and transport carriers; target organ toxicity and interindividual variability; drug metabolism and disposition studies; extrahepatic metabolism; phase I and phase II metabolism; recent developments for the identification of drug metabolites and adducts.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/ben/cdm (129 words)

	The Individualist: Drug metabolism
		Phase II reactions � usually known as conjugation reactions (e.g., with glucuronic acid, sulfates, glutathione or amino acids) � are usually detoxication in nature, and involve the interactions of the polar functional groups of phase I metabolites.
		Quantitatively, the liver is the principal organ of drug metabolism, although every biological tissue has some ability to metabolize drugs.
		If a drug is very readily and well-metabolized, it is said to show the first pass effect.
	www.dadamo.com /wiki/wiki.pl?Drug_metabolism (782 words)

	Drug discovery - Drug research - Drug screening and development
		BioInvent and ThromboGenics' new anticancer antibody is poised to enter clinical trials and could prove a serious rival to VEGF-blocking drugs, due to fewer side-effects and less drug resistance.
		A proposed pilot programme to divert Afghanistan's infamous and illegal opium supply for legal use in analgesics has been backed by the European Parliament but is facing fierce criticism elsewhere.
		Inherited genetic disorders could be treated with a new stem cell-based drug delivery therapy through the use of...
	www.drugresearcher.com (454 words)

	Metabolism at Covance: Overview
		An understanding of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion characteristics is an essential part of the pharmaceutical discovery and development process.
		Development strategies and current regulatory requirements mean both the timing and design of your metabolism studies can vary.
		Based on your research and development goals, Covance's metabolism scientists can help you design studies to support compound selection that are flexible, or drug development programs that are regulatory driven that meet your needs.
	www.covance.com /metabolism (598 words)

	Drug metabolism
		Drug metabolism is the metabolism of drugs, their biochemical modification or degradation, usually through specialized enzymatic systems.
		Factors responsible for the liver's contribution to drug metabolism include that it is a large organ, that it is the first organ perfused by chemicals absorbed in the gut, and that there are very high concentrations of most drug-metabolizing enzyme systems relative to other organs.
		In general, drugs are metabolized more slowly in fetal, neonatal and elderly humans and animals than in adults.
	www.ibpassociation.org /encyclopedia/Pharmacology/Drug_metabolism.php (656 words)

	Did You Know... - Drug Prescribing in the Elderly
		The length of time that a particular drug exerts its effect in an individual patient depends on the volume of distribution of the drug, the metabolism of the drug (by the liver), and/or the clearance of the drug (by the kidneys), all of which change with advancing age.
		The proportion of adipose tissue increases with age, causing the drug’s half-life to be markedly prolonged in the elderly.
		Drug elimination is mainly determined by renal function, which in general, declines steadily with normal aging.
	www.calregistry.com /dyk/drug.htm (839 words)

	PHYSICIAN ASSISTANTS 2001
		Drug metabolism is the process by which biological systems introduce changes to the molecules of xenobiotics (compounds foreign to the body).
		A drug that is metabolized by a particular enzyme is known as the "substrate" of that enzyme.
		Factors influencing drug metabolism are age, genetic variation, state of health, diet, gender, species variations, competition between substrates for a common enzyme, enzyme induction, and route of drug administration.
	www.med.howard.edu /pharmacology/handouts/PA_Metabolism_O1.htm (2195 words)

	In Vivo Drug Metabolism/Drug Interaction Studies - Study Design, Data Analysis, and Recommendations for Dosing ...
		Metabolic drug-drug interaction studies should explore whether an investigational agent is likely to significantly affect the metabolic elimination of drugs already in the marketplace and, conversely, whether drugs in the marketplace are likely to affect the metabolic elimination of the investigational drug.
		A specific objective of metabolic drug-drug interaction studies is to determine whether the interaction is sufficiently large to necessitate a dosage adjustment of the drug itself or the drugs it might be used with, or whether the interaction would require additional therapeutic monitoring.
		For both investigational drugs and approved drugs, when used as substrates and/or interacting drugs in drug-drug interaction studies, the desired goal of the analysis is to determine the clinical significance of any increase or decrease in exposure to the substrate in the presence of the interacting drug.
	www.fda.gov /cder/guidance/2635fnl.htm (5519 words)

	Drug Interactions - Medications: prescription drugs and over the counter drugs on MedicineNet.com
		Metabolism of drugs is the process through which the body converts (alters or modifies) drugs into forms that are easier for the body to eliminate through the kidneys.
		Drugs and certain types of food may increase or decrease the activity of these enzymes and therefore affect the concentration of drugs that are metabolized by these enzymes.
		Drug interactions that are of greatest concern are those that reduce the desired effects or increase the adverse effects of the drugs.
	www.medicinenet.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=19912 (1032 words)

	Antifungal Drug Interactions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The majority of drug interactions are pharmacokinetic in nature, resulting in changes in the absorption or elimination of the interacting drug as well as the antifungal agent [927].
		This poor metabolizer CYP 2C19 genotype is found in 1-3% of the Caucasian population, and 15-20% of the Asian population [1165, 2470].
		However, the type of CYP metabolism and degree to which the azole is metabolized is governed by a number of factors including the physiochemical properties of the drug (lipophilicity) and pharmacokinetics.
	www.doctorfungus.org /thedrugs/antif_interaction.htm (1449 words)

	Drug Delivery Technology - Article Index
		Drugs are simple organic molecules, except for proteins and peptides that present challenges due to GIT instability and poor intrinsic membrane permeability.
		Drugs traverse the membranes either through the pores or by dissociation into the membrane lipids and subsequent diffusion from the membrane into cytosol or other fluids on the far side of the membrane.
		The drugs are reabsorbed into the body from the intestine and drug metabolites, such as glucuronide conjugates, are converted back by glucuronidase enzymes to the parent drug in the intestine and then reabsorbed into systemic circulation.
	www.drugdeliverytech.com /cgi-bin/articles.cgi?idArticle=225 (3682 words)

	Drug Metabolism/Interactions Information on Healthline
		Drug metabolism is the process by which the body breaks down and converts medication into active chemical substances.
		Factors such as genetics, environment, nutrition and age also influence drug metabolism; infants and elderly patients may have a reduced capacity to metabolize certain drugs, and may require adjustments in dosage.
		Drugs that slow drug metabolism include ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, fluoxetine, nefazodone, paroxetine, and ritonavir.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/drug-metabolism-interactions (785 words)

	Cytochrome P450
		CYP isoenzymes are a group of heme-containing enzymes embedded primarily in the lipid bi-layer of the endoplastic reticulum of hepatocytes (liver cells).
		A substrate is a compound that it metabolized by a given enzyme.
		An inhibitor is a compound that "slows down" the metabolism of a substrate by a given enzyme.
	www.uchsc.edu /sm/psych/ppfr/cyp_metabolism.htm (1150 words)

	Cytochrome P450 Mediated Drug and Carcinogen Metabolism using Monoclonal Antibodies
		Drug metabolism in humans is catalysed by twelve major microsomal P450 enzymes which are heterogeneously distributed in liver and other tissues, and have different substrate and product specificities.
		In 16 HLM phenacetin metabolism is catalyzed primarily by P450 1A2 (64-84%).
		Interindividual differences in metabolism and P450 protein content and further NADPH P450 oxidoreductase, cytochrome b5 and the membrane lipid environment may significantly influence the metabolic role of a P450 in human liver are not considered with the expressed P450s.
	home.ccr.cancer.gov /metabolism/mab1.htm (3175 words)

	Drug interaction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A drug interaction is a situation in which a substance affects the activity of a drug, i.e.
		Alternatively, drug interactions may be the result of the pharmacodynamic properties of the drug, e.g.
		Enzyme induction - drug A induces the body to produce more of an enzyme which metabolises drug B. This reduces the effective concentration of drug B, which may lead to loss of effectiveness of drug B. Drug A effectiveness is not altered.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Drug_interaction (655 words)

	Small Molecule Drug Metabolism
		Phase II metabolism involves the introduction of a hydrophilic endogenous species, such as glucuronic acid or sulfate, to the drug molecule.
		Drug metabolism is basically a process that introduces hydrophilic functionailities onto the drug molecule to facilitate excretion.
		When a drug is administrated orally, it undergoes metabolism in the GI track and the liver before reaching systemic circulation.
	www.ionsource.com /tutorial/metabolism/met_slide3.htm (293 words)

	Tm BIOSCIENCE LAUNCHES DRUG METABOLISM GENETIC TEST
		"Drug metabolism testing is one of the fastest growing segments of the genetic testing market as pharmaceutical companies strive to identify patients predisposed to drug side effects and as regulators demand this enhanced drug safety data to minimize adverse drug reactions in the population," said Greg Hines, President and CEO of Tm Bioscience.
		The demand for genetic tests to identify the presence or absence of important mutations common in patients with atypical drug metabolism is growing rapidly, as drug developers and the medical community face increasing pressure from regulators to characterize patients for improved safety.
		Hospitalization for adverse drug reactions is the third leading cause of emergency room admissions in the United States.
	www.bioportfolio.com /news/tmbioscience_17.htm (727 words)

	Drug Metabolism/Interactions \| AHealthyMe.com
		The primary site of drug metabolism is the liver, the organ that plays a major role in metabolism, digestion, detoxification, and elimination of substances from the body.
		The metabolic rate can vary significantly from person to person, and drug dosages that work quickly and effectively in one individual may not work well for another.
		Treatment of a drug interaction is dependant on a number of factors, including the medication(s) or supplements used and the medical history of the patient.
	www.ahealthyme.com /topic/topic103548854 (1403 words)

	COMPUTER-BASED TUTORIALS IN DRUG METABOLISM
		Student comprehension of drug metabolism is fundamental to understanding multiple factors responsible for drug disposition (ADME), metabolically-based drug-drug interactions, and pharmacogenetic differences in drug disposition.
		With mastery of these basic concepts, a target ability is for students to be able to examine any drug molecule and make logical predictions of the full composite of potential phase-1 and phase-2 metabolites for that drug, resulting in a hypothetical "metabolic tree" (see Figure 1).
		Drug metabolism is covered in our Introductory Medicinal Chemistry course (PHR 143M) and reinforced in the associated Laboratory course (143P).
	www.utexas.edu /pharmacy/courses/phr452d/poster.html (776 words)

	Cytochrome P450s and Other Enzymes in Drug Metabolism and Toxicity
		In most of the populations administered a particular dose of the drug, the pharmacokinetic pattern shown in the upper trace (extensive metabolizer) is observed, with the level of the drug in the plasma (and target organ) maintained in a range that yields the desired pharmacological effect.
		Thus, studies on metabolism and toxicity are simpler than they would be if all of the 57 human P450s (Table 1) had similar roles in drug metabolism.
		Some examples are outside the realm of drugs, for instance, conversion of the solvent TCE (and an anesthetic) to the sedative chloral (Figure 9) and oxidation of the pesticide methoxychlor to an estrogen.
	www.aapsj.org /view.asp?art=aapsj080112 (5465 words)

	Cytochrome p450
		Oxidative metabolism by cytochrome p450 enzymes is a primary method of drug metabolism.
		The purpose of drug metabolism is to make drugs more water soluble so they can be more easily excreted from the body.
		Drug interactions involving the cytochrome p450 system are common, and generally result from either enzyme inhibition or induction.
	www.hospitalist.net /highligh.htm (494 words)

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