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Topic: Drug resistance

	Malaria Site: Drug Resistance
		Definition: Drug resistance is the ability of the parasite species to survive and/or multiply despite the administration and absorption of a drug given in doses equal to or higher than those usually recommended but within the limit of tolerance.
		Resistance is conferred by a stable mutation which is transferred to the progeny.
		Resistant strains are able to efflux the drug by an active pump mechanism and release the drug at least 40 times faster than sensitive strains, thereby rendering the drug ineffective.
	www.malariasite.com /malaria/DrugResistance.htm (1378 words)

	ACRIA Informational Brochure: HIV Drug Resistance & Resistance Testing
		If someone has developed resistance to one or more of the antiretrovirals and has unprotected sex or shares needles with someone who is not infected with the virus, it is possible that they can infect their partner with a drug-resistant variant— a strain of HIV containing mutations that cause resistance to one or more antiretroviral.
		To look for drug resistance, there are two tests, or assays, available to people living with HIV and their healthcare providers.
		Drug resistance tests, on the other hand, may play an invaluable role in helping doctors and their patients understand why failure has occurred and what treatment options are still available.
	www.acria.org /treatment/treatment_edu_drug_resist.html (5889 words)

	HIV Drug Resistance Database
		Drug resistance arises from mutations in the viral genome, specifically in the regions that encode the molecular targets of therapy, HIV protease and RT enzymes.
		When these patients are prescribed a new drug combination, complete suppression of viral replication may not occur; thus variant HIV strains evolve that are completely or partially resistant to all of the drugs in the combination.
		Drug resistance mutations identified by this process acquire widespread acceptance as the predominant mutations responsible for resistance to the drug under evaluation, and are referred to as "canonical" resistance mutations.
	hivdb.stanford.edu /pages/documentPage/primer.html (2596 words)

	resistance, drug (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		First, realise that it is the germ that becomes resistant to the drug, not the patient.
		For example, penicillin resistance is most easily produced in the pneumococcus bacterium by broad spectrum cephalosporins (related to penicillin in chemical structure and action) or the macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin, clarithromycin (Biaxin®), or azithrocin (Zithromax®).
		For example, the recent emergence of vancomycin resistant enterococci is thought to have arisen from the exposure of the bacteria to avoparcin, a chemical growth-promoter for livestock with the same general molecular structure as the antibiotic.
	www.drhull.com /EncyMaster/R/resistance_drug.html (336 words)

	Understanding HIV Drug Resistance & The Tests to Measure It (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		HIV drug resistance means a reduction in the ability of a drug – or combination of drugs – to block HIV reproduction in the body.
		This is why three-drug regimens work better: a variant may be resistant to one of the drugs but doesn't stand much of a chance when facing two other drugs that bind to different parts of the same enzyme or different parts of the virus.
		This is called therapeutic drug monitoring, and it may help determine whether or not a person has a correct level of each medication in his or her bloodstream to ensure that viral load remains low or undetectable.
	www.aidsmeds.com /lessons/Resistance.htm (5512 words)

	Continuing HIV Treatment
		Resistance to some antiretroviral drugs can limit which treatment options are available to you in the future.
		The main risk is that interactions between drugs may lower the amount of anti-HIV drugs absorbed allowing low level HIV replication to occur, which may increase risk of drug resistance.
		Pharmaceutical drugs for treating opportunistic infections are among those that may have undesirable interactions with antiretroviral medication, for example the tuberculosis treatment rifabutin should usually not be used with the protease inhibitor saquinavir or the NNRTI delavirdine.
	www.avert.org /conttrt.htm (2161 words)

	Simple FactSheet: Understanding Drug Resistance
		Research has shown that using combinations of drugs from different classes in order to stop different parts of the virus from working is a better treatment strategy than using only one or two drugs.
		The virus with the mutatation is resistant to the drug.
		Resistance mutations happen randomly - with billions of viruses being made in the body every day, there's a good chance that at least one new HIV virus will be drug resistant.
	www.aegis.com /factshts/network/simple/resistance.html (592 words)

	Antibiotic Overuse Fuels Drug Resistance
		A key factor in the development of antibiotic resistance is the ability of infectious organisms to adapt quickly to new environmental conditions.
		Drug resistance is an especially difficult problem for hospitals because they take care of critically ill patients who are more vulnerable to infections than the general population and therefore require more antibiotics.
		In short, antimicrobial resistance is driving up health care costs, increasing the severity of disease, and increasing the death rates from certain infections.
	healthlink.mcw.edu /article/1031002561.html (1046 words)

	Drug Resistance \| CDC Malaria
		The development of resistance to drugs poses one of the greatest threats to malaria control and has been linked to recent increases in malaria morbidity and mortality.
		Although resistance to these drugs tends to be much less widespread geographically, in some areas of the world, the impact of multi-drug resistant malaria can be extensive.
		There are 4 basic methods for testing malaria for drug resistance: in vivo tests, in vitro tests, molecular characterization, and animal models.
	www.cdc.gov /malaria/drug_resistance.htm (457 words)

	drug resistance
		As they multiply, new mutations of the genetic code give rise to strains that are less resistant to a given antibiotic.
		For example, penicillin resistance is most easily produced in the pneumococcus bacterium by broad spectrum cephalosporins (related to penicillin in chemical structure and action).
		In addition to resistance caused by the use of antibiotics, there can be resistance caused by the presence of certain man-made chemical substances in the environment.
	www.drhull.com /EncyMaster/D/drug_resistance.html (506 words)

	WHO \| Drug resistance
		In spite of the availability of effective drugs and vaccines, the battle against infectious diseases is far from being over.
		Resistance to first-line drugs has been observed in all these diseases.
		Drug resistance can be considered as a natural response to the selective pressure of the drug.
	www.who.int /drugresistance/en (359 words)

	Glossary - HIVDrugResistance.com
		Drug Resistance - When a virus is able to adapt, grow, and multiply in the presence of drugs designed to kill it.
		Genotypic Resistance Test - A test that predicts drug resistance by identifying mutations in the genotype of a person's virus.
		By identifying the phenotype of HIV using a phenotypic resistance test, a person's sensitivity to antiretroviral drugs can be measured.
	www.hivdrugresistance.com /230Glossary.asp (628 words)

	Evolvability -a factor in drug resistance?
		Scientists may be fighting a losing battle to develop alternative treatments to drug resistant pathogens, as research reveals the evolution of drug resistance in bacteria is a trait that is favoured through the process of natural selection.
		Concerns over pathogen resistance are causing a general curb on usage, and the increasing prevalence of resistance has prompted official regulators to place greater demands on manufacturers.
		For example, the result that cycling of drugs in a hospital is likely to be lead to increased resistance is naturally understood with this paradigm.
	www.drugresearcher.com /news/news-NG.asp?id=54097 (709 words)

	Secrets Of Drug Resistance Revealed
		In this image, the green-colored drug is firmly ensnared in the protein’s cavity.
		Their research also underscores the need to pursue alternative ways of fighting drug resistance.
		In addition to McDermott, Helen Zgurskaya of the University of Oklahoma, and Hiroshi Nikaido, Daniel Koshland, Jr., and Edward Yu of the University of California at Berkeley contributed to the research.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/PBD-drug-resistance.html (863 words)

	Aetiology: "The other" drug resistance problem
		As far as I understand, the worry with bacterial resistance is that we will have an outbreak of a deadly disease that is resistant to all of the available anti-biotics.
		Antibiotic resistance is a public health problem, because what one individual does in regard to how they manage their treatment can affect us all.
		With cancer, this isn't the case--their own cancer cells may become resistant to a drug, but it won't affect their neighbor's cancer treatment.
	scienceblogs.com /aetiology/2006/06/the_other_drug_resistance_prob.php (1182 words)

	CancerQuest : Cancer Treatments : Drug Resistance
		One of the main causes of failure in the treatment of cancer is the development of drug resistance by the cancer cells.
		Selection for cancer cells that are resistant to a particular drug: While it is thought that the majority of cancers arise from a single precursor cell, it would be an error to view a tumor as consisting of a collection of genetically identical cells.
		While the likelihood of a particular tumor cell being resistant to several drugs, especially those that attack different cellular processes, is unlikely the large number of cancer cells in a tumor make that a real possibility.
	www.cancerquest.org /index.cfm?page=572 (310 words)

	Home \| CDC Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance
		A Public Health Action Plan To Combat Antimicrobial Resistance (Part I: Domestic Issues)....
		A national campaign to reduce antimicrobial resistance through promotion of more appropriate antibiotic use....
		This campaign focuses on preventing antimicrobial resistance in healthcare settings....
	www.cdc.gov /drugresistance (156 words)

	Drug Resistance
		To obtain a more comprehensive survey of the amino acid substitutions that confer STI-571 resistance, we performed an in vitro screen of randomly mutagenized BCR-ABL and recovered all of the major mutations previously identified in patients and numerous others that illuminate novel mechanisms of acquired drug resistance.
		Structural modeling implies that a novel class of variants acts allosterically to destabilize the autoinhibited conformation of the ABL kinase to which STI-571 preferentially binds.
		Cells were selected in either 5 or 10 uM STI-571, as the numbers of colonies resulting from exposure to lower drug concentrations (1 and 2 uM) were too numerous to analyze and did not afford tight selection of resistant variants.
	daley.med.harvard.edu /drug_resistance.htm (461 words)

	New mechanisms explain cancer drug resistance
		The question as to why some cancers resist drugs could be answered by the discovery of new mechanisms, which delve deeper into how cancer cells evolve to become resistant to various chemotherapy drugs.
		As a result, these malignant cells escape the effects of the drugs and become extremely resistant to anticancer drugs, leading to a rapid spread of the disease.
		In undertaking this study, the researchers were able to demonstrate that delaying the mutation left the anticancer drugs inside the malignant cells, made it possible to effectively kill the cancer cells located there.
	www.drugresearcher.com /news/ng.asp?n=64368-cancer-anti-folates-abcg (575 words)

	Drug Resistance and Antiretroviral Drug Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		spectrum of mutations responsible for resistance to a new drug
		correlate drug resistance with immunological decline or clinical morbidity because these downstream consequences of virological failure are usually confounded by changes made in response to
		Drug resistance testing is an important factor to be considered
	www.hivandhepatitis.com /recent/ad/062405_e.html (580 words)

	Drug Resistance - Recent News Stories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Drug Resistance / Resistance Mutations / Acquired Resistance / Transmitted Resistance
		Genotypic Resistance in Patients on HAART with Persistently Detectable Low-Level Viremia
		Drug Resistance in Subjects with Advanced HIV Infection in Whom Antiretroviral Combination Therapy Is Failing
	www.hivandhepatitis.com /recent/resistance/drug.html (1429 words)

	ResistanceDBHome
		The database is a compilation of mutations in HIV genes that confer resistance to anti-HIV drugs.
		This program analyzes your sequences for mutations known to confer drug resistance and links to the records in the database.
		Use this map to find your drug and mutation of interest and then click on it to link to that record in the database.
	resdb.lanl.gov /Resist_DB/default.htm (308 words)

	Drug Resistance Updates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Drug Resistance Updates is a bimonthly publication that contains thought-provoking reviews and commentaries on important developments in drug resistance in infectious disease and cancer.
		It covers both basic research and clinical aspects of drug resistance, and involves disciplines as diverse as molecular biology, biochemistry, cell biology, pharmacology, microbiology, oncology and clinical medicine.
		Articles are written by leaders in the field, in response to an invitation from the Editors, and are peer-reviewed prior to publication.
	www.harcourt-international.com /journals/drup (269 words)

	Amazon.com: Antiviral Drug Resistance: Books: Douglas D. Richman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The study of antiviral drug resistance has provided important insights into the structure of virus enzymes, the functions of certain genes, mechanisms of action of antiviral drugs, the design of new antiviral compounds and the pathogenesis of viral diseases.
		The emergence of resistant strains must be explored at all stages of drug development: during the preclinical evaluation of candidate compounds; during the early clinical evaluation of new drugs; and as part of epidemiological surveillance for the prevalence of resistance during use of approved treatments.
		Accumulating understanding of antiviral drug resistance thus reflects progress in the chemotherapy of viral infection.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0471961205?v=glance (667 words)

	The Body Pro: Drug Resistance in HIV/AIDS
		Coverage of the 4th European HIV Drug Resistance Workshop and the 12th Annual Conference of the British HIV Association.
		Is Transmitted Drug Resistance in HIV on the Rise?
		The Prevalence of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in the U.S. — December 18, 2001
	www.thebodypro.com /treat/resistance.html (3876 words)

	C&EN: Latest News - Kicking Out Drug Resistance
		Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is spreading at an alarming pace.
		Such resistance-conferring plasmids—which exist apart from the bacteria’s own genomic material—can be passed readily between diverse types of bacteria, allowing antibiotic resistance to spread widely and rapidly.
		Hoping to harness this natural process to eliminate plasmids responsible for antibiotic resistance, Hergenrother’s team searched for small molecules that would mimic the function of a small piece of RNA that dictates incompatibility among certain plasmids.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/news/8246/8246notw1.html (484 words)

	The Body: HIV Drug Resistance
		A class-by-class chart of drug resistance associated with specific HIV gene mutations, adapted from the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database
		A brief explanation of why resistance occurs, when resistance testing is recommended, and what each type of resistance test determines
		Drug Resistance in U.S. Likeliest Among Whites, Gay Men, Partners of HAART Patients (June 8, 2004)
	www.thebody.com /treat/resistance.html (905 words)

	Drug Policy Alliance: Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E)
		Join the Drug Policy Alliance's work to promote drug policies based on science, compassion, health, and human rights.
		Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E) In 1983, the Los Angeles Police Department and the Los Angeles School District launched the current drug-education program of choice in the United States, Drug Abuse Resistance Education.
		D.A.R.E. teaches children to abstain from drugs, alcohol, and gangs and secondarily tries to boost self-esteem and resistance to peer pressure.
	www.drugpolicy.org /safetyfirst/education/dare (314 words)

	NEJM -- HIV Drug Resistance
		can be compromised by the development of drug resistance.
		Resistance is the consequence of mutations that emerge in the
		Pallier, C., Castera, L., Soulier, A., Hezode, C., Nordmann, P., Dhumeaux, D., Pawlotsky, J.-M. Dynamics of Hepatitis B Virus Resistance to Lamivudine.
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/extract/350/10/1023 (716 words)

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