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Timmons & Hamilton: Drugs, Brains & Behavior -- Ch Early in the text, a somewhat loose distinction was made between a drug action (how the drug interacts with a specific receptor, e.g., mimicking acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors) and a drug effect (the physiological or behavioral results of this drug action; e.g., a decrease in heart rate or an increase in arousal level). The half-life of the drug (the time required to inactivate half of the injected drug) in the control group was twice as long as that of rats that had been pre-treated with pentobarbital. Drug addiction, drug abuse, and substance abuse are all terms that apply to behavior that is maintained by acquired motives. www.rci.rutgers.edu /~lwh/drugs/chap09.htm   (11017 words)

Facts about topic: (Drug tolerance)   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22) Drug tolerance occurs when a subject's reaction to a drug (such as a painkiller or intoxicant) decreases so that larger doses are required to achieve the same effect. Tolerance may be related to the familiarity of "drug onset cues". In a different context, drug tolerance can refer to the lenient policies of a government or organization toward drugs that are considered illegal in other areas. www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/dr/drug_tolerance.htm   (262 words)

Learn more about Tolerance in the online encyclopedia.   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22) Tolerance, in a social, cultural and religious sense, is the acceptance of other people who hold different and disagreeing beliefs, or otherwise represent ideologies or cultures that have a history of being disrespected. Tolerance is weaker than respect: a disagreeable party may still be disapproved of, and interaction may be limited to what is necessary, the disagreeable party is simply left undisturbed. Tolerance cannot be neutral about what is good, though, for its very purpose is to guard good and avert evils. www.onlineencyclopedia.org /t/to/tolerance.html   (488 words)

Drug tolerance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Tachyphylaxis is a medical term referring to the rapid development of drug tolerance. For example, the distribution of marijuana has been legal in the Netherlands since the early 1970s, and the state of California continues to test the legality of its medical marijuana laws. Many law enforcement and civic agencies (such as schools and scouting groups) advocate a zero tolerance policy towards drugs, meaning that any infraction of existing laws and regulations will be punished, no matter how small. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Drug_tolerance   (275 words)

drug abuse   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22) Amongst those who handle drugs, that is the doctor, the nurse, the pharmacist, and the patient, the maximum responsibility for the proper distribution of drugs is that of the pharmacist. Tolerance is closely associated with the phenomenon of physical dependence and in almost all such cases; the person needs a larger dose of the drug for the same effect. Drugs like morphine, meperidine (pethidine), barbiturates, tranquillizers, and amphetamine are to be used only on a doctor's prescription but those who have easy reach to these drugs tend to misuse them and thus become dependent on them. www.indiangyan.com /books/healthbooks/complet_femily_medicine_book/drug_abuse.shtml   (1390 words)

The Coorelation between Drug Tolerance and the Environment Tolerance is caused by the brain's ability to adapt to or compensate for the presence of a chemical (1). When ten drug addicts who had experienced near-death overdoses were questioned about their environment while injecting heroin, seven out of the ten claimed to have been shooting up in a new and unfamiliar setting (7). The lack of tolerance was attributed to the fact that the patient moved twice during the previous years of treatment and therefore changed the environmental cues (8). serendip.brynmawr.edu /bb/neuro/neuro03/web1/crichards.html   (1284 words)

Drug pharmacology: effects, tolerance and dependence Drug tolerance is basically the body's ability to adapt to the presence of a drug. Tolerance may be defined as a state of progressively decreased responsiveness to a drug as a result of which a larger dose of the drug is needed to achieve the effect originally obtained by a smaller dose. Symptoms of drug withdrawal tend to be the opposite of the effects of the drug. www.forensic-toxicology.com /learning/pharmacology.html   (1035 words)

DRUGS AND ADDICTION (Chap Development of tolerance is not necessarily specific to the drug that induces it, or to all of its effects. Addicts are those that are incapable of stopping the use of a certain drug despite the adverse effects that the drug habit has on the person's health and social life, and despite the addict's repeated efforts to stop the use of drugs. Example: tolerance develops when alcohol is injected so that it prevents subsequent convulsions, but not when convulsions occur before the alcohol administration (alcohol would not have a chance to act as anticonvulsant). courses.washington.edu /psy222/psy222drugsaddiction.html   (3602 words)

Drug Tolerance Responds To Learned Cues Drug tolerance makes people need more and more drug to get the same effect, whether pain relief or a "high." Its newly discovered psychological aspect -- in which a drug-predictive cue primes the body to react "as if" the drug effect is imminent -- might be used to treat addiction more effectively. In short, if drug tolerance can be learned, there is a chance it can be unlearned, reducing or eliminating the tolerance-related cravings and other withdrawal symptoms that can lead addicts to relapse. The researchers hypothesized that every administration constituted a learning trial that inevitably paired drug onset cues with the peak effect of the drug, thus allowing the rats to associate the early effect of the drug with the later, larger effect. www.apa.org /releases/drug_tolerance.html   (1107 words)

Vitamin C Prevents Heart Drug Tolerance Drugs such as nitroglycerin dilate the blood vessels and improve blood flow to the heart. But most nitrovasodilators "share the disadvantage of inducing nitrate tolerance, especially during nonintermittent administration," note the study's authors, a team of researchers led by Dr. Eberhard Bassenge of the University of Freiburg in Germany. To test this hypothesis, the researchers studied the effects of the drug glyceroltrinitrate (GTN) and vitamin C on 9 healthy volunteers. www.personalmd.com /news/a1998072001.shtml   (405 words)

Changing concepts of opioid tolerance Because tolerance was widely considered to reinforce the street addicts' abuse of opioids, it was commonly thought that this phenomenon would occur in a comparable manner if opioids were to be used on a chronic basis in the management of patients with pain or other medical illness. Tolerance did not present a problem while her pain syndrome was stable, but with progression of her disease and increasing pain severity, large dose requirements were needed to provide pain relief. Tolerance develops and higher doses of opiate are necessary to trigger the second messenger response to produce physiologic and behavioral effects. www.painresearch.utah.edu /cancerpain/ch20.html   (5943 words)

Marijuana and the Brain, Part II: The Tolerance Factor Cynics have argued that tolerance to marijuana is proof of dependence, and proof that the drug is too dangerous to be used safely and responsibly. Tolerance to marijuana is not an indication of danger or dependence. The effect the drugs had on motor behavior was observed daily, and at the end of the study the rats were "sacrificed" (killed) and the density of the receptor sites in various areas of their brains was determined. www.pdxnorml.org /brain2.html   (3140 words)

National Drug Control Strategy: 2002 - ONDCP   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22) Drug use among today’s teenagers threatens to reverberate for years to come in areas as disparate as crime rates, the success of our Nation’s colleges, the productivity of our industrial base, and the cohesiveness of our families. Progress toward reducing illegal drug use has been frustrated not only by the deliberate efforts of legalization proponents, but also by well-intentioned advocates of various schools of thought concerning drug control; advocates who do not always appreciate the complexity of the drug problem or the ways in which differing drug control efforts reinforce one another. This is partly a function of the drug problem’s wide disciplinary span, involving experts as different in training and outlook as a research scientist developing a pharmaceutical for fighting addiction and a DEA agent dismantling a methamphetamine trafficking organization. www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov /publications/policy/03ndcs/intro.html   (2426 words)

Environment contributes to drug tolerance COLLEGE STATION - Tolerance is a major aspect of drug addiction, and one Texas A&M University psychologist believes the setting in which drugs are taken can be just as big a contributor to developing a tolerance as the drugs themselves. In other words, a person consuming a drug in a setting where he or she usually consumes the drug or even expects to consume it will be less likely to feel the full effects of the drug, he says. However, if that same person takes the same amount of the drug in a setting where he or she doesn't normally take the drug, then the person is likely to feel a greater effect from the drug. www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2000-10/TAU-Ectd-1010100.php   (438 words)

Researchers identify drug-tolerance mechanism in flies Although few people seek it as a drug, the same behavioral and genetic effects were found when flies were exposed to the addictive chemical in glue or other addictive organic solvents. The researchers think that when a drug causes nerve cells to fire too rapidly, slo levels are decreased to produce fewer portals and dampen the drug's effect. Because slo is central to tolerance development, Atkinson's laboratory plans to identify the factors that regulate the slo gene in response to drug intoxification. www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=17029   (790 words)

Losing my Tolerance for Zero Tolerance A 7-year-old boy was suspended in school for carrying one of these because it violates the district's "zero tolerance" policy on "weapon possession". According to the school's interpretation of the state's "zero tolerance" weapons law -- which mandates suspension of students who "carry, bring, use or possess a firearm or firearm facsimile at school" -- the unnamed boys have been suspended. Drugs interrupt or end thousands of lives every day, not just among the people that choose to use them and can't manage to do it in reasonable moderation. www.thisistrue.com /zt.html   (2060 words)

[No title] It may be difficult for foreign drug sponsors to seek full approval in the United States, in part because the comprehensive nature of the approval requirements in the United States may require a foreign sponsor to perform studies in the United States that are difficult to arrange from outside the United States. In addition, for some drugs there is little incentive for a drug sponsor to obtain approval of the drug for use in the United States because the drug is used to treat animal disease that does not occur in the United States. Tolerance--A tolerance is established based upon the relationship between the concentration of the marker analyte (measured by the determinative method) and the concentration of total residues of the drug (measured by radiolabel method) at the safe concentration. www.fda.gov /OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/081001a.htm   (2207 words)

Marijuana and the Brain, Part II: The Tolerance Factor Cynics have argued that tolerance to marijuana is proof of dependence, and proof that the drug is too dangerous to be used safely and responsibly. The effect the drugs had on motor behavior was observed daily, and at the end of the study the rats were "sacrificed" (killed) and the density of the receptor sites in various areas of their brains was determined. Tolerance and the quality of the marijuana both affect the balance between the two tiers of effects: the coordination problems, short-term memory loss and disorientation associated with the term "stoned" and the pleasurable sensations and cognitive stimulation associated with the word "high." www.marijuanalibrary.org /brain2.html   (3140 words)

Passing Drug testing These drugs are used illicitly by weight lifters, body builders, long distant runners, cyclists, and others who claim that the drugs give them a competitive advantage and/or improve their physical appearance. The primary legitimate use of these drugs in humans is for the replacement of inadequate levels of testosterone resulting from a reduction or absence of functioning testes. Another mode of steroid use is "pyramiding." Users slowly escalate steroid use (increasing the number of drugs used at one time and/or the dose and frequency of one or more steroids) reaching a peak amount at mid-cycle and gradually tapering the dose toward the end of the cycle. www.passyourtest.com /drug_types.htm   (1661 words)

Chapter 13 -- Drug Action and Addiction   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22) - tolerance can be measured in two ways: (1) by measuring the decrease in the response elicited by the same dose of the drug, or (2) by measuring the increase in the amount of drug required to produce the same effect; in effect, drug tolerance is a shift in the dose-response curve to the right when the drug is removed, the drug-offsetting physiological changes that are the basis of tolerance, are no longer held in check by the drug, and withdrawal symptoms opposite to the original effects of the drug are the result According to the positive-incentive theory of drug addiction (which is similar to the positive-incentive theory of feeding that you have already encountered), drugs may sometimes be taken to avoid withdrawal symptoms but it is much more often the case that they are ingested because the addict is seeking their pleasurable consequences. ceci.uprm.edu /~ephoebus/id88.htm   (1921 words)

Drug Tolerance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis -- Wallis et al. 43 (11): 2600 -- Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Studies of tolerance, the ability to evade the bactericidal activity of antimicrobial drugs, may be relevant to these observations. The effect of prolonged drug exposure in vivo during therapy was also studied with isolates from the two subjects with relapses. Influence of initial drug resistance on the response to short-course chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis. aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/43/11/2600   (3962 words)

Drug tolerance triggered by internal cues, study suggests Studies have shown that drug tolerance and craving can be set off by sights, sounds and smells previously associated with drug use. The rat's hypersensitivity to pain suggests that tolerance is an attempt to compensate for the expected effects of a drug, and that the compensatory response can be triggered by internal cues. Although some clinicians are aware that changes in a patient's environment can affect drug tolerance, few know that changes in the route of administration--such as switching from an oral drip to a transdermal patch, which can alter internal drug cues--could have similar effects. www.apa.org /monitor/sep02/drug.html   (415 words)

Drug Detection Times - Drug Test Success Chronic users, physically inactive users, and individuals with a high percentage of body fat in relation to total body mass are prone to longer drug detection periods for THC and PCP. Drug Tolerance: Users typically metabolize a drug faster once a tolerance to the drug is established. Also, users with a high percentage of body fat in relation to total body mass are prone to longer drug detection periods for marijuana. www.drugtestsuccess.com /drugdetectiontimes.htm   (454 words)

Pain medication addiction and tolerance - WebMD Opioids, a family of drugs that have effects similar to those of opium or morphine, can be addictive. People who have been addicted to substances in the past or those with a family member(s) who are or have been addicted to drugs or alcohol may be at increased risk of becoming addicted to narcotics. Remember, it is common for people to develop a tolerance to their pain medication and to need higher doses to achieve the same level of pain relief. www.webmd.com /content/article/100/105622.htm   (450 words)

News Release 11/2004: University of Texas at Austin researchers identify drug-tolerance mechanism in flies Although few people seek it as a drug, the same behavioral and genetic effects were found when flies were exposed to the addictive chemical in glue or other addictive organic solvents. The researchers think that when a drug causes nerve cells to fire too rapidly, slo levels are decreased to produce fewer portals and dampen the drug’s effect. Because slo is central to tolerance development, Atkinson’s laboratory plans to identify the factors that regulate the slo gene in response to drug intoxification. www.utexas.edu /opa/news/04newsreleases/nr_200411/nr_neurobiology041130.html   (936 words)

Drug   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22) The economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse in the United States, taking into account injuries and deaths caused by drunk drivers, medical treatment for alcoholism and injuries or deaths due in part to alcohol-induced accidents or intentional acts of violence, is estimated at $245 billion. Effect of the drug: The effects can last from approximately 4 to 12 hours, but the initial high or "peak" is gone within minutes of ingestion, leaving the user to face a "crash," or a low, desperate feeling which sparks a strong desire to use the drug again. The drug is primarily used by athletes and body builders and is usually purchased through friends, or a contact at a health club or gym. www.denisonia.com /police/Drug.htm   (6991 words)

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