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Topic: Dry distillation

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	DISTILLATION - LoveToKnow Article on DISTILLATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Dry distillation is the term used when solid substances which do not liquefy on heating are operated upon; sublimation is the term used when a solid distils without the intervention of a liquid phase.
		Distillation with Steam.In this process a current of steam, which is generated in a separate boiler and superheated, if necessary, by circulation through a heated copper worm, is led into the distilling vessel, and the mixed vapours condensed as in the ordinary processes.
		Two forms of steam distillation may be distinguished :in one the still is simply heated by a steam coil wound inside or outside the stillthis is ternfed heating by dry steam; in the other steam is injected, into the mass within the stillthis is the distillation with live steam of laboratory practice.
	80.1911encyclopedia.org /D/DI/DISTILLATION.htm (6505 words)

	[No title]
		These conditions pertain in cases where distillation with steam is successfully practised, the relatively high volatility of water being counter-balanced by the relatively high molecular weight of the other component; for example, in the case of nitrobenzene and water the ratio is I to 5.
		Dry distillation is extremely wasteful even when definite sub-stances or mixtures, such as calcium acetate which yields acetone, are dealt with, valueless by-products being obtained and the condensate usually requiring much purification.
		Distillation in a vacuum is' practised in two forms:—if the pump draws off steam as well as, air it is termed a " wet " air-pump; if it only draws off 'air, it is a " dry " air-pump.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=20714 (4511 words)

	Dry distillation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce liquid or gaseous products (which may condense into solids).
		As the products distill off, they are condensed and collected.
		This method usually requires higher temperatures than liquid distillation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dry_distillation (128 words)

	Distillation -
		The minimum in distillation is flash distillation, where either the temperature is rapidly increased or pressure reduced, and vapor and liquid fractions are thus obtained, which may be processed as such.
		The device used in distillation is referred to as a still and consists at a minimum of a reboiler or pot in which the source material is heated, a condenser in which the heated vapor is cooled back to the liquid state, and a receiver in which the concentrated or purified liquid is collected.
		Distillation was developed into its modern form with the invention of the alembic by Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan c.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Distillery (763 words)

	Distillation - Homedistiller (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		During the process of distillation, the spirits produced by the still go through various stages, generally referred to as foreshots, heads, the spirit run or hearts, and tails.
		The device used in distillation is referred to as a still and consists at a minimum of a pot in which the source material is heated, a condenser in which the heated gas-vapor is cooled back to the liquid phase (matter)state, and a receiver in which the concentrated or purified liquid is collected.
		Distillation was developed into its modern form with the invention of the alembic by Islamic alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan.
	homedistiller.org /wiki/index.php/Distilled (458 words)

	Information for Divers
		Distillation is a process in which vapour mixtures of two or more substances are separated into their individual components of desired purity by the application and removal of heat.
		Distillation is based on the fact that components in a mixture of different liquids have different boiling points, thus the vapours can be separated.
		Distillation separation occurs because of the differences in the volatility of the components in the liquid mixture.
	www.the-testament-of-truth.co.uk /web/distill.htm (3426 words)

	German Chamomile
		Distillation is difficult because of the high boiling temperature constituents, viscosity and other properties of the oil (2).
		Distillation of plant material of both cultivars after air-drying resulted in a higher recovery of oil than did distillation of fresh plant material, although this needs to be verified with replicated distillations.
		Distillation of German chamomile is difficult because of the viscosity of the oil, and we believe higher oil recovery could be achieved by refinement of the distillation process.
	ag.montana.edu /warc/chamomile.htm (1478 words)

	Univ. of Delaware. From Liquid to Vapor: Applications
		Distillation is used to separate and purify the fatty acids, the key ingredient in the soap-making process.
		Distillates such as "pine-oil" were boiled off, leaving the tar behind to be concentrated to the proper consistency.
		Distillation processes are an integral part of most chemical manufacturing processes, from petroleum and plastics to pharmaceuticals, all of which may be traced back to ancient origins.
	www.lib.udel.edu /ud/spec/exhibits/vapor/applic.htm (1862 words)

	essence-oils
		Distillation is conducted by boiling the water beneath the flowers with steam brought from a boiler to a coil, the top of which must be at least 1 foot beneath the bottom of the charge chamber (2)." The steam then carries the oil to a condenser where the oil is collected.
		Careful short drying of the leaves is beneficial to the quality of the oil, whereas long drying, especially in the rain, is harmful.
		Distillation of citronella with water and steam in very large retorts, where the steam must go a long way to penetrate the entire grass mass, gives no better yield than distillation with direct steam.
	www.wsu.edu /~gmhyde/433_web_pages/433Oil-web-pages/essence/essence-oils.html (5888 words)

	THE ESSENTIAL OILS PAGES
		Essential oils isolated by steam distillation are different in composition to those naturally occurring in the oil bearing glands of plants, since the steam distillation conditions cause chemical reactions to occur which result in the formation of certain artificial chemicals, called artifacts.
		One important factor not to forget in direct-fired distillation, is that intimate contact of vegetable material with hot-spots on the still surface may cause burning-on the material via hot-spots on the inside of the still, thereby producing off odours.
		The advantage of steam distillation is that it is a relatively cheap process to operate at a basic level, and the properties of oils produced by this method are well known.
	www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~nodice/new/essential/essentialoils.htm (1299 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Existing dry distilling incinerator has problems in that it is very expensive to provide the required land, and there are operating and maintenance management difficulties, for example continuous dry distilled gas production is impossible since wastes cannot be continuously input and ashes cannot be continuously discharged.
		the dry distilled gas generation and supply amount based on combustion temperature and operational pressure variations in the first dry distiller, the second combustor, and rear preventing facility in the dry distilled gas fluidity is not employed.
		The nozzle pipe type dry distiller (120) is installed at the lower part of the dry distilled gas generator (100), and wastes injected from the continuous injector (110) are stacked on the upper part of the
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/27531.010419&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (2508 words)

	Distillation for Quality Water,Reverse Osmosis Membrane water treatment filtration filters distillers Filter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A distillation apparatus sometimes used by chemists is a rotary evaporator to distill away solvent from a mixture.
		Distillation is a means of separating liquids through differences in their vapor pressures.It is also possible to separate fractions by cooling, using differences in their freezing points.Known since antiquity, the quality of concentration of alcohol by the application of heat to a fermented liquid mixture is perhaps the oldest form of distillation.
		The device used in distillation is referred to as a still and consists at a minimum of a reboiler in which the source material is heated, a condenser in which the heated vapor is cooled back to the liquid state, and a receiver in which the concentrated or quality of purified liquid is collected.
	www.discountreverseosmosis.com /distillation.htm (620 words)

	Dry Distillation for Quality Water treatment Reverse Osmosis Membrane Systems water treatment filtration filters ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In this distillation treatment the substance operated upon is invariably a solid, the vapors being condensed and collected as in the other distillation methods.
		Dry distillation treatment is extremely extravagant even when definite quality substances or mixtures, such as calcium acetate which yields acetone, are dealt with, valueless by-products being obtained and the condensate usually requiring much purification.
		Operating in a current of carbon dioxide facilitates the process by preventing overheating.Dry distillation, the distillation of substances by themselves, or without the addition of water or of other volatile solvent; as, the dry distillation of citric acid.This type of treatment of distillation is widely used.
	www.discountreverseosmosis.com /Dry-distillation.htm (485 words)

	Minor oil crops - Part III - Minor essential oil crops - Introduction - Distillation of essential oils - Individual ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		However, the compounds are steam volatile and can be distilled out of the vegetal materials at around 100° C. When plant materials are steam distilled chemical changes inevitably occur and the oil obtained will not have an identical aroma to that of the original plant material.
		Improved distillation control can be obtained by using steam from a separate boiler, which is passed into a jacket around the still or through a closed coil in the bottom of the still, to heat the contents of the still.
		The advantages of this type of "dry" steam distillation are that it is relatively rapid, therefore charging and emptying the still is much faster and energy consumption is lower.
	www.fao.org /docrep/X5043E/x5043E0g.htm (2431 words)

	Contents Restoration
		This project evaluated the constant distillation dry-cleaning and laundering processes, ascribed handling procedures, and storage practices in the ability to prevent or remove mold contamination.
		Mold spore contamination was observed in 58% of garments and mycelia contamination observed in 50% of garments.
		The trend indicates that the constant distillation and laundering cleaning process and proper response, handling, and storage techniques (1) significantly decreased total spore counts on mold-affected clothing and (2) notably decreased total mycelial fragment counts on mold-affected clothing.
	www.iaqmanagement.com /clothing.html (1408 words)

	Dry distillation: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture of compounds by their boiling point, EHandler: no quick summary.
		Vacuum distillation is a method of distillation whereby the pressure above the solution to be distilled is reduced to less than one atmosphere (unit) causing...
		So-called freeze distillation is a metaphorical term for a process of enriching a solution by partially freezing it and removing frozen material that is poorer in the...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/dr/dry_distillation.htm (594 words)

	ESSENTIAL OIL DISTILLER OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
		When the distillation is complete, the receiver then doubles as a tapered separatory funnel, allowing you to easily separate your prized oil from the remaining water.
		Other essential oil distilling setups require that you constantly watch the vessel that catches the condenser drips because the excess water must be constantly drained off as it is condensed.
		When the distillation is complete, the contents of the "catch vessel" must then be transferred to a separatory funnel in order to separate the water and oil layers.
	www.crucible.org /essential_oil_distiller_operation.htm (3440 words)

	ACETONE - LoveToKnow Article on ACETONE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It is found among the products formed in the destructive distillation of wood, sugar, cellulose, andc., and for this reason it is always present in crude wood spirit, from which the greater portion of it may be recovered by fractional distillation.
		On the large scale it is prepared by the dry distillation of calcium acetate (CH3CO2)2Ca= CaCO3+CH3COCH3.
		Crude acetone may be purified by converting it into the crystalline sodium bisulphite compound, which is separated by filtration and then distilled with sodium carbonate.
	www.96.1911encyclopedia.org /A/AC/ACETONE.htm (394 words)

	TERPENES - LoveToKnow Article on TERPENES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Caruestre,ie is obtained by the distillation of carylamine or vestrylamine hydrochloride ~A. v Baever, Ber., 1894, 27, pp.
		Dry hydrochloric acid gives pinene hydrochloride (artificial camphor), C10H1,Cl, a white crystalline solid identical with bornyl chloride which melts at 1310 C. Elimination of halogen hydride by means of a weak alkali (e.g.
		The shrinkage of clay both in drying and firing is well known, and it is this shrinkage which causes large pieces of terracotta to twist or become crooked.
	www.1911ency.org /T/TE/TERPENES.htm (9531 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		During this wafer drying step, it is important to prevent watermarks from forming on the surface of the silicon wafers.
		The flask is attached to a clean and dry distillation column of about containing about 60 cm height of stainless steel expanded metal fractionating medium.
		The distillation is stopped when 20-30 ml of IPA remains in the distillation flask.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=04/72007.040826&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (2402 words)

	What are Essential Oils (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Other factors that should be taken into consideration during the harvest include the amount of dew on the leaves, the percentage of plant in bloom, and the weather conditions during the two weeks prior to the harvest.
		Also, because of the volatility of the essential oils, to prevent herbs from drying out prior to being distilled (and so, losing many of the precious, aromatic molecules to evaporation), distillers should be located as close to the field as possible.
		However, distillation is as much a science as it is an art, and subtle differences in distillation equipment and processing conditions can translate into huge differences in essential oil quality.
	www.inhalationproducts.com /oils/essential_oils.htm (1149 words)

	Wood Alcohol
		His process, which allowed 7.5 to 9 liters of 100-degree alcohol to be obtained per 100 kilograms of dry wood, did not, however, become an industrial process because of excessive dilution of the saccharine juices.
		The distillation of the fermented juices requires distillation apparatus specially configured for the treatment of juice with a low alcohol content (0.9 to 0.95%); it must take place in the presence of sodium carbonate, which is used to retain the volatile organic acids.
		It is much improved by distillation apparatus which separates the heads in order to obtain, by separating head products amounting to 10% of the total, a sulphite alcohol suitable for denaturing, and other head products to be purified.
	journeytoforever.org /biofuel_library/wood_alcohol.html (2472 words)

	Techno-Dry USA, Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Gelfand was working on a design for a new system of filtration and distillation for dry cleaning machines.
		Gelfand and Sbrocchi collaborated on the design for a new way of cleaning the fluid in the dry cleaning machines, one which will give the consumer quality which before was thought unattainable, at the same time reducing the solvent emissions to near zero.
		The cost of dry cleaning was brought down to what they were 30 years ago.
	www.technodry.com /about.html (538 words)

	The Alchemists Garret - Lexicon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		According to M.Junis a type of gas expansion chamber which is attached in a distillation train or circulation between the boiling flask and the condenser.
		The flask which is attached to the outlet of a condenser (or retort) that catches the distillate.
		Usually used to describe a dry distillation (distillation or vaporisation of a dry substance).
	www.angelfire.com /nb/alchemy/lexicon.htm (1142 words)

	The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Fuel Ethanol Manufactured by Dry Mill Distillation - Market Research Report
		Depending on original data sources used, the definition of “fuel ethanol manufactured by dry mill distillation” is established.
		It is for this definition of fuel ethanol manufactured by dry mill distillation that the aggregate latent demand estimates are derived.
		Based on the aggregate view of fuel ethanol manufactured by dry mill distillation as defined above, data were then collected for as many similar countries as possible for that same definition, at the same level of the value chain.
	www.mindbranch.com /products/R307-11205.html (2915 words)

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