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Topic: Dual Alliance, 1879

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	PlanetPapers - Was the Alliance System Responsible for the Outbreak of WWI?
		The alliance system ideated by the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck kept peace in Europe but its main aim was, however, to forestall the possibility that, in the event of war, Germany would have to fight it on two fronts (basically France and Russia).
		The alliances were of vital importance for the magnitude of World War I. Even though they are not a solid reason themselves for the outbreak of war they are the key factor in the establishment of its parameters in its early days as the two fronts declared war on each other.
		The alliance system was not a factor determining the initial mistrusts, disagreements and miscalculations but was the effect of such conflicts in the attempt to temporarily suppress the feeling of the inevitability of a major conflict that would eventually emerge from such quarrels.
	www.planetpapers.com /Assets/3267.php (1740 words)

	World War I - alliance system
		The Dual Alliance ended the isolation of France, created a rival alliance to the Triple Alliance, and, most serious of all, faced Germany with the threat of a two front war.
		Secondly, the alliances were always made on a war-footing and so heightened the war tension and led to an arms race among the European powers.
		The Austro-German alliance of 1879 was so modified that it had become an aggressive alliance after the Bosnian crisis in 1909, the German government promised to give military aid to Austria-Hungary, if Austria invaded Serbia and Russia intervened on behalf of the latter.
	www.thecorner.org /hist/wwi/alliance.htm (3102 words)

	Dual Alliance â“ FREE Dual Alliance Information \| Encyclopedia.com: Facts, Pictures, Information!
		Dual Alliance 1879-82: see Triple Alliance and Triple Entente.
		Wi-Fi Alliance cries uncle, promises dual Wi-Fi 'n' roadmap.
		Case studies in dual classification as process: childbirth, headhunting and circumcision in West Timor.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-X-DualAlli.html (783 words)

	Foundations of Political Theory
		Moreover, although the relationship between threat level and alliance type is theorized to be curvilinear, the study has at least one case where two alliance types were used in combination against the same threat.
		Threat level is certainly a plausible reason for states to form alliances in the first place, but which type of alliance formed might be determined by something completely different, such as the costs of the alliance type and the availability or reliability of alliance partners.
		As with part one of the argument, however, the strength of the empirics is unsettled by the lack of consideration for alternative variables and by the difficulty in operationalizing cohesion.
	www.political-theory.org /books/reviews/weitsman.html (1382 words)

	First World War.com - Primary Documents - Dual Alliance, 7 October 1879
		The Dual Alliance treaty, signed by Germany and Austria-Hungary, promised aid to each other in the event of an attack by Russia, or if Russia aided another power at war with either Germany or Austria-Hungary.
		Bismarck, the architect of the treaty, was keen to establish the first of numerous alliances to provide newly united Germany with allies against a future possible attack by France.
		A "creeping barrage" is an artillery bombardment in which a 'curtain' of artillery fire moves toward the enemy ahead of the advancing troops and at the same speed as the troops.
	www.firstworldwar.com /source/dualalliance.htm (384 words)

	Austro Hungary- FREE Austro Hungary Information \| Encyclopedia.com: Facts, Pictures, Information!
		or Dual Alliance (1879) Pact between Austria-Hungary and the German Reich in which the two powers promised each other support in case of attack by Russia, and neutrality in case of aggression by any other power.
		Austria-Hungary (or Austro-Hungarian Empire) The ‘Dual Monarchy’, established by the Austrian emperor Francis Joseph after Austria's defeat by Prussia in 1866 in which Austria and Hungary became autonomous states under a common sovereign.
		reorganized as the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, that is, the Empire of Austria and...
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchresults.aspx?q=Austro-Hungary (1153 words)

	Europe in Retropsect: Discontent & Tension - The Delicate Balance of Diplomacy
		The first was the Dual Alliance of 1879 that joined Austria to Germany in case of a military attack by Russia.
		The second alliance was the Triple Alliance of 1882, now joining Italy with Austria and Germany, and extending the defensive arrangement against France as well as Russia.
		The Franco-Russian Alliance, this improbable alliance between the most revolutionary and the most reactionary country of Europe of the time, was signed, and, with it, the possibility of a two-front war became a German probability.
	www.britannia.com /history/euro/2/7_2.html (2445 words)

	Dual Alliance, 1879 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary was created by treaty on October 7, 1879.
		In it, Germany and Austria-Hungary pledged to aid one another in case of an attack by Russia.
		Also, each state promised benevolent neutrality to the other if one of them was attacked by another European power (generally taken to be France, especially after the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1894).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879) (273 words)

	Great Power Politics
		Thus the new alliance was regarded as a defensive alliance.
		Bismarck claimed that the alliance with Austria was a warning, not a threat to Russia.
		In this respect the Reinsurance Treaty was compatible with the Dual Alliance of 1879.
	mars.vnet.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/germany/lectures/11greatpower.html (3793 words)

	Alliance — FactMonster.com
		War of the Grand Alliance - Grand Alliance, War of the, 1688–97, war between France and a coalition of European powers,...
		War of the Triple Alliance - Triple Alliance, War of the, 1865–70, fought between Paraguay on one side and an alliance of...
		Dual Alliance - Dual Alliance, 1879–82: see Triple Alliance and Triple Entente.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/us/A0803407.html (141 words)

	PlanetPapers - Causes of the Franco-Russian alliance
		this is highlighted by alliances and treaties such as the "Dual Alliance" of 1879, the "Dreikaiserbund" of 1881 and the "Reinsurance Treaty" This was also the case for both France and Russia, with them agreeing the "Franco-Russian Military Convention" on August 18th 1892 and later agreeing the "Franco-Russian Alliance" in 1893.
		Both countries wanted different things from the alliance but there was one common reason between them, and that was to oppose Germany - although both countries had different incentives for this.
		The Franco - Russian alliance was not merely a commercial or financial scheme, it was the supreme guaranty of the unhampered development of the two nations, which was needed as both countries were left feeling isolated and vulnerable, France after the "Franco - Prussian war" and for Russia the expired "Reinsurance Treaty".
	www.planetpapers.com /Assets/1045.php (822 words)

	Austria-Hungary 1867-1918 - WW2 - German Archive: Austria-Hungary, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Dual ...
		Monarchy or Dual State, was a dual-monarchic union state in Central Europe from 1867 to 1918, dissolved at the end of World War I. The dual monarchy was the successor to the Austrian Empire (1804—1867) on the same territory, originating in the compromise between the ruling Habsburg dynasty and the Hungarians.
		After 1879 the Austro-Hungarian government slowly began to re-nationalize the rail network, largely because of the sluggish pace of development during the worldwide depression of the 1870s.
		But the Empire's alliance with Germany against Russia from October 1879 (see Dual Alliance, 1879) commanded general acceptance, since Russia seemed the principal external military threat to both parts.
	www.austriannotes.com /history/article.php?products_id=49 (2527 words)

	Austria-Hungary (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Austria-Hungary also known as the " Dual Monarchy " was a dualistic state (1867 - 1918) in which the kingdom of Hungary enjoyed self-government and proportional representation in affairs (principally foreign relations and defence) with western and northern lands of the Austrian Empire under the Emperors (who were Kings of Hungary) of the Habsburg dynasty.
		After 1879 the government began to slowly renationalize rail network largely because of the sluggish of development during the worldwide depression of the 1870s.
		Between 1879 and more than 25 000 km was built Cisleithania and Hungary.
	www.freeglossary.com /Austria-Hungary (2659 words)

	Alliances up to, and during WW1
		This treaty was developed following the Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria, signed in 1879.
		This alliance was renewed in 1907, and in 1912.
		Four major alliances were in operation with the outbreak of war.
	psikoloji.fisek.com.tr /makale/alliance.htm (725 words)

	SparkNotes: Europe (1871-1914): Crises in the Balkans and the Road to Destruction (1874-1912)
		As a result of Russia's obvious political losses at the Congress of Berlin, Russia abandoned its alliance with Germany in the Three Emperors' League.
		Bismarck, in turn, recommitted Germany and Austria-Hungary together in a Dual Alliance in 1879.
		In 1882, Italy was asked to join the Dual Alliance, thus converting it into a Triple Alliance that lasted until the beginning of World War I in 1914.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/1871-1914/section9.rhtml (866 words)

	HIS 232: Reference Sheet for pre-1914 Diplomatic Alliances and Alignments
		Concluded after the breakdown of the Dreikaiserbund and the disruption in Russo-German relations caused by the diplomatic setback suffered by Russia at the Congress of Berlin in 1878, this was Bismarck's device to bind Austria to Germany in case either was attacked by Russia.
		In addition, mobilization by one or more members of the opposing Triple Alliance would entail immediate mobilization(i.e., readying the army for action) of both France and Russia "in such a manner as to oblige Germany to fight simultaneously in both east and west." The alliance was to have the same duration as the Triple alliance.
		Against the firmly established Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy (thoughthat didn't prove to be all that firm in 1914) there stood the equally firm Franco-Russian alliance, with Britain finally declaring her interest instanding with the latter powers against Germany.
	web.jjay.cuny.edu /~jobrien/reference/ob15.html (1126 words)

	triple alliance 1882 information -- triple alliance 1882 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Alliance and Triple Entente The Triple Alliance and Triple Entente are two opposing international combinations of states that dominated Europe's history from 1882 until they came into armed conflict as...
		The Dual Alliance became the Triple Alliance in 1882 with the addition of Italy.
		These two countries had come together in a Dual Alliance in 1879, and, joined by Italy in 1882, had formed a Triple Alliance.
	www.flustriple.info /triplealliance1882 (1187 words)

	Italian military campaigns in WW1
		1879 - Dual Alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary - Reached between Germany and Austria-Hungary against possible attack by Russia.
		Germany continued to prolong discussions, even at the risk of driving Britain into the Dual Entente of France and Russia, but they finally broke down over the Boer War.
		Then with both countries concerned about Germany, but friendly with France, the 1894 Dual Entente and the 1904 'Entente Cordiale' became the Triple Entente of Russia, France and Britain.
	www.worldwar1atsea.net /WW1CampaignsItaly.htm (1849 words)

	Austria-Hungary - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site (Site not responding. Last check: )
		After 1879 the Austro-Hungarian government slowly began to re-nationalize the rail network, largely because of the sluggish pace of development during the worldwide depression of the 1870s.
		The years between 1879 and 1900 saw more than 25,000 km of railways built in Cisleithania and Hungary.
		But the Empire's alliance with Germany against Russia from October 1879 (see Dual Alliance, 1879) commanded general acceptance, since Russia seemed the principal external military threat to both parts.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=2983 (3087 words)

	Timeline 1879-1882
		1879 Jul 9, Ottorino Respighi, composer (Pines of Rome), was born in Bologna, Italy.
		1879 Oct 2, A dual alliance was formed between Austria and Germany, in which the two countries agreed to come to the other’s aid in the event of aggression.
		1879 In Hungary the Tisza River overflowed and destroyed 5,500 of 5,800 houses in the town of Szeged.
	www.timelines.ws /1879_1882.HTML (14473 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Austria-Hungary : Foreign Policy, 1867-1893
		Austria then approached France (Austria's entry into the Latin Monetary Union fit into this policy) and an alliance was negotiated; the obstacle was Rome, occupied by French troops and demanded by Italy.
		After the French alliance had failed to materialize, in 1879 the ZWEIBUND or DUAL ALLIANCE (with Germany) was signed; it would form the foundation of German and Austrian foreign policy until into World War I, a relation called NIBELUNGENTREUE by historians (mutual faith as the highest virtue).
		In 1882, the Dual Alliance was extended into the TRIPLE ALLIANCE which included Italy.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/germany/au186793for.html (565 words)

	Amazon.com: "Dual Alliance": Key Phrase page
		The European system of alliances began with the formation of the Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1879.
		In October 1879, Bismarck opened the negotiations with Austria- Hungary that produced the Dual Alliance.
		By virtue of the Dual Alliance of 1879, Austria-Hungary might expect the support of the German empire in countering Russian aggression.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Dual-Alliance (475 words)

	GHDI - Document
		This task was made easier by the relatively generous peace terms Bismarck had made after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and by Austria-Hungaryâs linguistic and cultural with Germany.
		The defensive nature of the alliance is stressed in the treatyâs preamble.
		Although Bismarck overestimated the stability of the Habsburg Empire and its ability to bring Britain into the fold, this alliance was both durable and of great historical import: in July 1914, Austria-Hungaryâs squabble with Serbia in the Balkans grew into the First World War.
	germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org /sub_document.cfm?document_id=1856 (531 words)

	Causes of World War One
		An alliance is an agreement made between two or more countries to give each other help if it is needed.
		When an alliance is signed, those countries become known as Allies.
		A number of alliances had been signed by countries between the years 1879 and 1914.
	www.historyonthenet.com /WW1/causes.htm (743 words)

	WW1 The Old World
		1879 - Dual Alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary was Bismarck's foundation of stability in central Europe, preserving a peace and balance of power through diplomacy, and restraining Austrian ambitions in the Balkans.
		1893 - Franco-Russian Alliance formed Jan. 4 by the France and Russia in response to the Triple Alliance and to Russia's need of French investment capital to build the Trans-Siberian Railway.
		1902 - Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902 ended Britain's "splendid Isolation" followed by the 1904 Entente Cordiale and the 1907 Anglo-Russian entente.
	history.sandiego.edu /gen/ww1/oldworld.html (561 words)

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