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Topic: Dual economy

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	Economic system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There is often a strong correlation between certain ideologies, political systems and certain economic systems (for example, consider the meanings of the term "communism").
		Many economic systems overlap each other in various areas (for example, the term "mixed economy" can be argued to include elements from various systems).
		Typically, "left-wing" economic systems involve a greater role for society and/or the government to determine what gets produced, how it gets produced, and who gets the produced goods and services, with the stated aim of ensuring social justice and a more equitable distribution of wealth (see welfare state).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Economy (475 words)

	lp
		DUAL ECONOMY: 2001 Female Farmer of the Year NoSandla Kali and her sister Nophelo Kali stand next to their Nqamakwe region food and sunflower display at an expo mounted by farmers and Department of Agriculture officials at the opening of the Bisho Legislature last week.
		Mbeki still wants the single global national economy to absorb those millions, towards half the adult population, who are presently economically trapped in non-functioning local township and rural marginalised economies.
		The high levels of dependency on the global economy, the inactivity and poverty of most people in these areas and the fact that in the model the numerous poor are a "cost" to the state opens up an unnecessary tension between the two economies.
	www.dispatch.co.za /2003/02/26/editoria/LP.HTM (928 words)

	Russia: Rise of a Dual Economy by Pekka Sutela
		A dual economy is sustainable and may generate growth—particularly when commodity prices are high.
		An economy with several exchange systems is unstable and difficult to regulate by economic policies; with little money in use the possibilities of generating savings to be channeled into investment finance are modest at best.
		First, Russia should recognize that as a European economy it is medium-size at most, with a $370 billion GDP in 1998—about 2.5 times that of Finland—and a weight in the world economy that is smaller than, for instance, Sweden’s.
	www.worldbank.org /html/prddr/trans/so99/pgs20-22.htm (1459 words)

	Open economy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An open economy is an economy in which people, including businesses, can trade in goods and services with other people and businesses in the international community at large.
		There are a number of advantages for citizens of a country with an open economy.
		One primary advantage is that the citizen consumers have a much larger variety of goods and services from which to choose from.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Open_economy (241 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Minimum Driving Range for Dual Fueled Electric Passenger Automobiles
		These provisions indicate that qualifying dual fueled passenger automobiles must, with the exception of model year 1993-1995 vehicles using a mixture of alternative fuel and conventional fuel, be able to operate for some minimum distance while being powered by an alternative fuel providing equal or superior energy efficiency to gasoline or diesel fuel.
		The fact remains, however, that the recognition that dual fueled vehicles would be capable of operating on gasoline alone, or might well be operated on gasoline alone, does not in any way conflict with the requirement that a dual fueled vehicle also be capable of operation while being powered by an alternative fuel alone.
		Toyota's second argument is that in indicating that dual fueled electric vehicles must be capable of operating on electricity alone and that this electricity may not be generated by the vehicle's own gasoline or diesel powered motor, NHTSA has, in defiance of Congress, erected an unreasonable bar to marketplace-driven development of alternative fuel technologies.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2001/April/Day-25/i10237.htm (3495 words)

	Accounting in the Dual Economy - Questia Online Library
		This sectorial view of the economy was introduced as a vehicle to address persistent social problems that have not vanished in spite of the so-called attempts at resolving them.
		Dualism, in fact, encompasses three main characteristics: namely, the existence of a dual economy reflecting the organization of capital, the existence of a dual labor market in thin capital structures, and a set of outcomes facing the workers as a result of these dualities.
		What results from this dynamic is a two-sector economy with one sector characterized by increasingly centralized and concentrated capital and another comprised of small, competitive firms.
	www.questia.com /PM.qst?a=o&docId=28622748 (387 words)

	Unemployment : risks and reactions / Nikolai Genov, ed. UNESCO-MOST ; FES . - Teil 6
		In a third interpretation of the dual economy (Hodson/Kaufman, 1982; Averitt, 1968) the dividing line is between the influential large companies and the small ventures.
		While earlier the institutional separation of the first and second economies (Sik, 1995) was coupled with a significant number of actors being involved in both, now the roles are separated in person and the two economies are not divided along state control or legality.
		The late phase of planned economy was dominated by elements of public and organizational loyalty, while aspects of personal loyalty came to the fore in the transitional economy.
	www.fes.de /fulltext/bueros/sofia/00621005.htm (3654 words)

	[No title]
		As against that, the other economy is re}{\fs26 p}{\fs26 resented by small companies dominated by individuals or families supplying limited markets and their strategies of production and marketing fall behind those in the centre.
		While earlier the institutional separation of the first and se}{\fs26 c}{\fs26 ond economies (Sik, 1995) was coupled with a significant number of actors b}{\fs26 e}{\fs26 ing involved in both, now the roles are separated in person and the two econ}{\fs26 o}{\fs26 mies are not divided along state control or legality.
		The late phase of planned economy was dominated by elements of public and organiz}{\fs26 a}{\fs26 tional loyalty, while aspects of personal loyalty came to the fore in the trans}{\fs26 i}{\fs26 tional economy.
	www.unesco.org /most/p86unm4.doc (3724 words)

	Final Rule: 49 CFR Part 538 - Automotive Fuel Economy Manufacturing Incentives for Alternative Fueled Vehicles
		Under the special procedures for calculating the fuel economy of those vehicles contained in that section, dual fueled vehicles are assigned a higher fuel economy value for CAFE purposes in recognition of the fact that they can displace gasoline or diesel fuel use, and therefore reduce dependence on foreign oil.
		Congress considered the incentive to manufacture dual fueled vehicles so important that it took steps to ensure its continued effectiveness by providing that the agency could not consider the availability of the AMFA credits when determining the maximum feasible fuel economy level for any particular fleet in any particular model year.
		AMFA established the eligibility criteria and procedures for calculation of the incentive benefits, and further provided that in establishing maximum feasible fuel economy levels, the Secretary "may not consider the fuel economy of dedicated automobiles and shall not consider dual fueled automobiles to be operated only on gasoline or diesel fuel." 49 U.S.C. § 32902(h).
	www.nhtsa.dot.gov /cars/rules/CAFE/Rulemaking/AMFAFinalRule2004.htm (13539 words)

	China's Economy: Free-markets or Socialism?
		Since then, ChinaÍs economy has grown tremendously -- in the last decade the Chinese GNP has been growing at a rate that doubles their economy every seven to eight years.
		This phenomenon results when the economy is divided between the modern portion, dominated by capital-intensive firms who are closely tied to the world economy, and the traditional portion, which includes agriculture, small local industry and handicrafts.
		The existence of a dual economy proves that modernization is beginning and will eventually transform the remainder of the traditional economy.
	www.indyflicks.com /danielle/papers/paper11.htm (1130 words)

	2weekB (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The notion of a dual economy is more or less a prescription of what to do to, namely, modernize the traditional economy (pp.51, 53, and 54 of the class packet).
		One of the most influential ideas in the concept of the dual economy was stages of growth.
		The development of these plantations had a large impact on the village economies in Sri Lanka because the land which was previously available for farming, grazing animals, collecting wood, and other activities, was now unavailable.
	www.geog.psu.edu /courses/geog103/Rostow.htm (1714 words)

	South Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état, and regular elections have been held for almost a century; however, the vast majority of fl South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994.
		The economy of South Africa is the largest and best developed on the continent, with modern infrastructure common throughout the country.
		South Africa is often referred to as The Rainbow Nation - a term coined by Archbishop Desmond Tutu and later elaborated upon by then-President Nelson Mandela as a metaphor to describe the country's newly-developing multicultural diversity in the wake of separatist apartheid ideology.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/South_Africa (6422 words)

	Helmar Rudolph: My Blog :: South Africa :: South Africa's Misunderstood 'Dual Economy'
		Government still has to reflect on what a 'dual economy' is, how it came about and is structured, and what such economic duality requires in policy and programme terms.
		An appropriate depiction of the 'dual' economy starts from the fact that the bottom floor of the double storey house contains the historically 'marginalised' (and recently re-marginalised by globalisation) majority of the population whose dependence on the 'global' first economy for jobs, goods and services remains almost total.
		Today it is realised that the dual economy model requires a set of 'localisation' policies and programmes that focus on the non-functioning nature of South Africa's many marginalized local economies.
	www.helmar.org /index.php?id=490 (3889 words)

	dual definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		Do not confuse the spelling of dual and duel, which sound similar.
		Dual is chiefly used as an adjective, meaning "having two elements or aspects" or "double," as in dual citizenship, a dual-purpose device.
		Duel is chiefly used as a noun, denoting a fight between two people: He took offense at this remark and challenged the man to a duel.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861606815 (195 words)

	Why South Africa's dual economy survives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		He puts it in the context of the "dualism" between the wealth-creating, developed formal economy, and the poor, underdeveloped, largely unemployed sector.
		While the dualism of the South African economy is, of course, rooted in the apartheid era, that is not a full explanation either.
		So the continued dualism in South Africa is a function of our co-option into that global capital-centred economy.
	www.sadtu.org.za /ev/June_2003_Html/why.html (983 words)

	South Africa - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état, and regular free and fair elections have been held since 1994, making it a regional power and among the most stable and liberal democracies in Africa.
		The economy of South Africa is the largest and most well-developed of the entire African continent, with modern infrastructure common throughout the country.
		Consecutive growth rates in the last ten years are helping lower unemployment, however, the economy still has ways to go, and daunting economic problems remain from the apartheid era, especially the problems of poverty and lack of economic empowerment among the disadvantaged groups.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/s/o/u/South_Africa_1287.html (4642 words)

	[No title]
		The dual economy theory suggests that workers in the core and periphery fare much differently in regards to earnings and those differences are not related to individualistic qualities.
		Key Concepts: Human capital variables: things that are individualistic to the worker; i.e., formal schooling, work experience, etc Dual Economy: “division of the industrial structure into distinct sectors within which employers and workers face fundamentally difference conditions and operate according to fundamentally different rules” (706).
		Periphery Economy: Functional Theories of Strat: “competitive matching b/w the functional importance of occupational roles and the skills and training of job seekers” (705); where occupational prestige comes from.
	home.uchicago.edu /~btm1/prelim_03-04/Beck.doc (717 words)

	Japan: The System That Soured
		Sure, a few productivity experts spoke of the dual economy and of the dangers of "hollowing out." Most people, however, were so bedazzled by Japan's trade performance that the dry rot eating away at the nation's domestic foundations went virtually unnoticed.
		The Japanese economy is characterized by the existence of a dual structure in which efficient manufacturers and inefficient service-related sectors co-exist.
		The dual economy has so distorted the normal economic mechanisms that Japan is chronically unable to consume all that it produces.
	www.businessweek.com /chapter/katz.htm (9121 words)

	Ken Blawatt and Dion Greenidge: The Caymans, The Dual Economy and Education in Entrepreneurship
		The offsetting part of the economy is the second sector the 'entrepreneurial economy' that creates the new jobs and wealth and more than compensates for jobs lost by the managed economy.
		The implications of a dual economy extend directly to any national setting and there is the constant need to improve and change the structure and content of the enterprise.
		The initiating argument is that the dual economy requires entrepreneurial individuals to energize that sector and create national wealth.
	www.uwichill.edu.bb /bnccde/cayman/conference/papers/blawattgreenidge.html (2578 words)

	Kalos: PART SEVEN, CHAPTER XXIX: Rurality as Hinterland
		In Indonesia, the principle of Dual Economy was discovered a generation ago.7 This was still during the colonial, exploitative period.
		It is futile to wait a) until the dystrocracies rationalize their subsistence economies, b) until they change from subsistence to market economies, c) until they find ample exportable goods, or d) until they borrow enough on their poor credit or are given enough financial aid to prime their industrial pumps.
		Less than 400 million citizens should be in the families of subsistence farmers and their provisioners.12 A fourth would be in China, a fourth in India, a fifth in Central and South America, and a fifth in Indonesia, with the balance scattered in many places.
	www.grazian-archive.com /governing/kalos/Kalos_P07_C29.html (4560 words)

	2175. Sector Growth and the Dual Economy Model: Evidence from Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Zimbabwe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		They extend the classic dual economy - the agriculture and industry sectors - by adding the services sector.
		This also provides evidence against the basic dual economy model, which implies that a long-run relationship cannot exist between agricultural and industrial output.
		Their findings contradict the literature on the dual economy - and suggest that more attention should be paid to inter-sectoral dynamics and dependencies in Sub-Saharan Africa.
	wbln0018.worldbank.org /Research/workpapers.nsf/568b4463f7c6e237852567e500514be6/c297c6d4f4675724852567e00054dda8?OpenDocument (340 words)

	Commanding Heights : Eisuke Sakakibara \| on PBS
		One sector of the Japanese economy is an export-oriented sector which is highly competitive, consisting of Toyota and Sony, for example.
		At that time the U.S. economy was just recovering from a decade with all sorts of stagnation, and the Japanese economy had just experienced a very long period of prosperity, so they were very aggressive towards Japan, and they actually intended to structurally change the Japanese economy.
		Their major intention was to focus on fair competitive pricing, and they thought, at that time, because of those government interventions in our economy, because we structure the whole of the Japanese economy, that Japanese exports had an unfavorably strong competitive edge vis-a-vis the U.S. companies.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/int_eisukesakakibara.html (5874 words)

	SSRN-Dual Economy Models: A Primer for Growth Economists by Jonathan Temple
		This paper argues that dual economy models deserve a central place in the analysis of growth in developing countries.
		The paper shows how these models can be used to analyse the output losses associated with factor misallocation, aggregate growth in the presence of factor market distortions, international differences in sectoral productivity and the potential role of increasing returns to scale.
		Above all, small-scale general equilibrium models can be used to investigate the interactions between growth and labour markets, to shed new light on the origins of pro-poor and labour-intensive growth, and to explore the role of the informal sector.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=758572 (253 words)

	UNDERGRADUATE ECONOMICS HONORS THESIS: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		But the value of dual sector, Harrod-Domar, and Solow models within Timmer's greater agricultural context is in their outline of what one can expect given a reduced multitude of factors: L, K, T, and A. Although their simplicity betrays their actual usefulness, the importance of the factors and conditions they elucidate continues to grow still.
		He was extremely critical of what he saw as the exploitation of Cambodia's economy by greedy landowners, importers, and "usurers." In the dissertation, he writes, "usurers and landowners, principal beneficiaries of the highest rural incomes, tend to spend their money on imported luxury goods."[147] This particular observation echoed chapter 3's point on Cambodia's spendthrift economy.
		Using the dual sectors model or the dual sector economy models, the impact of intersectoral labor transfers and the importance of technology in agriculture were underlined.
	www.csua.berkeley.edu /~sophal/whole.html (19000 words)

	W. Arthur Lewis, Biography: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty
		According to Lewis a poor country's economy could be thought of as containing two sectors, a small "capitalist" sector and a very large "traditional" (agricultural) sector.
		Lewis was a lecturer at the University of London from 1938 to 1948, then Stanley Jevons Professor of Political Economy at the University of Manchester from 1948 to 1958.
		He was vice chancellor of the University of West Indies from 1959 to 1963 and a professor of political economy at Princeton University from 1963 until his death.
	www.econlib.org /library/Enc/bios/Lewis.html (805 words)

	CAFE Incentives for the Sale of Alternative-Fuel Vehicles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		After accounting for losses of energy in electricity generation and transmission, the statutory fuel economy of electric vehicles is approximately double their actual fuel economy.
		The use of fuel economy multipliers may yield mileage figures on paper for individual vehicles that are much higher than the 1991 CAFE standard of 27.5 MPG for passenger cars and 20.5 MPG for light trucks.
		As long as the statutory fuel economy of alternative-fuel vehicles exceeds the standard for the corporate average, the more vehicles powered by alcohol and natural gas that automakers sell, the lower the required fuel economy of their conventional gasoline-powered fleet.
	www.cbo.gov /showdoc.cfm?index=6282&sequence=0 (1981 words)

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