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Topic: Duality (physics)

	Wave–particle duality - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In physics, wave-particle duality holds that light and matter exhibit properties of both waves and of particles.
		The idea of duality is rooted in a debate over the nature of light and matter dating back to the 1600s, when competing theories of light were proposed by Christiaan Huygens and Isaac Newton.
		Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his theory of the photoelectric effect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Duality_(physics) (2079 words)

	Quantum Theory and Wave/Particle Duality
		The idea has been introduced into modern physics to account for observations in which particles of matter interact to produce effects that appear to be identical to the effects that occur when waves diffract and interfere.
		On examination, the fundamental rationale for wave/particle duality lies in the assumption that the only possible mechanism for the observed phenomena is the wave propagation mechanisms of diffraction and interference.
		Physical wave propagation (that is, in time and space) is a feature of the De Broglie model only.
	www.hotquanta.com /wpd.html (4113 words)

	paperaddressDuality and Dual States: Glossary Definition
		The thinking was the more the physical was denied, the closer one could come to the Spiritual Source: hence the advent of the myriad forms of asceticism, mortification of the flesh; beauty became sin, sin being those attitudes which led away from the path of the spirit's return to its divine source.
		Duality, a pervasive property of algebraic structures, holds that two operations or concepts are interchangeable, all results holding in one formulation also holding in the other, the dual formulation.
		In physics, to maintain locality and the concept of invarience, a particle undergoing transformtation was said to be operating in a field.
	www.math.vt.edu /people/gao/duality/duality.html (3144 words)

	Theoretical Elementary Particle Physics - Chicago
		Among the many current research topics are dualities in string theory, D-branes, non-commutative geometry, large extra dimensions, the AdS/CFT correspondence, inflationary cosmology, the cosmological constant problem, CP violation, B physics, baryogenesis, and supersymmetric model building.
		Much of the success of particle physics is based on situations where there is a small parameter (such as the fine structure constant in QED) and quantities of physical interest can be expanded in a perturbative series in terms of this small parameter.
		Among the most relevant open questions in particle physics are the ones related to the origin of mass and to the existence of matter in the Universe.
	physics.uchicago.edu /t_part.html (3277 words)

	CISNA - The Duality Principle
		In physics, action and reaction, positive and negative charges, and particle and wave theories are known as dual and/or complementary principles.
		Duality should be considered as an axiom of the world in which we live.
		If students were to be presented with the structure of duality, and shown how it applies to each of us in our daily lives before they began studying the theories of any scientific discipline, they would have the opportunity to incorporate this knowledge into their understanding of the disciplines.
	www.posttool.com /cisna/dual.html (3891 words)

	Duality (physics) (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In modern physics, duality most often refers to the paradigm underlying quantummechanics, according to which matter or energy can exhibit properties associatedwith wave physics as well as classical particle mechanics.
		This duality also implies that light and electromagnetic radiation, which in classical physics are considered to be wave phenomena, can exhibit particle-like properties.
		Light has to be described as a wave in orderto explain interference effects, whereas the photoelectric effect is usually explained with a particlemodel.
	www.therfcc.org.cob-web.org:8888 /duality-physics--5789.html (204 words)

	SUPERSTRINGS! String Duality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		One way to find evidence for a duality between strong and weak coupling is to compare the spectrum of light states in each picture and see if they agree.
		The other S-duality in 10 dimensions is the self duality of the IIB string: the strong coupling limit of the IIB string is another weakly coupled IIB string theory.
		The dualities between the various string theories provide strong evidence that they are simply different descriptions of the same underlying theory.
	www.sukidog.com /jpierre/strings/duality.htm (423 words)

	paperaddressDuality and Dual States: Glossary Definition
		Four distinct forces are known to control all the observed interactions in matter: gravitation, electromagnetism, the strong force (a short-range force that holds atomic nuclei together), and the weak force (the force responsible for slow nuclear processes, such as beta decay).
		One of the first to attempt the development of such a theory was Albert Einstein, whose work in relativity had led him to the hypothesis that it should be possible to find a unifying theory for the electromagnetic and gravitational forces.
		In the 18th century the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier was the first to formulate such a law, the law of conservation of matter or mass, which stated that, in a chemical reaction, the total amount of matter of the reaction compounds remains constant.
	www.math.vt.edu /people/gao/physics (872 words)

	S-duality - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In theoretical physics, S-duality (also a strong-weak duality) is an equivalence of two quantum field theories, string theories, or M-theory.
		In 3 dimensions, such a model would be dual to a lattice gauge model over the dual group G'.
		In 4 dimensions, a lattice gauge model with G as the gauge group would be dual to a lattice gauge model with G' as the gauge group (with the electric and magnetic fields interchanged).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/S-duality (367 words)

	Wave/Particle Duality - SciForums.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		As redrover says it doen't switch from one state to another, duality is a fundamental property of it.
		You have to rembe partiocle and waves ar really macroscopic constructions/visualisations that may seem to be discrete states on the macroscopic level, but not on the microscopic level.
		Quantum physics assures us that we cannot make this assumption--an assumption which Einstein disagreed with-- and so it is not untill we record the particle hitting the measuring screen for our double slit experiment that we can say that it's position is definate.
	www.sciforums.com /showthread.php?t=24383 (1671 words)

	Duality (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In analytical psychology, duality is an archetype, that is to say, one of the deep powerful symbols of the functioning of the psyche.
		In alchemy, duality is a dynamic principle of opposing or complementary elements or spirits.
		In electronics, duality is the relationship between two devices or circuits that have mathematical descriptions that are identical except that voltages in one correspond to currents in the other, and vice versa.
	duality.kiwiki.homeip.net.cob-web.org:8888 (289 words)

	Wave-Particle Duality
		Wave-Particle Duality is perhaps the most notable concept of the quantum world, and by extension, the philosophical basis of modern thought.
		It is the defining characteristic of elementary physical entities, such as electrons, protons, neutrons, atoms, and molecules, which exist on the one hand in states which evolve like waves when they are not observed, and evolve like particles when observed.
		there is no physical disturbance of the signal beams itself, nor some physical intrusion that caused this change in the outcome of the experiments.
	www.halexandria.org /dward161.htm (1534 words)

	Physics: Simple Solution to Wave Particle Duality Paradox. Spherical Standing Wave Causes Particle Effect at Wave-Center
		These Quantum Physics pages (on either side) show how this new understanding of physical reality (that all light and matter interactions are wave interactions in Space) explains and solves the central problems of Quantum Theory.
		This is the Most Simple Science Theory of Physical Reality (despite many claims to the contrary, science does actually work, we just needed the correct foundation of continuous Space rather than discrete matter).
		Each Quantum Physics page has a short summary and important quotes, so it is easy to click around and confirm things for yourself.
	www.spaceandmotion.com /Physics-Particle-Wave-Duality-Paradox.htm (1902 words)

	Category Physics - the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Physics (from Greek fromφυσικός (physikos): natural, from φύσις(physis): Nature) is the study of energy and its interaction with matter (see chemistry, biology).
		Because of the primacy of energy in termsof the history of the universe, because all matter must interact with energy to express its properties and engage intransformations, and because energy is the key player when matter is decomposed into its most basic parts, physics is often considered to be the fundamental science.
		Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics
	www.free-web-encyclopedia.com.cob-web.org:8888 /default.asp?t=Category:Physics (172 words)

	Physics Buzz: Wave/Particle Duality Living Large
		Wave/particle duality is usually a quantum phenomenon confined to photons, electrons, protons, and other ultra-tiny objects.
		All objects exhibit wave/particle duality to some extent, but the larger the object the harder it is to observe.
		It demonstrates wave/particle duality because the particle and the wave form a combined thing that is neither simply a particle nor a wave.
	physicsbuzz.blogspot.com /2006/10/waveparticle-duality-living-large.html (688 words)

	Duality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Duality relates the cross sections of exclusive processes such as e N –> e N* to the inclusive parton distributions measured in e N –> e X. This empirical relation is unexpected since it has been thought that the target Fock states which contribute to these two processes are quite different.
		Yet duality works as well for neutron as for proton targets, and even extends to spin and nuclear dependencies of the parton distributions.
		An improved understanding of the dynamics of exclusive processes at large momentum transfer and the origin of duality would help to unravel some of the mysteries in how QCD applies to hadron physics.
	www.physics.helsinki.fi /~hoyer/Duality.html (412 words)

	Duality and Supersymmetric Theories - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This is the first systematic introduction to electromagnetic duality and its generalisations.
		The authors are the leading figures in this exciting new area of mathematical physics, and their lectures have been organised not only to link with each other but also to describe the fundamental ideas, the latest developments, and some earlier work whose significance has only recently become apparent.
		Particle physics and fundamental theory: introduction and guide to Duality and supersymmetric Theories David Olive, and Peter West; 2.
	www.cambridge.org /uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521641586 (256 words)

	Words/Phrases DEFINED: 'duality'. Father Jerome's SPECIALIZED DICTIONARY of KEYWORDS/PHRASES pertaining to ...
		The term refers to the 'duality' of any Corporeal Life-form, such as a human being, wherein one-half of the duality is the twin of corporeality, and the other half of the duality is the 'twin' of incorporeality.
		The twin-duality is visible, physical, material and corporeal, and occupies time and space, within the Dimension of the Condensate of Corporeality of the Life-form.
		Duality exists in the Cosmos (Positivity:Negativity; Differentiated Relativity:Undifferentiated Relativity; etc.) God wishes to bring it all together, in wholeness (The Law of One).
	www.angelfire.com /ca/sanmateoissues/becdic/duality.html (325 words)

	Physics Department, Trinity College Dublin - Quantum Theory
		But even worse, from the point of view of classical physics, streams of electrons, neutrons, and even atoms produce similar interference patterns.
		This is the famous problem of particle-wave duality.
		The intensity of this quantum mechanical wave over a region on the detector determines the probability that the particle will arrive there - this should be zero at the minima.
	www.tcd.ie /Physics/Schools/what/atoms/quantum/duality.html (888 words)

	Duality - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In dualism (philosophy of mind), the body and mind are considered to be irreducibly distinct.
		Duality is a Star Wars fan film created by Dave Macomber and Mark Thomas and available at iFilm.
		Duality is a computer program for changing themes in Mac OSX written by Colin Cornaby.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Duality (338 words)

	Wave-Particle Duality
		Publicized early in the debate about whether light was composed of particles or waves, a wave-particle dual nature soon was found to be characteristic of electrons as well.
		The evidence for the description of light as waves was well established at the turn of the century when the photoelectric effect introduced firm evidence of a particle nature as well.
		On the other hand, the particle properties of electrons was well documented when the DeBroglie hypothesis and the subsequent experiments by Davisson and Germer established the wave nature of the electron.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/mod1.html (401 words)

	Physics Inside-Out: A Physics of Peace, by Loren Booda
		Dually compounded finite particles of equal but opposite spin could justify simply the condition for zero spin.
		The dual metrics (modified by the action-equivalent radii of curvature) symmetrize spherically across the Planck surface, correlating their compactified inverse and macroscopic conventional spacetimes.
		That is, we occupy a perspective central to the spatial extent of observation.
	www.quantumdream.net (8028 words)

	Duality and Physics - Above Top Secret Conspiracy Community (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Now, I believe in the 'duality of life' principle whereby for every positive effect their is a negative e.g.
		Well If you were to apply the law of duality to the law of physics (and infact every other law there is in the world) For every rule that is made it can be broken.
		Well, you should know that the physics of today, especially at quantum levels, isn't exactly a system of "Laws" anymore so much as it is a system of "Probabilities".
	www.abovetopsecret.com.cob-web.org:8888 /forum/thread133980/pg (698 words)

	Duality (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A dual is a pair – a grouping of two.
		In physics duality is present when two different actually turn out to be equivalent.
		In electronics duality is the relationship between devices or circuits that have mathematical descriptions are identical except that voltages in one to currents in the other and vice See dual (electronics).
	www.freeglossary.com.cob-web.org:8888 /Dual (415 words)

	Physics and Size (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Developments in advanced physics (t-duality in string theory) indicate that surprisingly, "The large in the small" has a physical and mathematical basis.
		The duality symmetry that obscures our ability to distinguish between large and small distance scales is called T-duality...
		One may even imagine that if the universe were to shrink to less than the Planck length, it would transform into a dual universe that grows bigger as the original one collapses.
	home.comcast.net /~smalluniverse/physics.htm (200 words)

	Physics Mathematical_Physics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Euclidean Geometric Transforms for Physics - A new method of correlating physics formulas to derive one formula from a related formula using Euclidean geometry to represent the inter-relationship of physics formulas.
		Homological Methods in Mathematical Physics - These lecture notes by Joseph Krasil'shchik and Alexander Verbovetsky are a systematic and self-contained exposition of the cohomological theories naturally related to partial differential equations.
		Topology and Physics - An essay by C. Nash on the historical connection between topology and physics.
	www.electronspin.org /physics/Mathematical_Physics (722 words)

	Does Mandelbrot/Julia duality reflect relativity/quantum duality? [Physics] (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The content/context duality is seen in Mandelbrot/Julia sets clearly.
		One problem is that Mandel goes indefinitely, since it is a fractal.
		You should learn some maths, physics and sound engineering.
	www.adras.com.cob-web.org:8888 /Does-Mandelbrot-Julia-duality-reflect-relativity-quantum.t8587-90.html (911 words)

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