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Topic: Duchy of Courland

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	Livonia
		Another district, the Bishopric of Piltene, also called the "Bishopric of Courland" (on the Venta River in western Courland), belonged to Magnus, the king of Denmark.
		Courland was also involved into this war, but had no severe damage.
		However, all this time the Duchy of Courland was a focus of interest for both Sweden and Poland.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/li/Livonia.html (1308 words)

	Courland - Gurupedia
		The Mitau plain divided Courland into two parts, of which the western was fertile and thickly inhabited, except in the north, while the eastern was less fertile and thinly inhabited.
		The prevailing religion was Lutheranism, to which 76% of the population belonged; the rest belong to the Orthodox Eastern and the Roman Catholic churches.
		Anciently Courland was inhabited by the Curonians, a Baltic tribe, who were subdued and converted to Christianity by the Brethren of the Sword, a German military order, in the first quarter of the 13th century.
	www.gurupedia.com /c/co/courland.htm (1996 words)

	The Baltic Guide Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Duke Jacob (or James) Kettler of Courland was the godson of James I, the king of England.
		During Jacob's rule the Duchy of Courland was an economic power with plenty of exports going abroad to countries such as England, France, the Netherlands and Portugal.
		Courland lost its last colony in 1689, when Friedrich, Duke Jacob's son who was notorious for his glamorous partylifestyle, sold Tobago to the English.
	www.balticguide.ee /index.php/a2290 (1031 words)

	COURLAND FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		At that time Courland comprised the two duchies of Courland and of Semigalia (Semgallen).
		The part of Latvia between the west bank of the Daugava River and the Baltic Sea formed another new region, the Duchy of Courland and Semigalia (''Kurzemes un Zemgales hercogiste'').
		Anne ruled as duchess of Courland from 1711 to 1730.
	www.loadboston.com /Courland (2269 words)

	Courland colonization of the Americas - WikiLeasing.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The 'Duchy of Courland' was the amallest nation to colonize the Americas with a short-lived colony in Tobago during the 1654–1659, and again 1660–1689.
		Courland was established as a Duchy in 1561, a fief of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in modern Latvia.
		The Duchy's ships were undertaking trade voyages to he West Indies at least as early as 1637, when a Courland ship attempted to found a colony on Tobago with 212 settlers.
	www.wikileasing.com /17/Courland_colonization_of_the_Americas.html (705 words)

	Jelgava, Latvia
		Jelgava is often remembered as the former capital of the Duchy of Courland (as Mitau), and was the capital of the Courland region until 1919.
		The old castle (1266) of the dukes of Courland, situated on an island in the river, was destroyed by Duke Biren, who had a spacious palace erected (1738-1772) by Bartolomeo Rastrelli at the bridge across the Lielupe.
		The penultimate duke of Courland, Ernst Johann von Biron, or Duke Biren, expanded the cultural aspects of Jelgava.
	www.creekin.net /c4843-n102-jelgava-latvia.html (785 words)

	Courland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Courland is drained by nearly one hundred rivers, of which only three, the Daugava, the Lielupe (Aa) and the Venta (Windau), are navigable.
		(For the Tobago colony, see Courland colonization of the Americas) However, all this time the Duchy of Courland was a focus of interest for both Sweden and Poland.
		After World War I, Courland became a part of the newly formed nation of Latvia only to be conquered by the USSR then Germany then the USSR again during World War II.
	courland.iqnaut.net (2256 words)

	Courland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The chief towns of the ten districts were Jelgava (Mitau), Courland's capital (pop.
		At the start of Operation Barbarossa in 1941, Courland, along with the rest of the Baltic area belonging to the Soviet Union, was overrun by Army Group North headed by Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb.
		George Henry Loskiel, (1740-1814), born in Angermuende in Courland, Moravian clergyman who obtained complete separation of the European and American branches of the church.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigalia (2600 words)

	Courland Geography and Natural History
		Courland was primarily an agricultural wooded lowland, presenting few barriers to invasion save the tall stands of pine forest and the occasional rise of the land.
		The total area of Courland comprised approximately 27,000 square kilometres (10,500 square miles), approximately 60% of which was covered in forests.
		Courland was geographically compact and journeys on foot and with cart and horse would have been relatively straightforward for a good part of the year.
	www.jewishgen.org /courland/geography.htm (655 words)

	The Duchy of Courland, 1561-1795
		Another district, the Bishopric of Piltene, named also the Bishopric of Courland (at Venta River in western Courland), belonged to Magnus, the king of Denmark.
		In addition to that Poland, the higher superior of Duchy of Courland, was supporting these landowners.
		However, all this time Duchy of Courland was the point of interest for both Sweden and Poland.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Olympus/5539/courland/courland.html (1268 words)

	Duchy of Livonia, 1561-1621, 1772
		The Governor of this territory was also Gotthard Kettler, until it was declared as the Duchy of Livonia (Pardaugavas hercogiste) in 1566, according to the Treaty of Union between the landowners of Livonia and authorities of Poland.
		The Governor of the Duchy of Livonia became Jan Chodkiewicz (1566-1578).
		The official coat of arms of the Duchy of Livonia was the family shield of Jan Chodkiewicz - the silver griffin on red field.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Olympus/5539/dole/dole.html (419 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Courland, 1561-1641
		The district of Grobin, with Löbau, by 1561, was pawned to the Duchy in Prussia.
		Courland was Lutheran (as opposed to Catholic Poland); in Courland the German minority dominated political and cultural life; German and Latin were the languages used by administration, jurisdiction and education.
		In 1621 Courland's capital MITAU was occupied by the Swedes.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/eceurope/courland15611641.html (524 words)

	Courland (Latvia)
		Courland is geographicaly 1/5 of Latvia, politicaly was 1/3 of Latvia.Curonia (latin) comes from Kurshi tribes settled in modern western Latvia and western Lithuania (see Kursiu nerija in Lithuania).
		Duchie of Courland after incorporation in Russian Empire was renamer in Courlands Gouvernorate (Kurljandskaja Gubernija).
		Courland was one of constitutional parts of Latvia (Kurzeme, Vidzeme, Latgale - three stars in Latvian CoA).
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/lv-cour.html (569 words)

	Courland. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Empress Anna, who was, by marriage, duchess of Courland before her accession in Russia, forced (1737), the nobles of Courland to elect her favorite, Ernst Johann von Biron, their duke.
		Russian influence became paramount, and with the third partition of Poland (1795) the duchy passed to Russia.
		In 1918, Courland was incorporated into Latvia, except for a strip of the southern coast that went to Lithuania.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/Courland.html (194 words)

	Livonian Brothers of the Sword
		Between 1288 and 1290 they managed to conquer all of Courland and Livonia.
		In 1346 the united orders bought the rest of Estonia from Valdemar IV Atterdag[?], king of Denmark.
		In the south part of the Brothers' lands he created a Duchy of Courland and Semigalia.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/sw/Sword_Brethren.html (325 words)

	SIG History of Latvia nad Courland
		The outcome was that while Courland was an independent Duchy under protection of Poland, Piltene was an enclave under direct ruling of the King of Poland.
		In the 18th century a lot of skilful Jewish workers and artisans (construction workers, roof-makers, inlay workers, tailors) arrived in Courland from Germany, as well as a number of medical doctors, the latter forming a core of Jewish intelligentsia, actively confirming and bearing the ideas of Jewish enlightenment – haskala.
		As distinct from Courland and Riga, the economy of Latgalia was poor (it was located to the east.
	www.jewishgen.org /Latvia/SIG_History_of_Latvia_and_Courland.html (2341 words)

	Rundale Palace Latvian information portal Dizainlv (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Duchy of Courland-Semgallen, a vassal state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, was founded in 1561 and existed up to 1795.
		In 1737 Ernst Johann Biron, a landlord in Courland and favorite of the Russian Empress Anna Janovna, became the Duke of the Duchy of Courtland-Semgallen.
		Following the annexation of the Duchy of Courland-Semgallen to the Russian Empire, the Rundale Palace became the property of Count Valerian Zubov.
	dizainlv.host.sk /eng/rundale.php (337 words)

	Baltic Duchy (1918)
		Interestingly, on the 8th March and 12th April of that year, both the Land Council of Courland and the Joint Land Council of Livonia, Estonia, Riga and Ösel had declared independent states, known as the Duchy of Courland and the Baltic State (Baltischer Staat), respectively.
		The new state was to be a confederation of 7 cantons: Estonia, Courland, Lettgallia, North Livonia, Ösel, Riga and South Livonia.
		This duchy was to contain Estonia, Latvia and islands in Riga Gulf, the capitol in Riga.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/bal_duke.html (1732 words)

	Courland colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Under Duke Jacob Kettler, the duchy reached the peak of its prosperity.
		An Evangelical Lutheran church was built by the Courlanders in their first year on the island.
		In 1655, the Swedish army entered the territory of the Duchy and the Northern Wars (1655–1660) began.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Courland_colonization_of_the_Americas (732 words)

	The Economy and Economic History of Latvia
		There was an interesting episode during the 17th century when the Duchy of Courland in what is now Latvia tried to establish a colonial empire.
		In 1637 a Courland expedition established a settlement on the island of Tabago off the coast of South America.
		The Courland colony in Gambia was moderately successful, exporting a number of agricultural crops, but was lost to Courland while he was involved in a war with Sweden and held captive by the Swedish army.
	www.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/latvia.htm (1920 words)

	Latvia / The Story of Latvia / The Baltic Sea - A Bone of Contention
		The East of Latvia was turned over to Poland, as her province, while the Western part formed the Duchy of Courland, a nominal dependant of Poland.
		However, the glory of Courland as a first-class European Power was brief, and the Duchy came to an end in 1795 when, as a result of the infamous Third Partition of Poland, Russia extended her Baltic possessions.
		Later she became Empress and thus the influence of the great Eastern neighbour of Courland was predominant, and Russia had established herself on the shores of the Baltic Sea.
	www.latvians.com /en/Reading/TheStoryOfLatvia/SoLatvia-02-chap.php (2368 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Courland
		Having conquered Memel, the Courland army moves to defend the home province against impending assault, but it is outnumbered by the Teutonic recruits.
		Although the remnants of the English army were soon compelled to surrender, England refused to accept peace and in early 1534 landed another army of 15,000 on the shores of the eastern Baltic.
		Courland in 1536, after having taken Memel from the Knights and conquered Eastern Prussia.
	forum.paradoxplaza.com /forum/showthread.php?t=240 (2134 words)

	The Rundale Palace Museum • THE RUNDALE PALACE
		Summer residence of the Duke of Courland Ernst Johann Biron.
		In 1737 Ernst Johann Biron, a landlord in Courland and a favorite of the Russian Empress Anna Joanovna, became the Duke of the Duchy of Courland-Semgallen.
		Following the annexation of the Duchy of Courland-Semgallen to the Russian Empire, the Rundāle Palace became the property of Count Valerian Zubov.
	www.rpm.apollo.lv /engl/thepalace.htm (555 words)

	Great Courland Bay Settlement, Tobago
		The Great Courland Bay Settlement was established as a colony by the Duchy of Livonia in 1652.
		The Courlanders ships and flag - a fl crab on a red background, were well known throughout the mercantile world.
		The Courlanders were driven out by the Dutch 1656, but they regained it shortly afterwards.
	www.tobagowi.com /sites/courlandbay.htm (309 words)

	MUSEUM \| Rundales Pils Muzejs - baroka mākslas brīnums neskartā lauku ainavā
		, built between 1736 and 1740 as a summer residence of the Duke of Courland Ernst Johann Biron.
		The Duchy of Courland-Semgallen, a vassal state of the
		The successive owner of the palace was the count's brother Platon Zubov whose widow married Count Andrey Shuvalov.
	www.rundale.net /index.php?l=2 (325 words)

	Latvia
		Duchy of Courland as a hereditary fief of
		Courland peninsula, (in Riga from 13 Oct 1944).
		Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and District of Pilten nominally
	www.worldstatesmen.org /Latvia.htm (4115 words)

	David Zincavage
		The Palatinate of Troki, the Duchy of Samogitia, Polish Livonia, and the Duchy of Courland - Map 1
		The Palatinate of Troki, the Duchy of Samogitia, Polish Livonia, and the Duchy of Courland - Map 2
		The Palatinate of Belz, and the Palatinate of Ruthenia: the Land of Chelm - Map 1
	www.zincavage.org /mapindex.html (226 words)

	Footnotes to History- C (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Courland, Empire of- The Teutonic Duchy of Courland (now Latvia) was at the height of its power in the 17th century, under the leadership of Duke James I. The Duke was an avid mercantilist, and acquired two colonies; Tobago, where he hoped to make his fortune in sugar, and Gambia, to supply slaves for Tobago.
		Sweden invaded Courland in 1658 to stop James from aiding his feudal lord, the King of Poland, in his war against Sweden.
		Part of the spoils was the Grand Duchy of Warsaw.
	www.buckyogi.com /footnotes/natc.htm (6093 words)

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