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	Ferrara 2002 Anno di Lucrezia Borgia
		She died at the age of 39 while giving birth to her eighth child and was buried in Ferrara, in the convent of the Corpus Domini, her body shrouded in the habit of a tertiary franciscan.
		During her life in Ferrara, the Duchy of the Este was at the climax of its political and cultural prestige, a hotbed of lasting innovation in the fields of painting, music, theater and poetry.
		In 2002 Ferrara plans to celebrate the anniversary of Lucretia's arrival in the city by recalling the life of one of the most famous historical characters, both symbol and victim of the vices of her time, as the city she lived in became one of the splendours of Italian Renaissance.
	www.comune.fe.it /lucrezia/index_ing.htm (303 words)

	Articles - Este (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Ferrara, on the other hand, was annexed in 1598 by Pope Clement VIII on grounds of doubtful legitimacy and incorporated into the Papal States.
		Ercole was compensated in 1801 with the small principality of Breisgau in southwestern Germany, whose previous rulers, the Habsburgs, ceded it to him in anticipation of its eventual return to the Habsburgs, since Ercole's daughter Mary Beatrice d'Este was married to a cadet Habsburg, Archduke Ferdinand.
		In 1859 the duchy lost its independence to the new united Italy, and Francesco V, the last duke, was deposed.
	www.landize.com /articles/Este (1035 words)

	[No title]
		Her Italian neighbors were, therefore, the Duchy of Milan, the little Marquisate of Mantua, and the Duchy of Ferrara.
		She was living in poverty at Ferrara, under the protection of her relatives, the Este family, On the 13th came the Prince of Orange and Don Ferrante Gonzaga, from the camp before Florence.
		Ferrara remained a fief of the Church, and Clement consented to acknowledge Alfonso's tenure, upon his disbursement of 100,000 ducats.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/1/6/5/0/16504/16504.txt (19226 words)

	Home
		During the sixteenth century reigns of Alfonso and Ercole of the House of Este, the Duchy of Ferrara became known as a spiritual haven and a safe place for Sephardic Jews and conversos.
		In Ferrara, Doña Gracia was known for her philanthropy, particularly patronage resulting in the publishing of religious literature, including a Hebrew Bible for the first time since the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain and a long poem by the Sephardic poet Samuel Usque.
		Pomona Modena was particularly respected as a Torah scholar, unusual for a woman in that period, while her relation Bathsheba Modena wrote hymns, and was sought after for her knowledge of the Zohar and the writings of Maimonides.
	www.cryptojews.com /ferrara.htm (1180 words)

	EMILIA - LoveToKnow Article on EMILIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		N.W. of Faenza, a branch goes off to Lugo, whence there are connections with Budrio, Lavezzola (on the line between Ravenna and Ferrara) and Ravenna, and at Faenza a line, not traversed by express trains, goes across the Apennines to Florence.
		Rimini is connected by a direct line with Ravenna and Ferrara; and Ferrara, besides the main line S.S.W. to Bologna and N. by E. to Padua, has a branch to Poggio Rusco, which goes on to Suzzara, a station on the main line between Modena and Verona.
		Ferrara and Comacchio remained under the house of Este until the death of Alphonso II.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /E/EM/EMILIA.htm (2303 words)

	AllRefer.com - Este, Italian noble family (Italian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Este[es´tA] Pronunciation Key, Italian noble family, rulers of Ferrara (1240–1597) and of Modena (1288–1796) and celebrated patrons of the arts during the Renaissance.
		Because Ferrara was held as a fief from the pope, the Este became papal vicars in 1332.
		After the restoration (1814) of the duchy of Modena their son and grandson, Francis IV and Francis V, ruled as dukes of Modena, Massa, and Carrara.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/E/Este-fam.html (910 words)

	RENE I., OF ANJOU - LoveToKnow Article on RENE I., OF ANJOU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The elder, Louis III., succeeded to the crown of Sicily and to the duchy of Anjou, Rene being known as the count of Guise.
		By his marriage treaty (1419) with Isabel, elder daughter of Charles II., duke of Lorraine, he became heir to the duchy of Bar, which was claimed as the inheritance of his mother Yolande, and, in right of his wife, heir to the duchy of Lorraine.
		The offer was rejected, but further negotiations assured the lapse to the crown of the duchy of Anjou, and the annexation of Provence was only postponed until the death of the count of Le Maine.
	26.1911encyclopedia.org /R/RE/RENE_I_OF_ANJOU.htm (2729 words)

	Historical states of Italy
		Duchy of Ferrara, Modena, and Reggio (House of
		Bishoprics of Trento and Brixen (House of Austria)
		Duchy of Modena and Reggio - union with Duchy of Massa and Carrara (Austria-Este)
	en.efactory.pl /Historical_states_of_Italy (91 words)

	Biography – Pope Clement VIII – The Papal Library
		That prince declared that Ferrara was a dependency of the exarchate of Ravenna, formerly given to the popes by Pepin, Charlemagne, and Louis the Pious.
		Clement, by the bull Sanctissimus, declared the duchy of Ferrara restored to the Holy See, because, in addition to all other reasons, by the terms of a constitution of Saint Pius V it was forbidden to alienate the property of the Church.
		The duchy was attributed in perpetuity to the patronage of the holy apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul.
	www.saint-mike.org /library/papal_library/ClementVIII/Biography.html (9398 words)

	Heraldry in Pre-Unification Italy
		Milan was made a duchy by the Emperor Wenceslas in 1394, and in 1397 he granted the Visconti permission quarter the Empire with their own arms.
		In 1805 it was united with the principality of Piombino and given on March 18 to Elisa Bonaparte, sister of Napoleon, and her husband Felix Bacciochi: the flag became three horizontal stripes, sky-blue, white and red.
		Ferrara was made a duchy by the Pope on 15 April 1471.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/national/italy2.htm (5752 words)

	Encyclopedia: Dukes
		The Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen was one of the Saxon Duchies held by the Ernestine line of the Wettin Dynasty.
		Saxe-Altenburg (German Sachsen-Altenburg) was one of the Saxon duchies held by the Ernestine branch of the Wettin dynasty.
		Italy in the year 1492 Duchy of Savoy Marquisate of Saluzzo Marquisate of Montferrat County of Asti Duchy of Milan Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa Marquisate of Mantua Mirandola Carpi Correggio Duchy of Ferrara, Modena, and Reggio (House of Este) Duchy of Massa Republic of Lucca Republic of Florence...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Dukes (4485 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - CENTO
		City of 8,000 inhabitants in the province of Ferrara, central Italy.
		In 1505 Duke Ercole d'Este decreed that the Jewish inhabitants of Cento should share, as far as they were able, the contributions of their coreligionists in the duchy of Ferrara.
		Under the Estes, the Jews enjoyed great liberty and many privileges; but when that family became extinct and the Jews passed under the papal dominion (1598), they were subjected to all the restrictions that, since the time of Paul IV., had been imposed upon their coreligionists in the Pontifical States.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=295&letter=C (771 words)

	Ferrara: A Brief History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Ferrara is first mentioned in documents dating to the 8th century A.A. They refer to a ``ducatus ferrariæ'' or ``duchy of Ferrara'' that a certain Desiderius had pledged in 757 to Pope Stephen II.
		Alfonso I, Ercole II and Alfonso II were less fortunate in their rule of the duchy, finally losing it in 1597, since no legitimate heir had been born.
		Ferrara became a frontier province of the powerful Papal State, the principal piece of work of the 17th century being the construction of the Fortress, demolished in 1859.
	www.tesre.bo.cnr.it /~mauro/Ferrara/history.html (757 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Comacchio
		Comacchio is a town in the province of Ferrara in the Romagna, Italy, situated on islands near the mouths of the Po, and connected with the sea by a canal built by Cardinal Palotta.
		During the fifteenth century the town was held by the Venetians, but was retaken in 1509 by Alfonso II, Duke of Ferrara, and fortified by him.
		At the death of Alfonso in 1597, Comacchio, with the rest of the Duchy of Ferrara passed under the control of the Holy See.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04151a.htm (328 words)

	Art Bulletin, The: Dosso Dossi, Garofalo, and the Costabili Polyptych: Imaging Spiritual Authority
		Since the court society of Ferrara witnessed a considerable overlap of personal and official interests, it is tempting to see the Costabili polyptych as strategically designed to address the entire Ferrarese community--the clergy, the court, and its subjects.
		The context of the poem is Ferrara's struggle (ultimately futile) to defend the city of Rovigo against enemy capture.
		But if we claim that Ferrara envisioned its war against the pope as historically and conceptually a reenactment of the trials and joys experienced by the biblical nation of Israel, then we need to examine more closely how the Word of God was read, meditated on, and experienced in Ferrara.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0422/is_2_82/ai_64573518/pg_4 (1393 words)

	boys clothing: European royalty -- Italian states Ferrara
		Ferrara is located in northern Italy at a strategic point along the main course of Po River near where the Primaro tributary branches off from the Volano.
		A plebiscite was held in Ferrara (March 18, 1860) and the city voted to becaome a part of the new Kingdom of Italy.
		Ferrara was was the site of considerable labor agitation for better working conditions in the early 20th century.
	histclo.com /royal/ita/states/is-fer.htm (1174 words)

	Duchy of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio Emilia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The splendour of their duchy during the renaissance attracted painters, architects, poets and musicians.
		Medieval Ferrara already had its splendid romanesque cathedral, its great Estense Castle and its many noble palaces, such as Schifanoia Palace with its wondeful cucle of frescoes.
		nd when Ferrara was yielded into the hands of the papal states at the end of the XVI century, Modena and Reggio Emilia carried on the great tradition of the magnificence of the Este dynasty for another two centuries.
	www.wonderful-italy.it /ancient/duchy.html (231 words)

	Italy
		The son of Giovanna and Giovanni, Francesco Maria, then succeeds to the Duchy, which is then in the possession of the della Roveres until the male line fails and the territory reverts to the Papacy.
		The Duchy of Florence was upgraded to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in 1569, and Cosimo's line continued until 1737.
		The Duchy of Parma was detached by the Emperor Charles V from Milan to be added to the Papal States, but Pope Paul III (1534-1549), Paolo Farnese, used it for his illegitimate son, Pier Luigi, instead.
	www.friesian.com /italia.htm (9544 words)

	The Project Gutenberg eBook of Renaissance In Italy, Part I, by John Addington Symonds.
		The claim was not a {9} legal one; for in the investiture of the Duchy females were excluded.
		{16} Catholic Monarch consisted of the Republics of Venice and Florence, the Dukes of Milan and Ferrara, the princely Houses of Orsini and Fregosi in Rome and Genoa, together with the Angevine nobles in the realm of Naples.
		The Duchy of Urbino, recog{46} nized by Rome and subservient to Spanish influence, was permitted to exist.
	www.gutenberg.org /files/16504/16504-h/vol_i.htm (16875 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - View Single Post - Wars, Treaties & Alliances
		In these troubled times when the kingdom of France and the duchy of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio is faced with two threats: the Ottoman Empire and the heathen protestant faith.
		The Duchies of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio recognise the illegitimacy of the Sforza family’s claims on the Duchy of Milan and recognise the legitimate heir of the late Duke of Milan: Gian Galeazzo I di Visconti.
		The Duchies of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio recognise the French ‘Lex Salica’.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showpost.php?p=2466452&postcount=6 (237 words)

	Area GROUP Editore - EDIT2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In 1393, the Marquis Alberto was granted the ecclesiastical estates of the area of Ferrara and the dominion of the D’Este family began.
		In 1598, at the end of the D’Este rule, Melara was devolved to the Holy See together with the entire Duchy of Ferrara of which it was a part.
		After approximately seven centuries of close ties between Melara and Ferrara, in 1798, at the time of the Napoleonic occupation, Melara was conquered from Ferrara and united with Mantova.
	www.areagroupeditore.it /english/localita.php?idloc=221 (312 words)

	Chapter 12 Page 4
		Both of these pieces of news were good for Alexander, but the one could not compare in importance with the other; and the intimation that Lucrezia was to marry the heir presumptive to the duchy of Ferrara was received with a joy so great that it smacked of the humble beginnings of the Borgian house.
		The Duke of Valentinois was not disappointed, and the future Duchess of Ferrara was admirably received in every town along her route, and particularly at Cesena.
		While Lucrezia was on her way to Ferrara to meet her fourth husband, Alexander and the Duke of Valentinois resolved to make progress in the region of their last conquest, the duchy of Piombino.
	www.web-books.com /Classics/Dumas/Borgias/Dumas_BorgiasC13P4.htm (1135 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Lucrezia Borgia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The following year Lucrezia became the wife of Alfonso I, duke of Este, who in 1505 inherited the duchy of Ferrara.
		Lucrezia established at Ferrara a court at which the foremost artists, writers, and scholars of the time gathered.
		Because of her associations with unscrupulous relatives, her reputation suffered, but historians agree that charges of crime and vice against her are without historical proof.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761554413__1/Lucrezia_Borgia.html (220 words)

	Italian Realtors Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Ferrara diviene una provincia di confine del grande Stato della Chiesa e la maggior opera dei secolo XVII resta la costruzione della Fortezza demolita nel 1859.
		Ferrara is first mentioned in documents dating to the 8th century A.D. They refer to a "ducatus ferraríae" or "duchy of Ferrara" that a certain Desiderius had pledged in 757 to Pope Stephen II.
		Alfonso I, Ercole Il and Alfonso Il were less fortunate in their rule of the duchy, finally losing !t In 1597, since no legitimate heir had been born.
	www.prontacasa.com /italia/associati/baglioni.htm (1892 words)

	Borgia, Lucrezia
		At 18 she was married again, but her husband was murdered in 1500 on the order of her brother, with whom (as well as with her father) she was said to have committed incest.
		Her final marriage was to the Alfonso d’Este, the heir to the duchy of Ferrara.
		She made the court a centre of culture and was a patron of authors and artists such as Ariosto and Titian.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0003227.html (202 words)

	FETTY: Fetty History 1292, Fetty Blazon of Arms, Fetty Europe, Fetty America, Fetty Canada
		A cadet line, established in France, had succeeded, by marriage, to the duchies of Nevers or Nivernais and Rethel and in 1627 began to claim the succession to Mantua and Montferrat, which were strategically located on the Lombard plain near the Alpine passes.
		Among Ferrara's many noteworthy buildings are Este castle (14th cent.), the cathedral (begun 1135), Schifanoia palace (14th—15th cent.), and the Palazzo del Diamanti (15th—16th cent.).
		Este, Italian noble family, rulers of Ferrara (1240—1597) and of Modena (1288—1796) and celebrated patrons of the arts during the Renaissance.
	www.fettywww.com /fetty_france_italy-1.html (3450 words)

	RENAISSANCE FOR WHOM? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		This loose conglomeration of cities and principalities was jostled from the north by the Duchy of Ferrara and the Republics of Florence and Siena.
		Ferrara was governed by the Este family, and Mantua was governed by the Ganzagas.
		The papal states were never fully subjected to the papacy until the reign of that most immoral of popes, the Borgia, Alexander VI, whose son, Caesare, undertook a ruthless extortion of obedience from the surrounding principalities.
	mars.acnet.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/wc1/lectures/29renaissance.html (3041 words)

	Encyclopedia: List-of-Dukes-of-Parma
		The Duchy of Parma was a small Italian state between 1545 and 1802, and again from 1814 to 1860.
		The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul IIIs illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, centered around the city of Parma.
		// Italy in the year 1492 Duchy of Savoy Marquisate of Saluzzo Marquisate of Montferrat County of Asti Duchy of Milan Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa Marquisate of Mantua Mirandola Carpi Correggio Duchy of Ferrara, Modena, and Reggio (House of Este) Duchy of Massa Republic of Lucca Republic of Florence...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/List_of_Dukes_of_Parma (1216 words)

	The Feast of the Gods
		Dosso Dossi was the court artist in residence at Ferrara, and it is possible that he modified Bellini's work to suit other decorations he was adding to the Alabaster Chamber.
		Alfonso I d'Este (1486-1534), an astute military strategist, inherited the duchy of Ferrara in northeastern Italy.
		On 9 October 1511, Equicola wrote to Isabella in Mantua, explaining that he had extended his stay at Ferrara to please the duke, her brother: "The reason has to do with the painting of a room in which six fables (fabule) or histories (istorie) shall be placed.
	www.nga.gov /collection/gallery/gg17/gg17-1141.0.html (1278 words)

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