Duchy of Lithuania

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	Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė, Belarusian: Вялі́кае Кня́ства Літо́ўскае(ВКЛ), Ukrainian: Велике Князівство Литовське (ВКЛ), Polish: Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie) was an Eastern European state of the 12th-18th centuries.
		The chancellery languages of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were Ruthenian (referred to as Old Belarusian by Belarusians and as Chancellery Slavic by Lithuanians), Latin and Polish.
		The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a Baltic state which expanded into the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Mongols.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania (2129 words)

	Battle of Orsha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland seized the Muscovite camp and all 300 cannon.
		At the end of 1512, Muscovy began a new war for the Ruthenian lands of present-day Belarus and Ukraine that were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
		The fortress of Smolensk was then the easternmost outpost of the Grand Duchy and one of the most important strongholds guarding it from the east.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Orsha (1291 words)

	Grand Duchy of Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For the foundation of the Grand Duchy as an entity with relatively greater autonomy within the Russian realm, and for the regain of the so called Old Finland, that was lost to Russia in the previous century, the Finland-born Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, councillor to the emperor, was instrumental.
		An extended Finland Proper was made a titulary Grand Duchy (more correctly, Grand Principality) in 1581, when king John III of Sweden, who as a prince had been royal duke of Finland (1556–1561/63), extended the list of subsidiary titles to the Kings of Sweden considerably.
		The Grand Duchy of Finland was a state that existed 1809–1917 as part of the Russian Empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland (771 words)

	Peace Corps World Wise Schools Lesson Plans Teacher Guides Lithuania
		Lithuania is an industrialized country with 69 percent of the population living and working in the cities and 22 percent of the labor force employed in agriculture.
		Lithuania was forced to agree to the stationing of Soviet troops on its territory.
		The total estimated population of Lithuania as of January 1993 was 3,751,000 with 80 percent of the population being Lithuanians.
	www.peacecorps.gov /wws/guides/lithuania/lithoverview.html (771 words)

	Lithuania
		During the Zalgiris battle, the flag of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was red, with white coat of arms, the Vytis, embroidered on it.
		On November 18 at the tenth session of its eleventh convention, the Supreme Council of the Lithuanian SSR was forced to change a chapter of the Constitution, and to grant the yellow-red-green flag the status of State flag.
		The state flag of the Republic of Lithuania is cloth consisting of three horizontal stripes: yellow (the upper), green (the middle) and red (the lower).
	flagspot.net /flags/lt.html (2968 words)

	The Grand Duchy of Lithuania
		The politics of the Grand Duchy, especially its close ties with Poland, are often confusing and dramatic, and ultimately decisive to the fate of the Lithuanians.
		The Grand Duchy is marked by periods of rule of several well-loved and well-known rulers; Gediminas, Mindaugas, and Vytautas are still remembered in modern Lithuanian songs and poems.
		Although the terrain of Lithuania slowed its occupation by foreign neighbors, it was eventually overtaken and the state dissolved.
	depts.washington.edu /baltic/papers/pol-lith.html (1981 words)

	Lithuania (04/06)
		Lithuania pegged its national currency, the litas, to the euro on February 2, 2002 at the rate of LTL 3.4528 for EUR 1.
		Lithuania became a member of the United Nations on September 18, 1991, and is a signatory to a number of its organizations and other international agreements.
		Official statistics state that more than 120,000 people were deported from Lithuania during this period, while some sources estimate the number of political prisoners and deportees at 300,000.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/5379.htm (5163 words)

	Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
		The Vice Chancellor of Grand Duchy of Lithuania Leu Sapega was the soul of the third revision of Statut.
		Grand Duke Zhygimont announced on the Sojm (a congress of aristocracy- main ruling body of Grand Duchy of Lithuania) decision in Vilnia in 1522 that because of many inconsistencies in courts he was planning to write a general law to prevent further legal uncertainaty.
		The Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the third edition of which was published in 1588, were written in Belarusian, and were the first full code of laws written in Europe since Roman Law.
	www.belarusguide.com /culture1/texts/Statut.html (1444 words)

	Academic Network of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Scholars
		Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) existed in the center of Europe on the junction of civilizations in the thirteenth-eighteenth centuries and comprised entire territories of contemporary Belarus, Lithuania, and Ukraine, partially Poland (Podliasse province), Russia (Smolensk and Briansk provinces), and Latvia.
		The idea of creation of the international network of GDL Scholars emerged in Spring 2002 during one of the workshops that was conducted in frames of the project School of Young Belarusian Historians of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
		Although historians coming from the GDL successor states contributed largely towards study of certain GDL issues in frames of their national histories, it is vitally important to study shared history together to overcome theoretical, methodological and ideological limitations of national historiographies.
	www.civiceducationproject.org /projects/grandduchy (505 words)

	Past and Present Regions of Poland
		Lithuania is a name that has a strong historical association with Poland, because from the 14th until the late 18th century the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was joined with Poland in, first a dynastic and then a federal union.
		Originally the appellation was applied to principalities on the eastern borders of Poland and Lithuania and later to the region of Lithuania east of Wolyn and Podole.
		The Duchy, by virtue of the 1386 marital union of the Grand Duke, Jagiełło, with Polish Queen Jadwiga (Hedwig) was joined to Poland in a dynastic union.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /classroom/regions.html (4149 words)

	LITHUANIA HISTORY Travel Tour Information
		Initially, Lithuania was relegated to the German sphere of influence; however, on Lithuania's refusal to attack Poland as a German ally, it was transferred to the Soviet sphere of influence, in a second secret pact signed in Moscow on the 27th of September that same year.
		Lithuania began to recover only towards the end of the 19th century, the period known as the "spring of nations." A struggle for national culture and reinstitution of writing spread over the greater part of the country.
		The elected 20-member Council of Lithuania proclaimed the restitution of the independent state of Lithuania on the 16th of February, 1918, even though the German Army and authorities were still in control of the entire country.
	www.scantours.com /lithuania_history.htm (3152 words)

	The History of Belarus Belarusian History
		THE RAISE OF THE GRAND DUCHY OF The Lithuanian tribes inhabited the territories of contemporary Lithuania and the north-west of Belarus.
		Vitovt was proclaimed as the grand duke of Lithuania and Ruthenia (Samogitia was occupated by the Crusaders), while Jagello became the supreme duke of Lithuania and Ruthenia.
		The mutual contacts between Ruthenians and Lithuanians were accompanied with migration of Kryvich settlers to Lithuania, as well as attraction of Lithuanian colonists to protect the lands of Polacak and Minsk.
	www.albaruthenia.by.ru /belhist/lithuania.htm (1026 words)

	The Grand Duchy of Lithuania
		The politics of the Grand Duchy, especially its close ties with Poland, are often confusing and dramatic, and ultimately decisive to the fate of the Lithuanians.
		The Grand Duchy is marked by periods of rule of several well-loved and well-known rulers; Gediminas, Mindaugas, and Vytautas are still remembered in modern Lithuanian songs and poems.
		Although the terrain of Lithuania slowed its occupation by foreign neighbors, it was eventually overtaken and the state dissolved.
	depts.washington.edu /baltic/papers/pol-lith.html (1026 words)

	The Grand Duchy of Lithuania
		The Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the Eve of the Domestic War analyzes the causes and results of the war between the nobles from 1690-1697.
		Topics include: pre-state history, the era of the Gediminas dynasty and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish-Lithuanian republic, Lithuanian relations with Sweden and the Russian Empire, both World Wars and the inter-war period, Soviet Lithuania and the recreation of the independent Lithuanian state.
		The Gediminian dynasty and the strengthening of the GDL
	depts.washington.edu /baltic/papers/grandduchy.htm (1026 words)

	Official Internet Site of Klimovichi district administration
		In the middle of the 13th-14th centuries all lands of Belarus were annexed to the Great Duchy of Lithuania, whose centre was located in the town of Novogrudok.
		In the 16th century the Great Duchy of Lithuania introduced administrative division, establishing districts (uyezds) and voivodships.
		The Lublin treaty of 1569, which united the Great Duchy of Lithuania with Poland, followed by the Brest treaty, introduced a change to the social and public system of Belarus.
	klimovichi.belros.info /eng/his.shtml (1026 words)

	A Historiographic Survey of Lithuanian-Polish Relations - B. Dundulis
		Union with Poland was caused by the weakening of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
		He was interested in the social and economic questions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and in Lithuania's relations with Poland especially after the Union of Lublin.
		The relations between feudal Lithuania and Poland cannot but be dealt with by historians of the People's Republic of Poland who, keeping in mind the achievements of the old historical scholarship and guided by the Marxist methodology, examine the views dominant in bourgeois historiography and in a new way elucidate the historical process.
	www.lituanus.org /1971/71_4_01.htm (1026 words)

	The Economic History of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
		The union that strengthened the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under the rule of Jogaila and Vytautas swallowed it as the Fifteenth Century proceeded.
		Neither economic or political power come to mind when Lithuania is mentioned, nor does the image of a vast unified state.
		The GDL became increasingly recognized as part of Europe as opposed to a barbaric civilization, sitting on the eastern fringe of the continent.
	students.washington.edu /kcross/assignments.html (1026 words)

	History of Belarus (Great Litva)
		The Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania are considered to be one of the main treasures (in addition to Lithuanian Metrics) of Belarusian, Lithuanian, and Polish culture.
		The Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were a great achievement of Belarusian Law.
		Great Duchy of Litva (Lithuania) in the 13-15th cc.
	www.belarusguide.com /as/history/history.html (1026 words)

	Lithuania : Flag of Lithuania
		The state flag of the Great Duchy of Lithuania was red with a white Vytis (an armored knight riding a white stallion leaping forward, with the knight holding a raised sword high over his head).
		It was suggested that one of the old flags of the Duchy of Lithuania with their familiar Vytis and Columns of Gediminas symbols be adopted.
		In the end, the Council of Lithuania was given the task of resolving the matter.
	www2.omnitel.net /ramunas/Lietuva/lt_emblem_flag.shtml (1026 words)

	Ziemgala
		The most of architectural and urbanistic shortcomings and negativeness of the Soviet period in Lithuania (1945—99) on the level of fundamental principles were caused by the totalitarian political system of the state, dictatorial occupation regime, and the basis of laws and normative restrictions.
		As in other parts of Lithuania, in the north of it the ignoration and destruction of historical and cultural values, political ideological situation, propaganda representation, the instilation of the Soviet way of life, and the tendencies of national identity destruction manifested themselves.
		It is a great contribution to the research of the past of that region, the keeping of traditions and developing of civil duties.
	www.ziemgala.lt /z/1999_02_14.html (1026 words)

	Straipsnio santrauka
		Its territory is geographically defined by main landmarks: the coast of the Baltic Sea, the historical border between the Great Duchy of Lithuania and Prussia, along which Lithuanian place-names, hydronyms and the centres of ethnicity are collected.
		The territory of Lithuania Minor is also a field of interests of Germany and Poland, therefore the necessity to respect them and to form the relevant concept of museum exposition is vital.
		Essentially this is the West of the Republic of Lithuania (previously – Klaipėda region) and the region of Kaliningrad that at present belongs to Russian Federation.
	www.leidykla.vu.lt /inetleid/knygot/40/str7.html (1026 words)

	Sending Military Units Recruited in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to Riga in 1700
		These events are linked by recruitment of new military units and mobilisation of noblemen reservists in the GDL districts carried out in public by declaring the desire to protect the country from the danger of the invasion of the Swedes and to assist King Augustus II in his military campaign near Riga.
		In August-September, neutral noblemen of the GDL and those who belonged to the group of the âRepublicansâ also sent the units that they recruited to Riga but these forces were not abundant, most of them arrived some weeks before the end of the military campaign.
		Meetings of the ârepublicansâ that were organised by noblemen and held in the districts of the GDL at that time only declared their desire to assist the King, and real military preparations were sooner directed towards renewing military confrontation with the Sapieha.
	www.istorija.lt /lim/body_sliesoriunas2001-2en.html (1026 words)

	Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
		The Vice Chancellor of Grand Duchy of Lithuania Leu Sapega was the soul of the third revision of Statut.
		The Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is a document of great importance to Belarusian culture.
		Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is a great achievement of Belarusian and European law.
	www.belarusguide.com /culture1/texts/Statut.html (1026 words)

	Vytautas the Great - free-definition
		Vytautas the Great (Vitovt, Witold) 1352-1430 was Lithuanian grand duke, ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
		After participating in several raids against Jogaila, he reconciliated with him later and participated in the signing of Union of Kreva with Poland in 1385, and was baptised in 1386 in the Catholic rite (he was also earlier baptised in orthodox rite), getting the name Alexander.
		Vytautas the Great - engraving of XVI ct.
	www.free-definition.com /Vytautas-the-Great.html (1026 words)

	Lithuania - Litwa
		At the same time the Great Duchy of Lithuania stood in the way of the attacks of the Mongols-Tatars into the West and helped the Eastern European nations to fight against the Golden Horde.
		In the Highlands of Lithuania as well as in the major part of the Lowlands the word 'Dievas' was used together with personal name Praamzius, in Suvalkija the God's name were Prakurimas, Ikurejas, Sotvaras, while in the west of the Lowlands and in Prussia he was referred to as Ukopirmas.
		After the state of Lithuania was formed and the Christianity was adopted in the country, the Lithuanians still refused to renounce their gods for a considerable period of time.
	www.kresy.co.uk /lithuania.html (1026 words)

	Sending Military Units Recruited in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to Riga in 1700
		These events are linked by recruitment of new military units and mobilisation of noblemen reservists in the GDL districts carried out in public by declaring the desire to protect the country from the danger of the invasion of the Swedes and to assist King Augustus II in his military campaign near Riga.
		In August-September, neutral noblemen of the GDL and those who belonged to the group of the âRepublicansâ also sent the units that they recruited to Riga but these forces were not abundant, most of them arrived some weeks before the end of the military campaign.
		Meetings of the ârepublicansâ that were organised by noblemen and held in the districts of the GDL at that time only declared their desire to assist the King, and real military preparations were sooner directed towards renewing military confrontation with the Sapieha.
	www.istorija.lt /lim/body_sliesoriunas2001-2en.html (762 words)

	History and culture of Belarus
		In 1230th the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the center in Novogrudok (between Minsk and Grodno) emerged on the territory of Belarus, During the next hundred years a greater part of contemporary Belarus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
		Belarusians predominated among the population of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and Belarusian was the state language.
		In the result of the subsequent growth in the end of the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania became one among the largest multinational European states the borders of which were stretching beyond Smolensk in the East, and up to the Black Sea in the South.
	eka.8m.com /culture.html (1180 words)

	Symbols of power of hetmans of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
		Jonas Karolis Chodkevičius (Jan Karol Chodkiewicz) was the first hetman of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to have had the bulava-mace (the field hetman in 1600–1605, the grand hetman in 1605–1621).
		Two tails were carried in front of the grand hetman, whereas the buntchuk consisting of one tail was carried in front of the field hetman.
		The position of the grand hetman was called buława wielka (the grand mace), and that of the field hetman– buława polna (the field mace).
	www.istorija.lt /lim/body_zujiene2002en1.html (1376 words)

	U.S.ENGLISH Foundation Official Language Research - Lithuania: Background
		In 1697, when the Seimas [Parliament] enacted the bill of rights, Polish became the language of prestige and the nobility in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (mainly in the Vilnius region) while Lithuanian was the language of the peasantry.
		The history of Russians in Lithuania began in the time of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania because of its numerous Eastern Slavic population.
		Lithuania is a parliamentary democracy, having regained its independence in 1990 after more than 50 years of forced annexation by the Soviet Union.
	www.us-english.org /foundation/research/olp/viewResearch.asp?CID=46&TID=2 (3214 words)

	ipedia.com: Grand Duchy Article
		An early use of the title was in Grand Duchy of Lithuania (since 14th century), Grand Duchy of Moscow, and also in Tuscany, which became a grand duchy in 1569, and remained one until 1860, when it was annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia.
		The Duchy of Warsaw (1809-1813) - not Grand
		It has been a grand duchy since 1815, when the Netherlands became an independent kingdom and Luxembourg was handed over to the King of the Netherlands, William I.
	www.ipedia.com /grand_duchy.html (411 words)

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Topic: Duchy of Lithuania

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In the News (Mon 28 Dec 09)