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	Lucca - Karr.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Lucca is a city in Tuscany, northern central Italy, situated on the river Serchio in a fertile plain near (but not on) the Tyrrhenian Sea.
		Lucca was founded by the Etruscans (there are traces of a pre-existing Ligurian settlement) and became a Roman colony in 180 BC.
		Plundered by Odoacer, Lucca appears as an important city and fortress at the time of Narses, who besieged it for three months in 553, and under the Lombards it was the seat of a duke who minted his own coins.
	www.leaned.net /encyclopedia/Lucca (596 words)

	Lucca - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Lucca was founded by the Etruscans (there are traces of a pre-existing Ligurian settlement) and became a Roman colony in 180 BC.
		Lucca was the seat of a convocation in 1408 that was intended to end the schism in the papacy.
		Lucca is the birthplace of composers Francesco Geminiani, Gioseffo Guami, Luigi Boccherini, Giacomo Puccini and Alfredo Catalani.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Lucca (728 words)

	Lucca - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Lucca (population 90,000) is a city in Tuscany, northern central Italy, near (but not on) the Ligurian Sea.
		Lucca was founded by the Etruscans and became a Roman colony in 180 BC.
		Lucca was the largest Italian city state with a republican constitution ("commune") to remain an independent republic over the centuries - next to Venice, of course.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Lucca (779 words)

	Tuscany History - Art - Culture
		The hills leading down to Lucca and on to Livorno were islands, as was the area around Monte Argentario in the south.
		The fall of the Roman Empire saw a flurry of barbarian invasions, and it wasn't until the Longobard (6th to 8th centuries) dominance and duchy (with Lucca as capital) that things began to settle again.
		The Medici dynasty ended in 1737, and the next milestone was the passing of the Grand Duchy into the hands of the House of Lorraine, hand in hand with the coming of the Enlightenment.
	www.tastytuscany.com /tuscany-italy-art-history-culture.asp (1411 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> da:Lucca (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Lucca was the largest Italian city state with a republican constitution ("comune") to remain independent over the centuries - next to Venice, of course.
		In 1805 Lucca was taken over by Napoleon, who put his sister Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi in charge as "Queen of Etruria".
		The original project was begun by Bartolomeo Ammannati in 1577-1582, and continued by Filippo Juvarra in the 18th century.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/da:Lucca (786 words)

	Bridgewater in Lucca
		Lucca's walls themselves, however, evocative as they are do not tell the whole story alone; they must be understood and studied in wider social, cultural, aesthetic, and geographical as well as historical contexts as they will be in this program.
		Lucca's incredibly rich medieval religious history and monuments recall foreign connections in the duomo or cathedral of St. Martin or Tours and the church of San Frediano in the city and the pilgrimage shrine of San Pellegrino dell'Alpe on a mountain top on the territory's border with historical Lombardy (today Emilia Romagna).
		Lucca's tense state of affairs with its neighbors was resolved in the 18th century in the context of the French Revolution.
	webhost.bridgew.edu /lucca/luccahistory.htm (1361 words)

	Lucca, Italy
		Lucca was the home of the sculptor Matteo Civitali (1436-1501) and the composer Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924), whose birthplace is now a museum and open to the public.
		In 1817 it passed to the house of Bourbon-Parma as a duchy, and in 1847 was ceded to Tuscany.
		Lucca played a prominent part in the history of architecture from the Lombard period onwards; but its early medieval churches, partly built with ancient material, were altered and restored in the 12th century.
	www.planetware.com /italy/lucca-i-to-lu.htm (258 words)

	Hotel Lucca Italy
		Hugh of Lucca and his son, Theodoric of Lucca, are noted for their use of wine as an antiseptic in the early 13th century.
		Hugh of Lucca was appointed surgeon for Bologna in Italy in 1214 for a salary of 600 Bolognini per year.
		Duchy of Lucca was an Italian state that was formed in 1815 according to the Congress of Vienna, with capital Lucca.
	www.artistbooking.com /trips/94/hotel-lucca-italy.html (919 words)

	Lucca - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		A Ligurian settlement, later a Roman town, Lucca became (6th cent.) the capital of a Lombard duchy and (12th cent.) a free commune, which soon developed into a republic.
		In 1817, Lucca became part of the duchy of Parma and in 1847 of the grand duchy of Tuscany; in 1860 it was annexed to the kingdom of Sardinia.
		LUCCA CHARMS; Frank Barrett is seduced all over again as he revisits a Tuscan delight.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-lucca.html (397 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Congress of Vienna
		Russia was given most of the Duchy of Warsaw (Poland) and was allowed to keep Finland (which it had annexed from Sweden in 1809 and held until 1917).
		Hanover gave up the Duchy of Lauenburg to Denmark, but was enlarged by the addition of former territories of the Bishop of MÃ¼nster and by the formerly Prussian East Friesland, and made a kingdom.
		The Duchy of Lauenburg was transferred from Hanover to Denmark, and Swedish Pomerania was annexed by Prussia.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Congress_of_Vienna (1926 words)

	Museo del Basket
		Completely surrounded by the green Lucca’s Plain, relatively close to the sea and not so far from mountains, Lucca is a magic town, imbued of the Tuscan and Italian artistic and historical atmosphere.
		Lucca is one of the three towns in the World being enclosed in an untouched city walls, then it looks like as an ideal amphitheatre, inside which it is possible watch the exciting evolution of one of the most popular sports of the World.
		The Emperor Henry II allowed Lucca a jurisdiction extended to six miles from the walls and this territory was the basis of future Lucca’s state.
	www.museodelbasket.it /index.asp?pg=404 (766 words)

	History of Tuscany and Lucca also map
		Lucca, after an early period in the frontier zone between Ligurians and Etruscans, became a Roman colony in 180 b.c.
		In 1813 Lord Bentinck occupied Lucca, and another series of foreign occupations and provisional governments concluded with the creation of an absolutist Duchy of Lucca, entrusted in 1817 to Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma under Austrian tutelage.
		Among the leading industrial towns, in addition to the city of Lucca, are Viareggio, with shipyards and a variety of manufactures; Barga and Bagni di Lucca, with paper mills; and Pietrasanta, with its marble quarries and marble-working industry.
	members.tripod.com /rigali/Page2.html (1945 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Barga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Barga is north of the town of Lucca.
		In the Middle Ages Lucca and Pisa battled frequently to conquer the wealthy town and the surrounding territory, and later Barga was part of the Florentine dominion, later Duchy and Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
		In 1847 it became part of the Duchy of Lucca, maintaining a certain degree of autonomy, until it became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Barga (554 words)

	Lucca (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In June 1805 meanwhile to the emperor of the Frenchmen and to the king of Italy proclaimed Napoleon I. the abolishment of the republic, which instead to the principality in favor of the sister Napoleon, Elisa Bonaparte, and its married man Félix Baciocchi, one reshuffled, dekretierte.
		The parmesischen Bourbonen should, as long as Marie Louise lived, instead of whose with the former republic Lucca as duchy is compensated, which should fall however after a change-over of the Bourbonen after Parma and Piacenza to the habsburgische Grand Duchy of Toskana (and thus into the sphere of influence of Austria).
		Since that time the duchy formed a part of the Toskana, with which it was attached 1859/61 first to Sardinien, then to the new unit state Italy.
	www.slotsch.de /english2/html/lucca.html (793 words)

	Lucca the medieval walled town
		Lucca is located in a plain at the foot of the high Apuan Alps and separated from the Tyrrhenian coast by a green border of pine-forest and a line of low hills.
		Lucca is one of the few towns in Italy with a set of defensive walls perfectly intact (for what it is worth, they are, according to the Guinness Book of World Records, the largest completely preserved set of walls in Europe).
		It is thanks to her that the people of Lucca take their passeggiata, the ritual evening walk, beneath the ancient plane, oak, lime and chestnut trees.
	www.jvot.com /lucca.htm (1299 words)

	Duchy of Parma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul III's illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, centered around the city of Parma.
		The Farnese family continued to rule until their extinction in 1731, at which point the Duchy was inherited by the young son of the King of Spain, Don Charles, whose mother Elizabeth Farnese was the Farnese heiress.
		The Duchies joined with Tuscany and Modena to form the United Provinces of Central Italy in December, and were annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia in March of 1860.
	enc.qba73.com /link-Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza (748 words)

	Bourbon - LoveToKnow 1911
		1748 the duchy of Parma was conferred on Philip, youngest son of Philip V. of Spain.
		Louis's son Charles Louis was forced to surrender Etruria to France in 1807, and he was given the duchy of Lucca by the congress of Vienna in 1815.
		In 1860 the duchies were annexed by Victor Emmanuel to the new kingdom of Italy.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Bourbon (1508 words)

	Grand Duchy of Tuscany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Italian: Granducato di Toscana) was a state in central Italy in existence from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Duchy of Florence, which had been created out of the old Republic of Florence in 1532, and which annexed the Republic of Siena in 1557.
		The Grand Duchy consisted of most of the territory of the current Italian region of Tuscany, with the exception of the northernmost portions, which formed the Duchy of Massa, the Principality of Carrara, and the Republic and then the Duchy of Lucca (up to 1847).
		In December of 1859, the Grand Duchy officially ceased to exist, being joined to the Duchies of Modena and Parma to form the United Provinces of Central Italy, which was annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia a few months later, in March of 1860.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany (460 words)

	Lucca, Duchy of (1815-1847) (Italy) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Duchy of Lucca flag for all uses between 1815 - 1818 and the land flag after 1818.
		On 7 November 1818 Lucca adopted new arms and added them to a white flag, with national colors in canton.
		I guess both the Sicilian and Lucca ensigns, in a pattern of yellow field with two red stripes, have some relationship with the 1785 Spanish ensign.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/it-luc-d.html (307 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Pisa
		Politically it became part of the duchy of Lucca.
		Lucca was the capital but Pisa was the most important city, as in the middle of 10th century Liutprand, bishop of Cremona, called Pisa Tusciae provinciae caput ("capital of the province of Tuscia"), and one century later the marquis of Tuscia was commonly referred to as "marquis of Pisa".
		The clash with Lucca also concerned the possession of the castle of Montignoso and mainly the control of the Via Francigena, the main trade route between Rome and France.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Pisa (3982 words)

	math lessons - Lucca
		Lucca was the only Italian city state with a republican constitution ("commune") to remain an independent republic over the centuries - next to Venice, of course.
		After 1815 it became a Bourbon-Parma duchy, then part of the Italian State.
		Lucca is the birthplace of composers Francesco Geminiani and Giacomo Puccini.
	www.mathdaily.com /lessons/Lucca (682 words)

	Historical states of Italy:
		Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (House of Farnese)
		Kingdom of Sardinia, Principality of Piedmont and Duchy of Savoy
		Duchies of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla (a cadet branch of the Spanish Bourbons)
	advantacell.com /wiki/Historical_states_of_Italy (393 words)

	Lucca Encyclopedia Article @ Leaned.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		For the Chrono Trigger character, see Lucca (Chrono Trigger).
		Lucca hosts the Lucca Summer Festival each year which, in July 2006, saw the likes of Eric Clapton, Roger Waters, Tracy Chapman and Santana play live in the Piazza Napolean.
		Leaned.org is designed and maintained by Kurt Karr and is hosted by pair Networks.
	www.leaned.org /encyclopedia/Lucca (916 words)

	The Duchy of Lucca (Empires) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Duchy of Lucca was an Italian state formed in 1815, according to the Congress of Vienna.
		Its capital was the old city of Lucca, and its rulers hailed from the Bourbon-Parma dynasty.
		The current Duke of Lucca is Carlo Ludovico di Borbone-Parma (Charles Louis), although the regency is in charge of his mother, Maria Luisa di Borbone.
	s14.invisionfree.com /Empires/ar/t352.htm (104 words)

	WHKMLA : Historical Dictionary, Italy, by Period
		In 1627-1630 the Duchy was bone of contention in the War of Mantuan Succession, from 1630 to 1708 by the Dynasty of Gonzaga-Nevers, from 1708 to 1797 under the Habsburg Dynasty, administrated as an annex to the Duchy of Milan.
		In 1859 the House Bourbon-Parma was toppled and Parma annexed by Piemont.
		Austria formally ceded the Austrian Netherlands and the Duchy of Milan, gained Venetia and the Venetian possessions in Istria and Dalmatia as compensation; the Venetian territory west of the Adige river were annexed by the Cisalpine Republic.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/histdic/italy/hditalyper.html (11552 words)

	Lucca - History
		During the barbaric domination Lucca was the capital of the Longobard reign until the IX century.
		In the first half of the XV century Lucca was ruled by Paolo Guinigi who improved its art and architecture: he had some important works made, such as Palazzo Guinigi and the wonderful sarcophagus of his wife, Ilaria del Carretto, which was made by Jacopo della Quercia.
		When in 1847 Lucca became part of the Grand Duchy of Toscana, a period of decay started for the town and ended only with the annexation to the Reign of Italy.
	www.realitaly.com /lucca/onceupon.html (391 words)

	Lucca e le sue terre: l'arte, la cultura e gli eventi nella provincia di Lucca
		For this reason a secondary road connecting Lucca to Parma and already used in Roman times was opened up again; in the Early Middle Ages it was known as "via di Monte Bardone", a derivation from "Mons Longobardorum".
		From Lucca the Via Francigena turned north towards Borgo a Mozzano; in the other direction it crossed present day Capannori, Porcari, Altopascio, continuing east towards Fucecchio.
		Historians who have studied the Via Francigena prefer to speak of an "area of the road": indeed, it was not just a single road, but a bundle of roads with several branches that for territorial or even economic reasons left the main route to catch up with it at important junctions.
	luccapro.cribecu.sns.it /ENG/MON/FOR_M0003/index.asp (489 words)

	Congress of Vienna information - Search.com
		Hanover gave up the Duchy of Lauenburg to Denmark, but was enlarged by the addition of former territories of the Bishop of Münster and by the formerly Prussian East Friesland, and made a kingdom.
		The Duchy of Lucca was created for the House of Bourbon-Parma, which would have reversionary rights to Parma after the death of Marie Louise.
		The Duchy of Lauenburg was transferred from Hanover to Denmark, and Swedish Pomerania was annexed by Prussia.
	www.search.com /reference/Congress_of_Vienna (1903 words)

	Republic of Lucca (1799-1809) (Tuscany, Italy) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The 1805-1809 flag was the flag of the Principality of Lucca and Piombino 1805-1809.
		On 8 August 1805 Lucca adopted another flag, that was in use until 1809, when Lucca was merged on Tuscany.
		I used the shade of blue similar to the one of the Etruria Kingdom.
	www.fotw.net /flags/it-luc-r.html (159 words)

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