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Topic: Duchy of Modena and Reggio

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	Modena - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Modena is a city and a province on the south side of the Po valley, in Emilia-Romagna, Italy.
		Modena is the birthplace of the legendary operatic tenor Luciano Pavarotti.
		Modena also hosts the Italian Military Academy, where Italian officers are trained, partly housed in the Baroque ducal palace, begun by Francis I in 1635 from the designs of Avanzini, and finished by Francis Ferdinand V with a fine courtyard.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Modena (1192 words)

	REGGIO (Jewish Encyclopedia) - BibleWiki
		The citizens of Reggio were accustomed to sell their silk to the Jews, who lent them money for the "feeding of the silkworms," at an interest of 4 tari on every pound of silk.
		In the sixteenth century the community of Reggio joined with the other communities of Italy—Rome, Venice, Padua, Ferrara, Mantua, Modena—in the formation of a Jewish committee for the revision of Hebrew books, their purpose being to consider means of avoiding the ecclesiastical censorship.
		Modena and Reggio remained under the rule of the house of Este until they were incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic.
	bible.tmtm.com /wiki/REGGIO_(Jewish_Encyclopedia) (787 words)

	Modena -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Modena is the birthplace of the legendary operatic tenor (Italian tenor (born in 1935)) Luciano Pavarotti.
		Modena is also well known in culinary circles for its production of (additional info and facts about balsamic vinegar) balsamic vinegar.
		Ten years later, on August 20, 1859, the representatives of Modena declared their territory part of the (additional info and facts about Kingdom of Italy) Kingdom of Italy, a decision that was confirmed by the plebiscite of 1860.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/M/Mo/Modena.htm (1145 words)

	Duchy of Reggio Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Duchy of Reggio was one of the states that belonged to the Duchy of Modena and Reggio, ruled by the house of Este, in the north of Italy, in a territory now belonging to the Province of Reggio Emilia.
		The perimeter of the duchy was from the Apennines to the river Po.
		The ancient borders were with Guastalla, the County of Novellara, the Principality of Correggio, the Duchy of Modena and Garfagnana all ruled by the duke of Este.
	www.karr.net /encyclopedia/Duchy_of_Reggio (309 words)

	Modena - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Italian officers are trained at the Italian Military Academy, located in Modena, and partly housed in the Baroque ducal palace, begun by Francis I in 1635 from the designs of Avanzini, and finished by Francis Ferdinand V.
		Modena is the birthplace of the operatic tenor Luciano Pavarotti, and is also well known in culinary circles for its production of balsamic vinegar.
		Although the exact date of its foundation is unknown, it is known that it was already in existence in the 3rd century BC, for in 218 BC, during Hannibal's invasion of Italy, the Boii revolted and laid siege to the city.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Modena (1254 words)

	Reggio Emilia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Reggio Emilia is a town of North Italy, in the Emilia-Romagna region.
		The ancient roman name of the town is Regium Lepidi, in honor of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, the founder of the town and of the Roman way Via Emilia, still the main road of the region and giver of the name.
		The town, before the unity of Italy, was part of the independent Duchy of Modena and Reggio (Italian: Ducato di Modena e Reggio)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reggio_Emilia (205 words)

	Duchy of Modena and Reggio Online Research :: Information about Duchy of Modena and Reggio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Duchy of Modena (in full, the Duchies of Modena and Reggio Emilia) was a small Italy state that existed (with a break between 1796 and 1814) from 1452 to 1859.
		In 1796, the Duchy was occupied by the French army of Napoleon I of France, who created the Cispadane Republic out of its territory.
		In December of 1859, Modena joined with Grand Duchy of Tuscany and Duchy of Parma to form the United Provinces of Central Italy, which were annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia in March of 1860.
	in-northcarolina.com /search/Duchy_of_Modena.html (259 words)

	Duchy of Modena and Reggio -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Duchy of Modena (in full, the Duchies of (additional info and facts about Modena) Modena and (additional info and facts about Reggio) Reggio) was a small (A native or inhabitant of Italy) Italian state that existed (with a break between 1796 and 1814) from 1452 to 1859.
		In 1796, the Duchy was occupied by the French army of (French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)) Napoleon Bonaparte, who created the (additional info and facts about Cispadane Republic) Cispadane Republic out of its territory.
		In December of 1859, Modena joined with (A region in central Italy) Tuscany and (additional info and facts about Parma) Parma to form the United Provinces of Central Italy, which were annexed to the (additional info and facts about Kingdom of Sardinia) Kingdom of Sardinia in March of 1860.
	absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/du/duchy_of_modena_and_reggio.htm (345 words)

	Modena
		An ancient town, the seat of an archbishop, it is now mostly known as "the capital of engines", given that most famous Italian car factories like De Tomaso, Ferrari, Lamborghini and Maserati were born there or were somehow related to its province.
		Modena (Roman Mutina) sits squarely on the Roman Via Aemilia; its ancient center lay to the southeast of the present historical center, but there are no Roman remains.
		The ancient Mutina became part of Roman territory in the war of 215-212 BC and in 183 it was refounded as a Roman colony.
	www.mcfly.org /Modena (946 words)

	Este
		Este Italian noble family, rulers of Ferrara (1240–1597), Modena and Reggio (1288–1796).
		The last duke, Ercole d'Este III, was deposed in 1796 by the French and died in 1803.
		The family ruled the Duchy of Modena and Reggio again from 1814 to 1859 becoming Asburgo - Este (Haupsburg - Este).
	www.starrepublic.org /encyclopedia/wikipedia/e/es/este.html (75 words)

	Este - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Obizzo d'Este II (d 1293) was proclaimed Lord of Ferrara in 1264, Lord of Modena 1288 and Lord of Reggio 1289.
		Borso received 1452 the title of Duke of Modena and Reggio from Emperor Frederick III and 1471 the title of Duke of Ferrara from Pope Paul II.
		The family ruled the Duchy of Modena and Reggio again from 1814 to 1859, using the names Asburgo-Este (Hapsburg-Este) and Austria-Este.
	www.encyclopedia-of-knowledge.com /?t=Este (888 words)

	Francis V, Duke of Modena - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Duke Francis V of Modena (Italian: Francesco V d'Este) (1819–1875) was born June 1, 1819, the eldest son of Francis IV of Modena and of Princess Mary Beatrice of Savoy.
		At the death of his father Duke Francis IV of Modena, January 21, 1846, Francis succeeded as reigning Duke of Modena; he also bore the titles of Duke of Reggio and Mirandola, Duke of Massa, Prince of Carrara and Lunigiana.
		In 1859 the Duchy of Modena was invaded by King Victor Emanuel II of Sardinia who the following year incorporated Modena into the new kingdom of Italy.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Francis_V_of_Modena (319 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Modena
		In the stuggle between the popes and Frederick II Modena was Ghibelline, and in conflict with the Guelph cities; nevertheless, it harboured a strong Guelph party, under the leadership of the Aigoni family, while the Ghibellines were led by the Grasolfi.
		As Francesco II died without progeny (1658), Modena came into the possession of his uncle Rinaldo, a cardinal also, who married Carlotta of Brunswick, and after a reign frequently troubled by French incursions, left the ducal throne to his son Francesco III in 1737, when the latter was fighting against the Turks in Hungary.
		Modena became the capital of the Cispadan, united later to the Cisalpine republic, and eventually was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10413a.htm (1889 words)

	Modena - Indopedia, the Indological knowledgebase
		Modena is a town and a province on the south side of the Po valley, in Emilia-Romagna, Italy.
		The ancient Mutina became part of Roman territory in the war of 215 - 212 BC and in 183 it was refounded as a Roman colony.
		Ten years later, on August 20, 1859, the representatives of Modena declared their territory part of the Kingdom of Italy, and their decision was confirmed by the plebiscite of 1860.
	www.indopedia.org /Mutina.html (1060 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: States of the Church
		On the surrender of the Duchy of Milan to Maximilian Sforza, Julius II made a still further gain for the States of the Church, since Parma and Piacenza were taken from the duchy and incorporated in the States of the Church.
		Reggio and Modena, which belonged to the Duke of Ferrara, were also taken possession of by the pope, but his successor Leo X had to restore these cities to the duke in 1515.
		Modena and Reggio, however, fell in 1597 to a collateral line of the Este as a fief of the empire.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14257a.htm (12122 words)

	Upto11.net - Wikipedia Article for Este (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Borso was elevated to Duke of Modena and Reggio by Emperor Frederick III in 1452 and in return received these duchies as imperial fiefs.
		Ercole was compensated in 1801 with the small principality of Breisgau in southwestern Germany, whose previous rulers, the Habsburgs, ceded it to him in anticipation of its eventual return to the Habsburgs, since Ercole's daughter Mary Beatrice d'Este was married to a cadet Habsburg, Archduke Ferdinand.
		In 1859 the duchy lost its independence to the new united Italy, and Francesco V, the last duke, was deposed.
	www.upto11.net /generic_wiki.php?q=este (909 words)

	Duchy of Modena (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Duchy of Modena (in full, the Duchies of Modena and Reggio) was a small Italian state that existed (with a breakbetween 1796 and 1814) from 1452 to 1859.
		In 1796, the Duchy was occupied by the French army of Napoleon Bonaparte, who created the Cispadane Republic out of itsterritory.
		With the fall of the Napoleonicsystem in Italy in 1814, Ferdinand's son, Francis IV, became Duke of Modena.
	www.therfcc.org /duchy-of-modena-262841.html (211 words)

	1598-1998, Quarto centenario di Modena Capitale
		Francesco IV was the son of Ferdinand of Austria and heir to the Duchy of Massa and Carrara.
		The state was divided into five provinces: Modena, Reggio, Garfagnana, Lunigiana, and Frignano, controlled by governors delegated by the Duke.
		1860: Annexation of Modena to the kingdom of Piedmont.
	www.comune.modena.it /capitale/istoria.htm (943 words)

	physics - Modena
		The territory around Modena (Roman Mutina, Etruscan Muoina) was inhabited by the Villanovans in the Iron Age, and later by Ligurian tribes, Etruscans and Boi Gauls, the settlment itself being Etruscan.
		Although its foundation date is unknown, it is known that it was already in existence in the III century BC, for in 218 BC, during Hannibal's invasion of Italy, the Boi revolted and sieged the city.
		Until the III century AD it kept its position as the most important city in the newly formed Aemilia, but the fall of the Empire brought Mutina down with it, because it was used as a military base both against the barbarians and in the civil wars.
	www.physicsdaily.com /physics/Mutina (1139 words)

	Francis I
		Francesco Ferdinando Geminiano von Habsburg-Lothringen was born at Modena in central Italy, June 1, 1819.
		He was the elder son of Duke Francis IV of Modena, Archduke of Austria, and of his wife, Princess Mary Beatrice of Savoy.
		In 1859 Modena was attacked by the armies of Piedmont and France.
	www.jacobite.ca /kings/francis1.htm (815 words)

	Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1452 the Italian family of Este, Lords of Ferrara, were created Dukes of Modena and Reggio, becoming Dukes of Ferrara also in 1471.
		They continued to rule the Duchy of Modena and Reggio in the Emilia until 1796, when it became part of Napoleon Bonaparte's Cispadane Republic.
		In 1814 it was restored under the Habsburg grandson of the last Este Duke, continuing until it was annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia in 1859.
	www.stylokna.pl /wikipedia/index.php?title=List+of+Dukes+of+Modena (174 words)

	The Succession Laws of Modena
		Modena, a town in northern Italy, was part of the Holy Roman Empire in the early Middle Ages, and among the estates of the counts of Tuscany of the Canossa family.
		Modena was invaded by French troops in 1796; duke Ercole III fled on 7 May 1796, and a ceasefire was signed between the Modenese and French armies on 12 May 1796.
		Modena was occupied again by the Austrians in June 1799, but evacuated a year later and the Republic was restored on 25 June 1800 after the battle of Marengo.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/royalty/modena.htm (4460 words)

	Reggio Emilia -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Reggio Emilia is a town of North (A republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD) Italy, in the (A region of north central Italy on the Adriatic) Emilia-Romagna region.
		The ancient roman name of the town is Regium Lepidi, in honor of (additional info and facts about Marcus Aemilius Lepidus) Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, the founder of the town and of the Roman way (additional info and facts about Via Emilia) Via Emilia, still the main road of the region and giver of the name.
		The town, before the unity of Italy, was part of the independent (additional info and facts about Duchy of Modena and Reggio) Duchy of Modena and Reggio (Italian: Ducato di Modena e Reggio)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/R/Re/Reggio_Emilia.htm (272 words)

	List of Dukes of Modena -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1452 the Italian family of (additional info and facts about Este) Este, Lords of (additional info and facts about Ferrara) Ferrara, were created Dukes of (additional info and facts about Modena) Modena and (additional info and facts about Reggio) Reggio, becoming Dukes of Ferrara also in 1471.
		They continued to rule the (additional info and facts about Duchy of Modena and Reggio) Duchy of Modena and Reggio in the (Tropical African herbs) Emilia until 1796, when it became part of (French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)) Napoleon Bonaparte's (additional info and facts about Cispadane Republic) Cispadane Republic.
		Habsburg - Este Dukes of Modena and Reggio, 1814-1860
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/li/list_of_dukes_of_modena.htm (231 words)

	Duchy of Modena and Reggio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Civil ensign of the Duchy of Modena, 1830-1859.
		The State and war flag had ducal shield in the middle.
		This page was last modified 07:44, 1 October 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio (253 words)

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