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Topic: Duchy of Normandy

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	Encyclopedia: Normandy
		Upper Normandy (Haute-Normandie) consists of the French dÃ©partements of Seine-Maritime and Eure, and Lower Normandy (Basse-Normandie) of the dÃ©partements of Orne, Calvados, and Manche.
		The Duchy of Normandy is a formerly independent duchy situated in northern France occupying the lower Seine area, the Pays de Caux and the region to the west through the Pays d'Auge as far as the Cotentin Peninsula.
		Normandy is a region of northern France occupying the lower Seine area (upper or Haute-Normandie) and the region to the west (lower or Basse-Normandie) as far as the Cotentin Peninsula.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Normandy (710 words)

	Duchy of Normandy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Duchy of Normandy stems from the Viking invasions of France in the 8th century.
		The literature of the Duchy and England during the period of the Anglo-Norman realm is known as Anglo-Norman literature.
		The Duchy was ruled as part of the Anglo-Norman realm until 1204, when Philip II of France conquered the continental lands of the Duchy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy (694 words)

	NORMANDY - LoveToKnow Article on NORMANDY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		From the confluence of the Epte and Seine to Ivry, the boundary between Normandy and the Ile-de-France is artificial; it is afterwards practically determined by the course of the Eure and the Sarthe.
		The duchy of Normandy, though nominally in feudal dependence on the king of France, thus became part of the great Angevin empire, of which the power and resources were more than equal to that of the French kings.
		In 1329 the duchy of Normandy was revived in favor of John, son of King Philip VI.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /N/NO/NORMANDY.htm (4309 words)

	Normandy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The principal cities are Rouen (population 385,000, including suburbs), the capital of upper Normandy and formerly of the whole province; Le Havre (247,000); Caen (200,000), the capital of lower Normandy; and Cherbourg (89,000).
		Since the Channel Islands have remained loyal to the English Crown since the division of Normandy in 1204, yet are not part of the UK but rather the Duchy of Normandy, the British monarch (currently Queen Elizabeth II) is toasted as Duke of Normandy.
		Normandy is the native land of Taillevent, cook of the kings of France Charles V and Charles VI.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Normandy (1820 words)

	Info and facts on 'Normandy' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Normandy was the home of the Norman (An inhabitant of Normandy) people in the early Middle Ages (The period of history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance), the last people to successfully invade England (A division of the United Kingdom).
		Normandy does not have one generally-agreed patron saint (A saint who is considered to be a defender of some group or nation), although this title has been ascribed to Saint Michael ((Old Testament) the guardian archangel of the Jews), and to Saint Ouen.
		Normandy is famous for its rich, rolling countryside, which provides plentiful pasture for dairy cattle (Domesticated bovine animals as a group regardless of sex or age) and orchards for apple (Fruit with red or yellow or green skin and sweet to tart crisp whitish flesh) s.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/no/normandy.htm (2099 words)

	Normandy - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Normandy is a former country (a Duchy) situated in northern France occupying the lower Seine area (upper or Haute-Normandie) and the region to the west (lower or Basse-Normandie) as far as the Cotentin Peninsula.
		Upper Normandy consists of the French départements of Seine-Maritime and Eure, and lower Normandy of the départements of Orne, Calvados, and Manche.
		Normandy was the home of the Norman people in the early Middle Ages, the last people to successfully invade England.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Normandy (1329 words)

	Normandy (Traditional province, France)
		Richard II started to adapt to Normandy the feudal institutions and used them to increase his power and stabilize his state, whereas those institutions were the source of the desagregation of the kingdom of the Franks.
		The union of Normandy and Flanders scared the pope and the king of France, and the foundation of the abbeys was Guillaume's answer.
		The reconstruction of Normandy was achieved with the foundation of the port of Le Havre by François I in 1517.
	flagspot.net /flags/fr-norm.html (2624 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Normandy
		Thus Normandy for nearly a century and a half was at once a sort of promontory of the Christian world in face of Scandinavia and at the same time a coign of Scandinavia thrust into the Christian world.
		Throughout the Middle Ages Normandy, greatly influenced by St. Bernard and the Cistercians was distinguished for its veneration of the Blessed Virgin.
		During the French Revolution Normandy was one of the centres of the federalist movement known as the Girondin.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11104a.htm (3689 words)

	Nordic Culture > The Normans: Scandinavians in Normandy - Scandinavica.com
		Normandy was a Duchy of western Europe during the Middle Ages.
		Normandy continued to be a Viking base for expeditions to England and to southern Europe, and the Normans themselves were usually happy going viking together with their Scandinavian cousins.
		William of Normandy was crowned King of England at the Westminster Abbey and became known as William the Conqueror.
	www.scandinavica.com /culture/history/normandy.htm (1270 words)

	The making of the Duchy of Normandy
		Normandy was born in 911 out of the concession made by King Charles the Simple to the Viking Rollo of the lands located at the mouth of the Seine with the town of Rouen as its capital..
		The frontiers of Normandy placed it in contact with Brittany in the west, Maine and, beyond this, Anjou in the south, the County of Blois and the domains of the King of France in the centre, and the County of Flanders in the east.
		The Duke of Normandy was thus, in turn, the ally or rival of the greatest lords of the kingdom.
	www.norman-world.com /angleterre/histoires/histoireNorm1.htm (265 words)

	The Age of Chivalry - Duchy of Normandy 911-1259 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Duke Richard II of Normandy (996-1026) rejected the Peace of God (the Church's attempt to curb the violence of lesser knights) in favour of using his own ability to keep the peace.
		Under William the Duchy of Normandy gained a great deal of prestige and was efficient both in arms and diplomacy.
		Although the main enemies of Normandy were Flanders and Anjou the kings of France, who were, nominally at least, the suzerain of the duchy, attempted to destroy it in 987 and 1058 but was defeated on both occasions.
	www.taoc.co.uk /content/view/71/45 (1554 words)

	Wikipedia: Robert Curthose
		His reign as Duke is noted for the discord with his brothers in England, eventually leading to the absorption of Normandy as a possession of England.
		Robert married Sybil, daughter of Geoffrey of Brindisi, Count of Conversano (and a grandniece of Robert Guiscard) and had one son, William Clito, heir to the Duchy of Normandy.
		In 1106, Henry defeated Robert's army decisively at the Battle of Tinchebray and claimed Normandy as a possession of the English crown, a situation that endured for over a century.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/r/ro/robert_curthose.html (560 words)

	ipedia.com: Duchy of Normandy Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Duchy of Normandy, held by the various Dukes, stems from the Viking invasions of France in the 8th century.
		Originally encompassing the province of Neustria and a portion of Breton territory on the Northern Coast and interior of France, it is now divided between territory in mainland France and the Channel Islands, which are part of the British Isles.
		The Duchy was ruled as part of the Anglo-Norman realm until 1204, when Philip II of France conquered it.
	www.ipedia.com /duchy_of_normandy.html (266 words)

	The Normans
		Normandy was in name a duchy of France, but the Norman dukes ruled the area as if it were an independent kingdom with little interference from the French king.
		By the eleventh century, the duchy of Normandy had become one of the most powerful regions in western Europe.
		The establishment of Norman duchies and the feudal system in Italy was the primary reason for the recovery of Italy in the later middle ages.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/MA/NORMANS.HTM (1420 words)

	Wikinfo \| Normandy
		Normandy remained associated with England until 1087, in 1106-1144 and in 1154-1204, and was occupied by English forces during the Hundred Years' War in 1346-1360 and again in 1415-1450.
		Since the Channel Islands are still under governance of the British, yet not part of the UK but rather the Duchy of Normandy, the British monarch (currently Queen Elizabeth II) is toasted Duke of Normandy.
		However, she is not technically Duke of Normandy as any claims by a British monarch to the title were given up by the Treaty of Paris (1295) and furthermore, the rights of succession of that title were governed under Salic Law.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Normandy (438 words)

	Province of Normandy, France
		Normandy's principal cities are Caen, Cherbourg, Le Havre, and Rouen.
		The duchy became extremely powerful, and, in 1066, Duke William conquered England, being crowned there as WILLIAM I. On William's death, succession disputes among his sons divided Normandy and England, but the English king HENRY I obtained Normandy in 1106.
		Normandy lost its status as a province and administrative unit in 1790 and was divided into the departments of Calvados, Eure, Manche, Orne, and Seine-Maritime.
	www.discoverfrance.net /France/Provinces/Normandy.shtml#Havre (1230 words)

	The Monachy Today > The Queen's role > Queen and Crown dependencies > Channel Islands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Situated 10 to 30 miles off the north-west coast of France, the Channel Islands are not part of the United Kingdom.
		However, the Channel Islands, part of the lost Duchy, remained a self-governing possession of the English Crown.
		While the islands today retain autonomy in government, they owe allegiance to The Queen in her role as Duke of Normandy.
	www.royal.gov.uk /output/page543.asp (265 words)

	Normandy - Term Explanation on IndexSuche.Com
		is a former country (a Duchy) found today's in northern France occupying the lower Seine area (upper or Haute-Normandie) and the region to the west (lower or Basse-Normandie) as far as the Cotentin_Peninsula.
		Normandy remained associated with England until 1087, in 1106-1144 and in 1154-1204, and was occupied by English forces during the Hundred_Years'_War in 1346-1360 and again in 1415-1450.
		Mont_Saint_Michel ---- ''Normandie'' is also the name of a famous ocean liner, whose interiors were done in the Art_Deco style, and praised by the critics for their great beauty.
	www.indexsuche.com /Normandy.html (423 words)

	The Norman Dynasties
		William of Normandy led an invasion and defeated Harold at the Battle of Hastings (14 October 1066).
		An energetic, decisive and occasionally cruel ruler, Henry centralised the administration of England and Normandy in the royal court, using 'viceroys' in Normandy and a group of advisers in England to act on his behalf when he was absent across the Channel.
		However, Matilda's claim to the English throne and the duchy of Normandy was rejected by the Anglo-Norman barons, who mostly were opposed the idea of a female ruler.
	xenophongroup.com /montjoie/norman.htm (2438 words)

	Britannia: Monarchs of Britain
		William, the illegitimate son of the Duke of Normandy, spent his first six years with his mother in Falaise and received the duchy of Normandy upon his father's death in 1035.
		A council consisting of noblemen and William's appointed guardians ruled Normandy but ducal authority waned under the Normans' violent nature and the province was wracked with assassination and revolt for twelve years.
		By 1066, Normandy was in a position of virtual independence from William's feudal lord, Henry I of France and the disputed succession in England offered William an opportunity for invasion.
	www.britannia.com /history/monarchs/mon22.html (740 words)

	JERSEY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Jersey was annexed to the Duchy of Normandy by William Longsword, Duke of Normandy in 933.
		His heir the Conqueror, conquered England in 1066, which led to the Duchy of Normandy and the kingdom of England being governed under one monarch.
		Elizabeth II's traditional title as head of state is that of Duke of Normandy, but she does not hold that title formally.
	www.yotor.org /wiki/en/je/Jersey.htm (838 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Normandy
		The Channel Islands, although British, are culturally and historically a part of the Duchy of Normandy that never reverted to the crown of France.
		The principal cities are Rouen (population 385,000, including suburbs), the capital of upper Normandy and formerly of the whole province; Le Havre (247,000); Caen (200,000), the capital of lower Normandy; and Cherbourg (89,000).Other towns include:
		Caen and other Norman towns endured many casualties in the fight for the province, which continued until the liberation of Le Havre on (September 12).
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Normandy (1408 words)

	ORB -- The Rollonid Principality 2.1
		But it is very difficult to reject Dudo, since the vast majority of the information we have on tenth-century Normandy comes from him, and indeed, even those historians who reject him tend to tell a story influenced by him in at least the broad outline.
		Northmannia was simply a place where Northmen lived, and was not in any way associated exclusively with what we consider Normandy (in fact, the one time Adémar uses Northmannia to mean Normandy is also the one time he feels the need to explain what he means--"In that Northmannia that previously was known as Neustria").
		During the tenth century, the territory that would eventually become Normandy was never united under the control of any one man or dynasty, and it would be the task of the eleventh century to establish finally those boundaries.
	www.the-orb.net /encyclop/high/normandy/normhist/n10th2-1.html (960 words)

	Duke of Normandy Rollo Hrolf (Walker) Norese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		At that time, he received the Duchy of Normandy from Charles III of France.
		Rollo was known as the Walker to his fellow Vikings because he was so stout he could not find a horse to carry him, although according to an alternate theory it was because his legs were so long that they touched the ground while Rollo was astride.
		Charles the Simple, having exacted a vow of loyalty, bestowed on Rollo the title "Count of Rouen" and gave him the surrounding lands in 911 A.D. This brought the raids of the Vikings to an end and lead to the establishment of the Duchy of Normandy.
	worldroots.com /cgi-bin/gasteldb?@I04692@ (240 words)

	Flanders, Brittany, Burgundy, Anjou, Normandy, Blois, Champagne, Toulouse, etc.
		Charles the Good, in turn, is murdered himself, and the County passes to a second cousin, William Clito of Normandy, the great grandson of Baldwin V through his daughter Maltilda, who had married William the Bastard, later William the Conqueror, of Normandy.
		Anjou was revived as a Duchy for Charles, the brother of King Louis IX of France, in 1246.
		William VIII of Aquitaine acquired the Duchy of Gascony in 1052.
	www.friesian.com /flanders.htm (10467 words)

	Channel Islands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The islands are the only remain of the duchy of Normandy still in the possession of the English crown.
		The king of Englands relinquished the duchy of Normandy to the king of France by a treaty of May 20, 1259.
		The text of the treaty stipulates renunciation to the duchy and all the land of Normandy, and to all the islands which were held by the king of France at that time.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/national/channel.htm (380 words)

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