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Topic: Duchy of Parma

	Parma - LoveToKnow 1911
		Parma, one of the finest cities of northern Italy, lies in a fertile tract of the Lombard plain, within view of the Alps and sheltered by the Apennines, 170 ft. above sea-level.
		A bishop of Parma is mentioned in the acts of the council of Rome of A.D. It fell into the power of Alboin in 569 and became the seat of a Lombard duchy; it was still one of the wealthiest cities of Aemilia in the Lombard period.
		On his death in 1802 the duchies were incorporated with the French republic and his son Louis became "king of Etruria." Parma was thus governed for several years by Moreau de SaintMery and by Junot.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Parma (1450 words)

	Diocese of Parma
		In the thirteenth century (1199, 1200, 1204), Parma was at war with its neighbour Piacenza; later it aroused the indignation of Innocent III by the robbery of a pontifical legate.
		In 1512 Julius II united Parma to the Pontifical States; it should be said that John of Bohemia had previously held it as a fief of the Holy See; but from 1515 to 1521, the city was again in the hands of the King of France.
		The garrison of Parma prevented the city from falling into the power of Ferrante, as Piacenza fell; and after long negotiations with the emperor, the son of Pierluigi, Ottavio, was confirmed in the duchy by Julius III in 1550.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/p/parma,diocese_of.html (977 words)

	JEWISH AND KOSHER ITALY - EMILIA-ROMAGNA - PARMA
		Parma, city of traditional aristocratic cultures, rich with preciouys works of art and a capital city in its past, famous for its most illustrious children and for artists who work within her-from Benedetto Antelami to Salimbene, from Correggio to Parmigianino, from Bodoni to Verdi and.
		In fact, it has been historically marked by the enlightened government of Maria Luigia, the wife of Napoleon,when it was the capital of the Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla.
		Parma is famous for its famous Parmesan Cheese.
	www.kosherdelight.com /ItalyEmiliaRomagnaParmaSynagogue.htm (663 words)

	Farnese - LoveToKnow 1911
		A shameless rake and a man of uncontrollable temper, his massacre of the people of Perugia after a rebellion in 1540 and the unspeakable outrage he committed on the bishop of Fano are typical of his character.
		In 1 545 his father conferred on him the duchy of Parma and Piacenza, which likewise belonged to the Holy See, and his rule proved cruel and tyrannical.
		The powers had agreed that at the death of the latter the duchy should pass to Don Carlos of Bourbon, son of King Philip V. of Spain by Elisabetta Farnese (1692-1766), granddaughter of Ranuccio II.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Farnese (1178 words)

	Historic Centre of Parma - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
		Parma is a city of noble cultural traditions; its innumerable works of art are a testimony of its long history and glorious past as a major European capital city.
		Parma was then at the centre of harsh conflicts between the followers of the Holy Roman Empire and those faithful to the Papacy; in the end the Ghibelline fringes prevailed with the Bishop Cadalus and Guiberto, native of Parma and Archbishop of Ravenna..
		In 1802 Parma was conquered by Napoleon and in 1814 by decision of the Congress of Vienna, it was given to Napoleon's wife, Marie Loiuse of Austria.
	whc.unesco.org /en/tentativelists/1148 (995 words)

	AllRefer.com - Parma, city, Italy, Italy (Italian Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		In 1545, Pope Paul III created the duchy of Parma and Piacenza, a substantial territory, and bestowed it on his son, Pier Luigi Farnese, whose descendants ruled it (with interruptions) until 1731.
		The Parma school of painting flourished there in the 16th cent.; its leading artists were Correggio (who executed frescoes for the Convent of St. Paul and for the Romanesque cathedral) and Parmigiano.
		Parma was a center of learning in the Middle Ages and has a university.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/ParmaIt.html (400 words)

	Parma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		In 1731 the; combined Duchy of Parma and Piacenza was given to the House of Bourbon in a diplomatic shuffle of the European dynastic politics that were played out in Italy.
		In 1847, after Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma's death, it passed again to the Bourbons, the; last of whom was stabbed in the city and left it to his Widow, Luisa Maria of Berry.
		Parma was liberated of the German occupation (1943-1945) on April 25, 1945 by US and British forces.
	www.zdnet.co.za /wiki/Parma (1901 words)

	General Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		In 1545 Parma became the capital of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza, ruled by the Farnese family.
		This influence, along with the passing of the duchy in 1816 to Maria Luigia of Austria, Napoleon’s wife, is the source of the city's elegant and noble appearance.
		In 1860, Parma was annexed to Piedmont and consequently to the Kingdom of Italy.
	www.francis.edu /GenEd/Italy/Parma.shtml (428 words)

	The Succession Laws of Parma
		Restoring a counterweight to this new power was in the interests of Parma, and its minister in Madrid, Giulio Alberoni, pulled off the marriage of Odoardo's daughter Elisabetta to the widowed king Philip V of Spain in 1714.
		The dynasty was overthrown in 1859: the duke and regent duchess left Parma on June 9 for Switzerland and made an official protest on June 20 against the Sardinian invasion.
		Promise by the king of Spain to fulfill the conditions for investiture of the duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Piacenza (28 Feb 1724; Dumont 8:2:80).
	www.heraldica.org /topics/royalty/parma.htm (2047 words)

	Parma (Emilia-Romagna, Italy) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		This flag is the flag of duchy of Parma-Piacenza dated 1545 to 1731.
		The first flag of Parma was blue with lys and was in use until 1731.
		In 1802 Parma was annexed to France and french flag was in use.In 1814 the red and white vertical flag was adopted.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/it-parma.html (419 words)

	Parma Hotels Emilia Romagna
		Situated half way between Milan and Bologna, Parma was once the Capital of the Duchy of Parma.
		In the enchanting countryside of the Parma Penines, which surrounds the city, are the Regional Nature Reserve, the Carrega Woods, and the River parks of Taro and Stirane.
		Parma is known throughout Europe as 'the Food Valley' because of its Internationally famous products, such as Spalla cotta calda, Salame Felino, Culatello, il Prosciutto di Parma and Parmigiano Reggiano.
	www.italytraveller.com /en/r/emilia-romagna/a/parma (239 words)

	Parma, Italy
		Parma, the former capital of the duchy of Parma, now a provincial capital and seat of an university, lies at the foot of the Apennines in the North Italian plain on the banks of the River Parma, a tributary of the Po.
		Parma became a Roman colony in 183 B.C. During the Middle Ages it became a place of some consequence through its woolen mills and its university.
		In 1545 Pope Paul III granted the duchies of Parma and Piacenza to his natural son Pier Luigi Farnese.
	www.planetware.com /italy/parma-i-er-pm.htm (298 words)

	[No title]
		The Duchy of Parma was a fief of the Papal State.
		In 1639, Duke Odoardo Farnese (since 1622) was induced to ban the export of grain from Parma territory (from the city of Castro) to the Papal State.
		The fifth meeting of the NRG was held on 19 November in Parma under the chairmanship of the Italian Presidency of the European Union.
	www.lycos.com /info/parma--city.html (185 words)

	Appianline -
		Parma, has 170.000 inhabitants and it is situated in Emilia Romagna region.
		Parma, has been an important city in the Middle Ages and for Romanesque art, famous for its most illustrious citizen and for artists who work within her, from Benedetto Antelami to Salimbene, from Correggio to Parmigianino, from
		Nowadays Parma is famous as the capital food centre of Italy, for its inimitable products and in particular for its Prosciutto of Parma, cured pork meats and its famous Parmesan cheese, the Wines of the Colli of Parma, the Black Truffles of Fragno, ensure a high quality traditional cuisine.
	www.appianline.it /parma.htm (311 words)

	Italy, Historic Centre of Parma
		The city of Parma, inhabited since prehistoric times, became in 183 BC a Roman colony along the Via Emilia.
		In 1545 Parma became the capital of the Duchy ruled by the Farnese family.
		In 1749, the Duchy of Parma was given to the House of Bourbon, and in 1814 to Marie Louise of Austria, second wife of Napoleon.
	leonardfrank.com /Worldheritage/Parma.html (86 words)

	Cambaceres (Parma)
		On March 21,1808, Spain yields the duchies of Parma and Piasanca to France by the Aranjuez treaty.
		Created on March 10,1808, the duchy of Parma was constituted on March 24,1808 with retroactive effect at the January 1,1808.
		Cambaceres never come in his duchy, which was composed of buildings and rural estates confiscated with the female religious congregations in the Parmesan state.
	www.cambaceres.org /lieux/parme/parme.htm (339 words)

	Albergo in Parma - Alberghi di Emilia Romagna - Hotel Palace Maria Luigia
		The enlightened rule of Napoleon's second wife Marie-Louise, when the city was the capital of the duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, left a particularly deep mark.
		Parma is also known as the capital of the Italian food industry, famous for such inimitable products as Parma ham and Parmesan cheese.
		The Cathedral of Parma, like that of Modena, is set on the Via Romea, one of the most important highways of medieval Christendom and the route used by pilgrims on their way to Rome and the Holy Land.
	www.jpmoser.com /palacemarialuigia-a.html (416 words)

	Heraldry in Pre-Unification Italy
		In 1734, the Infant of Spain Carlos, then duke of Parma, conquered the kingdom of Naples; and in 1738, after his conquest was recognized by the treaty of Vienna, he was invested by the Pope with the kingdoms of Sicily and Jerusalem.
		In 1720, it was agreed among European powers to let Parma go to the eldest son of Isabella Farnese, niece of the last two dukes, from her marriage with Felipe V of Spain, namely Don Carlos de Borbon y Farnese.
		Parma-Piacenza was annexed to France in 1802 and granted in 1806 to Cambacérès (Parma) and Lebrun (Piacenza), former colleagues of Bonaparte as Consuls of France.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/national/italy2.htm (5752 words)

	Duchy of Lucca - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Duchy of Lucca was an Italian state that was formed in 1815 according to the Congress of Vienna, with capital Lucca.
		The first duke was Charles Louis of Bourbon, to whom it was given in compensation for the lost Duchy of Parma, with a regency assigned to his mother Maria Louisa.
		A clausule established that, after Charles Louis' death, the duchy was to be returned to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca (160 words)

	Antichi Stati Italiani
		As the Modena Duchy, also the Parma Duchy is one of the Old Italian States of small dimensions, with about 6,300 Sqkm as surface and 500,000 inhabitants.
		The events that brought to the Duchy fall are as always to be connected to the Sardinian efforts to unify Italy of the 2nd Independence War.
		In June 14th the Sardinian troop enters in Parma and in date June 16th the power is given in the hands of the Count Diodato Pallieri (sent from Turin); power that he keeps up to August 8th when it moves in the Giuseppe Manfredi hands.
	www.antichistati.com /800/pa/paintroen.htm (511 words)

	Etrurian Kingdom (1801-1807) (Italy) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Bourbon-Parma descend from Philip V king of Spain (grandson of Louis XIV and the first Bourbon king of Spain) and Elisabetta Farnese, heir to the Duchy of Parma.
		The wife of Louis, and hence queen of Etruria, was Marie-Louise, daughter of Charles IV (Carlos IV) king of Spain.
		The Dukes of Parma were, in order, Carlo I (later to become king of Naples as Carlo VII, giving rise to the Bourbon-Sicilia branch, and later king of Spain, as Carlos III, giving rise to the present Spanish branch), followed at Parma by his brother Filippo, head of the Parma branch of the Bourbons.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/it-etrur.html (606 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Guastalla
		Ferrante I, Gonzaga, ruled there in 1538; in 1621 it became a duchy and remained in the hands of the Gonzaga family until 1746.
		Later it was joined (1748) to the Duchy of Parma given to Philip Bourbon.
		In 1815 the Treaty of Venice assigned it as a duchy to Marie Louise, wife of Napoleon I, and after her death, in 1847, it went to the Duke of Lucca, who in 1848 made it over to Modena.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07053b.htm (365 words)

	Royal House of Bourbon Two Sicilies - History
		By birth, on his mother side - Elisabeth Farnese’s father was the son of a lady of Medici - he already was a pretender to an Italian principality including the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza and possibly also the Medici dominions in case of dying out of the direct branch (as it started to appear).
		Only by overcoming a series of obstacles did Elisabeth cleverly succeed in guaranteeing her son the Duchy in 1732, under the tutelage of his grandmother, the widow Duchess of Parma.
		In the meanwhile, the previous year Charles declared himself "great Crown Prince" of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, since the dying out of the Medici family was then sure and Giangastone, the last Grand Duke still alive, was appointed as his co-tutor.
	www.realcasadiborbone.it /uk/archiviostorico/cs_04.htm (499 words)

	[No title]
		Parma's territories was an exception for Northern Italy, as its feudal subdivision continued often until recent years.
		Rising unrest in 1859 forced her abdication, and, in 1860, following a plebiscite, Parma was incorporated into the kingdom of Italy.
		This is, after all, the capital of Italy's famous "food valley" where Prosciutto di Parma ham and Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese reign supreme.
	www.lycos.com /info/parma--parma-italy.html (384 words)

	Duchy of Parma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Duchy of Parma (in red) in the context of late 18th century Italy.
		In 1802, following the death of Duke Ferdinand, the Duchies were occupied by Napoleonic France, who took over administration, and, in 1808, annexed them, forming out of them the Département of Taro (although two officials were given the titles of Duc de Parme and Duc de Piacenze).
		The Duchy was renamed Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, which it retained until the end.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Duchy_of_Parma (440 words)

	Bourbon-Parma Royal Family
		See 37.559 - The House of Bourbon-Parma was established (1731) in the duchy of Parma and Piacenza when Isabella (Elizabeth) Farnese wife of King Philip V of Spain transmitted her rights to Parma to her son Carlos.
		Carlos became King of Spain in 1759 and his younger brother Phillip succeeded him as the Duke of Parma and through him derives the present house of Bourbon Parma.
		Roberto was overthrown in 1860 following the annexation of the Duchy of Parma to the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1859.
	www.btinternet.com /~allan_raymond/Bourbon_Parma_Royal_Family.htm (465 words)

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