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Topic: Duchy of Parma and Piacenza

	Duchy of Parma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul III's illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, centered around the city of Parma.
		The Farnese family continued to rule until their extinction in 1731, at which point the Duchy was inherited by the young son of the King of Spain, Don Charles, whose mother Elizabeth Farnese was the Farnese heiress.
		The Duchies joined with Tuscany and Modena to form the United Provinces of Central Italy in December, and were annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia in March of 1860.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Duchy_of_Parma (391 words)

	Piacenza - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Piacenza was founded in 218 BC (according to the tradition, on May 31), the first of the Roman military colonies, and was formerly called Placentia in both Latin and English.
		Piacenza was the capital city of the duchy until Ottavio Farnese (1547-1586) moved it to Parma.
		Piacenza was therefore declared Primogenita dell'Unità di Italia ("First-born of Unification of Italy") by the monarch.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Piacenza (1587 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Piacenza (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Its name ("piazza" is the italian word for "square", and "Cavalli" means "horses") comes from two equestrian monuments representing Alessandro Farnese (Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1586, nephew and valiant general of Philip II of Spain) and his son Ranuccio, who succeeded him to the dukedom.
		In the church was proclaimed the annexion of Piacenza to the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1848.
		The most famous relic of the region's pre-Roman civilization is the Bronze Liver of Piacenza (Il Fegato Etrusco di Piacenza in Italian), an Etruscan bronze model of a sheep's liver dating from the end of the second century to the beginning of the first century BCE.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Piacenza (2522 words)

	Parma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Parma is a medieval city in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna, famous for its architectures and the fine countryside around it.
		Parma became an important stage of the Via Francigena, the main Middle Ages road connecting Rome to Northern Europe: several castles, hospitals and inns were founded in the following centuries to host the increasing number of pilgrims.
		Parma is famous for its food: its cheese "Parmigiano Reggiano" (as well as Reggio Emilia) and Prosciutto di Parma (Parma ham).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parma (1767 words)

	Parma - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Parma is a medieval city in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna, with splendid architecture and a fine countryside around it.
		The Farnese pope, Paul III, detached Parma and Piacenza from the Papal States and gave them as a duchy for his illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, whose descendents ruled in Parma from 1545 to 1731, when Antonio Farnese (1679-1731), last male of the Farnese line, died.
		The combined Duchy of Parma and Piacenza was given to the House of Bourbon in a diplomatic shuffle of the European dynastic politics that were played out in Italy.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Parma (446 words)

	Diocese of Parma
		In the thirteenth century (1199, 1200, 1204), Parma was at war with its neighbour Piacenza; later it aroused the indignation of Innocent III by the robbery of a pontifical legate.
		In 1512 Julius II united Parma to the Pontifical States; it should be said that John of Bohemia had previously held it as a fief of the Holy See; but from 1515 to 1521, the city was again in the hands of the King of France.
		The garrison of Parma prevented the city from falling into the power of Ferrante, as Piacenza fell; and after long negotiations with the emperor, the son of Pierluigi, Ottavio, was confirmed in the duchy by Julius III in 1550.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/p/parma,diocese_of.html (1007 words)

	Parma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A Roman colony founded in the 2nd century BCE, Parma, in Emilia, underwent all the political vicissitudes of northern Italy.
		In 1545, pope Paul III created an autonomous duchy with Parma and Piacenza which he conferred on his son Pier Luigi Farnese, in whose family it stayed until 1731.
		Parma was Spanish Bourbon from 1731 to 1802 and French to 1815, after which it was accorded to Napoleon's Habsburg widow, Marie Louise.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /p/parma.html (151 words)

	Comune di Parma - Giardino Ducale
		The son of Alessandro (later Pope Paul III) was entrusted with the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza in 1545 after a stormy youth (he had taken part in the Sack of Rome) thanks to the diplomatic efforts of his father.
		Piacenza was chosen as the court seat and administrative headquarter.
		Reconquering Piacenza was much more difficult and entailed a ten years' war against Spain and the Pope, pressed to join Charles V after the audacious alliance between Ottavio and the king of France Henry II.
	www.servizi.comune.parma.it /giardinoducale/farneseeng.html (671 words)

	Parma, Italy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Parma is a medieval city in northern Italy, with splendid architecture and a fine countryside around it.
		With Piacenza Parma was part of the combined Duchy of Parma and Piacenza, until the unification of Italy..
		The town is also famous for its cheese "Parmigiano Reggiano" (which pride it shares with Reggio Emilia), for its Parma ham, and now for its international commercial brand Parmalat.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/p/pa/parma__italy.html (206 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Parma, 1748-1802
		The Jesuits were expelled from Parma in 1768.
		When French armies invaded Northern Italy in 1797, establishing satellite republics on the territory of Piemont, Genoa, Milan, Mantua, they left the Duchy of Parma unharmed, as Parma was ruled by a sideline of the Spanish Bourbon dynasty; Spain and France were allies.
		Piacenza and Guastalla) for himself and his heirs, in return for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, ceding Parma to France.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/italy/parma17481802.html (305 words)

	Parma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Parma, like most northern Italian cities, was nominally a part of the Holy Roman Empire but locally ruled by its bishops until the commune gained strength in the early Middle Ages.
		Stendhal set much of his masterpiece (The Charterhouse of Parma) in the city, even though there was no "Charterhouse" in real life.
		Parma is home to two rugby union teams Overmach Rugby Parma and SKG Gran Rugby.
	www.worldslastchance.com /encyclopedia/index.php/Parma (790 words)

	The Succession Laws of Parma
		Restoring a counterweight to this new power was in the interests of Parma, and its minister in Madrid, Giulio Alberoni, pulled off the marriage of Odoardo's daughter Elisabetta to the widowed king Philip V of Spain in 1714.
		Parma, Piacenza were taken in September 1745, and Milan in December, but were given up in June 1746 after a military defeat at Piacenza.
		Promise by the king of Spain to fulfill the conditions for investiture of the duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Piacenza (28 Feb 1724; Dumont 8:2:80).
	www.heraldica.org /topics/royalty/parma.htm (2047 words)

	AllRefer.com - Parma, city, Italy, Italy (Italian Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		In 1545, Pope Paul III created the duchy of Parma and Piacenza, a substantial territory, and bestowed it on his son, Pier Luigi Farnese, whose descendants ruled it (with interruptions) until 1731.
		The Parma school of painting flourished there in the 16th cent.; its leading artists were Correggio (who executed frescoes for the Convent of St. Paul and for the Romanesque cathedral) and Parmigiano.
		Parma was a center of learning in the Middle Ages and has a university.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/ParmaIt.html (400 words)

	[No title]
		A shameless rake and a man of uncontrollable temper, his massacre of the people of Perugia after a rebellion in 1540 and the unspeakable outrage he committed on the bishop of Fano are typical of his character.
		In 1545 his father conferred on him the duchy of Parma and Piacenza, which likewise belonged to the Holy See, and his rule proved cruel and tyrannical.
		But the duke came to an arrangement with his father-in-law, by which he regained Piacenza and his other fiefs The rest of his life was spent quietly at home, where the moderation and wisdom of his rule won for him the affection of his people.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=24511 (1127 words)

	Parma Slot Cars
		Parma is a medieval city inthe Italian region of Emilia-Romagna, with splendid architecture and a finecountryside around it.
		Parma, like most northern Italian cities, was nominally a part of the Holy Roman Empire but locally ruled by its bishops until the commune gained strength in the early MiddleAges.
		The combined Duchy of Parma and Piacenza was given to the House of Bourbon in adiplomatic shuffle of the European dynastic politics that were played out in Italy.
	www.lottery-news.net /dust26693-parma_slot_cars.html (642 words)

	Trips 2 Italy \| Travel guide and Information about History of Parma in the Italian region of Emilia Romagna Italy \| ...
		Parma was founded in 183 B.C. by M. Emilio Lepido, T. Ebuzio Caro, and L. Quinto Crispino, and 2000 Roman citizens as part of a colonization project in which the nearby towns of Piacenza, Modena, and Bologna were also established.
		Parma flourished as a Roman center along Via Aemilia, and the traces of Roman settlement are still clearly visible.
		The Treaty of Paris (1817) established that the dukedom be passed to the Bourbons, and Carlo Ludovico arrived in Parma.
	trips2italy.com /History_of_Parma (438 words)

	Turismo a Salsomaggiore e Tabiano Terme / Discover the area / Suggested routes / History and culture
		The Castles of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
		Itineraries in the provinces of Parma and Piacenza.
		These castles regale their visitors with the story of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza: first territory of the Farnese family and then of the Bourbon dynasty up to the Congress of Vienna when the Duchy was given to Napoleon's wife, Marie Louise of Austria.
	www.comune.salsomaggiore-terme.pr.it /turismo/pages/item.asp?IDCodiceAlbero=010502&IDElemento=7729&IDOggetto=06&Lang=eng&IDPortale=2 (258 words)

	Appianline -
		Parma, has 170.000 inhabitants and it is situated in Emilia Romagna region.
		Parma, has been an important city in the Middle Ages and for Romanesque art, famous for its most illustrious citizen and for artists who work within her, from Benedetto Antelami to Salimbene, from Correggio to Parmigianino, from
		Nowadays Parma is famous as the capital food centre of Italy, for its inimitable products and in particular for its Prosciutto of Parma, cured pork meats and its famous Parmesan cheese, the Wines of the Colli of Parma, the Black Truffles of Fragno, ensure a high quality traditional cuisine.
	www.appianline.it /parma.htm (311 words)

	Parma (Emilia-Romagna, Italy) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The first flag of Parma was blue with lys and was in use until 1731.
		In 1802 Parma was annexed to France and french flag was in use.In 1814 the red and white vertical flag was adopted.
		At UEFA cup match between Hapoel Tel-Aviv (Israel) and Parma (Hapoel wins 2:1), Parma fas used the city flag (blue cross on yellow) and and also fl cross on yellow (1+2 qtrs.) and blue (3+4 qtrs.).
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/it-parma.html (400 words)

	Margaret of Parma: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		1537) and (1538) to Ottavio Farnese, duke of Parma.
		Margaret's son was the noted general Alessandro Farnese, duke of Parma and Piacenza.
		He was the son of Duke Ottavio Farnese and Margaret of Parma and thus a nephew of Philip II and of John of Austria, under whom he distinguished himself at the battle of Lepanto...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/margaret_of_parma.jsp (1625 words)

	General Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Parma became a city-republic in the twelfth century, when the Cathedral and Baptistery were built.
		This influence, along with the passing of the duchy in 1816 to Maria Luigia of Austria, Napoleon’s wife, is the source of the city's elegant and noble appearance.
		In 1860, Parma was annexed to Piedmont and consequently to the Kingdom of Italy.
	www.francis.edu /gened/Italy/Parma.shtml (428 words)

	Albergo in Parma - Alberghi di Emilia Romagna - Hotel Palace Maria Luigia
		The enlightened rule of Napoleon's second wife Marie-Louise, when the city was the capital of the duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, left a particularly deep mark.
		Parma is also known as the capital of the Italian food industry, famous for such inimitable products as Parma ham and Parmesan cheese.
		The Cathedral of Parma, like that of Modena, is set on the Via Romea, one of the most important highways of medieval Christendom and the route used by pilgrims on their way to Rome and the Holy Land.
	www.jpmoser.com /palacemarialuigia-a.html (416 words)

	Piacenza - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Piazza Cavalli and the façade of Il Gotico, Piacenza.
		Palazzo Comunale, also known as il Gotico, was built in 1281 as the seat of the government of the town.
		Emilia-Romagna · Communes of the province of Piacenza
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Piacenza (2507 words)

	Around Parma- Parma Italy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Parma, city of traditional aristocratic cultures, rich with preciouys works of art and a capital city in its past, famous for its most illustrious children and for artists who work within her-from Benedetto Antelami to Salimbene, from Correggio to Parmigianino, from Bodoni to Verdi and.
		In fact, it has been historically marked by the enlightened government of Maria Luigia, the wife of Napoleon,when it was the capital of the Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla.
		Parma is famous as the capital food centre of Italy, for its unimitable products and in particular for its Prosciutto of Parma,cured pork meats and its famous Parmesan Cheese.
	www.parmaitaly.com /girok.html (216 words)

	The Ultimate Historical states of Italy - American History Information Guide and Reference
		Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (House of Farnese)
		Bishoprics of Trento and Brixen (House of Austria)
		Duchy of Modena and Reggio - union with Duchy of Massa and Carrara (Asburgo - Este)
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Historical_states_of_Italy (154 words)

	Bourbon-Parma Royal Family
		See 37.559 - The House of Bourbon-Parma was established (1731) in the duchy of Parma and Piacenza when Isabella (Elizabeth) Farnese wife of King Philip V of Spain transmitted her rights to Parma to her son Carlos.
		Carlos became King of Spain in 1759 and his younger brother Phillip succeeded him as the Duke of Parma and through him derives the present house of Bourbon Parma.
		Roberto was overthrown in 1860 following the annexation of the Duchy of Parma to the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1859.
	www.btinternet.com /~allan_raymond/Bourbon_Parma_Royal_Family.htm (465 words)

	Giuseppe Verdi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oftentimes scoffed at by the critics, in his lifetime and today, as catering to the tastes of the common folk, overly simple in chromatic texture and shamelessly melodramatic, Verdi’s masterpieces dominate the standard repertoire a century and a half after their composition.
		Verdi was born in Le Roncole, a village near Busseto in the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (now in the province of Parma).
		When he was still a child, Verdi's parents moved to Busseto from the province of Piacenza, where the future composer's education was greatly facilitated by visits to the large library belonging to the local Jesuit school.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi (2466 words)

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