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	DUCKING and CUCKING STOOLS - LoveToKnow Article on DUCKING and CUCKING STOOLS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The earlier, the Cucking-stoolf or Stool of Repentance, is of very ancient date, and was used by the Saxons, who called it the Scealding or Scolding Stool.
		Seated on this stool the woman, her head and feet bare, was publicly exposed at her door or paraded through the streets amidst the jeers of the crowd.
		Sometimes, however, the Ducking-stool was not a fixture but was mounted on a pair of wooden wheels SO that it could be wheeled through the streets, and at the river-edge was hung by i~t chain from the end of a beam.
	7.1911encyclopedia.org /D/DU/DUCKING_and_CUCKING_STOOLS.htm (472 words)

	Common scold - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The cucking stool, according to Blackstone, eventually became known as a ducking stool by folk etymology.
		The stool consisted of a chair that was suspended over a body of water into which the prisoner was strapped and dunked into the water for her punishment.
		The last recorded uses of the ducking stool involve a Mrs Ganble at Plymouth (1808); Jenny Pipes, a notorious scold (1809), and Sarah Leeke (1817), both of Leominster.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Common_scold (920 words)

	STOOL - LoveToKnow Article on STOOL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The stool is an ancient piece of furniture which came into use when the need began to be felt for a seat more easily portable than heavy settles and benchesthe chair was an appanage of rank and dignity to which no ordinary person dreamed of aspiring.
		By the middle of the i6th century stools had acquired four legs, braced together by stretchers, and the frame was often well carved.
		In France under the ancien rgime, the stool, or tabouret, acquired a social and courtly significance of the fllst importance.
	63.1911encyclopedia.org /S/ST/STOOL.htm (660 words)

	DUCKING - Online Information article about DUCKING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Stool of Repentance, is of very See also:
		Saxons, who called it the Scealding or Scolding Stool.
		In sentencing a woman the magistrates ordered the number of duckings she should have.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /DRO_ECG/DUCKING.html (629 words)

	The Ducking Stool (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The ducking stool or diving chair was a punishment which most often befell women prisoners.
		"It was up to the operators of the stool as to how long she remained under the water." Many elderly women were killed by the shock of the cold water.
		The ducking stool was used in America for witches, and in Britain for the punishment of minor offendors, prostitutes, and scolds (Farrington 30).
	www.shanmonster.com /witch/torture/duck.html (117 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In 1633 it was ordered that a ducking- stool be built in every county in Maryland, but I have no proof that they were ever built or used, though it is probable they were.
		Accordingly she was confined to the tail of a cart, and, accompanied by the hooting of a mob, conducted to the river, where she was publicly ducked, in conformity with the sentence of the court.
		His weeping wife stood on a stool and kissed his poor pilloried face, and when his ears were cut off she placed them in a clean handkerchief and took them away, with emotions unspeakable and undying love.
	www.webroots.org /library/usamisc/cpobdae1.html (7335 words)

	Women of Achievement
		The Ducking Stool consisted of a chair mounted on the end of a long, levered beam or pole that enabled the operator to drop the woman who was strapped to the chair to be immersed.
		Ducking mechanisms were often permanently installed along rivers or ponds and some had a portable stool mounted on wheels so the women could first be paraded through the streets of the town where they were jeered, had rocks and rotten food thrown at them, or were humiliated in various other ways.
		Sometimes the stools were arranged so the offender was tipped backwards into the water where she spent more time nearly drowning than when she was merely being dipped straight down when her head was the last and first in and out of the water.
	www.undelete.org /woa/woa10-04.html (2129 words)

	Amendment VIII: James v. Commonwealth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The punishment of the ducking, or cucking stool, is from the cuckoo, "qui odiose jurgat et rixatur," as Lord
		It has been already stated, that the ducking stool, cucking stool, or choaking stool, (quocunque nomine gaudet,) and the pillory, the collisstrigium, or neck stretch, are punishments, ejusdem generis, of the same family, of the dung cart race--and were intended, magis ad ludibrium, quam in poenam.
		In coming to the conclusion, that the ducking stool is not the punishment of scolds, I do not take into consideration the humane provisions of the constitutions of the United States and of this state, as to cruel and unusual punishments, further than they show the sense of the whole community.
	press-pubs.uchicago.edu /founders/documents/amendVIIIs19.html (3516 words)

	The Dunking or Ducking Stool (1100 - 1800 AD) :: Stronghold Knights :: Ready to serve you!
		Friday, October 08, 2004 - 11:17 PM The "dunking stool", also known as a "ducking stool" or "diving chair", was used to identify witches and also serve as punishment for minor offenders, prostitutes and scolds.
		A cucking-stool was indeed a "stool" but there was no water involved - the offender would merely be forced to sit in a strong chair (the "cucking-stool") outside their house and would sometimes be carried around the town on it for people to stare and otherwise frown upon them.
		The dunking stool was mostly used to "cool ones' temper" by dunking a person in to often freezing cold water.
	www.stronghold-knights.com /site/article222.html (1105 words)

	Ducking Stool - AAA Stool
		The ducking stool seems to have been placed on the lowest and most contempt-bearing stage among English instruments of...
		Ducking stool stool ducking chair punishment 1600's securely colonies tied ducked plank form stream fastened nagging pond plunged witches early...
		For example, a correcting scold or ducking stool, invented around 1597, was generally used for women of bad repute as a cleansing process.
	www.exmouthbackpackers.com /ducking-stool.html (393 words)

	Probert Encyclopaedia: General Information (Do-Dz) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The ducking stool was a chair fixed to the end of a movable beam, in which shrewish offenders were in England bound and ducked in water as a punishment and torture.
		In some districts unruly paupers and dishonest tradesfolk (particularly brewers of bad beer and bakers of bad bread) were also punished by means of the ducking stool.
		The last recorded use of the ducking stool in England was in 1809 at Leominster.
	www.probertencyclopaedia.com /A4D.HTM (2009 words)

	Worth Valley Young Farmers' Club - WVYFC - Charity and Ducking Stool Hire
		Ducking Stools were used during the medieval ages; women who were nags and scolds were oft punished by means of the ducking stool and the unfortunate culprit was dunked in the river.
		Throughout the years we hire out the ducking stool at a low rate to local charities and it has been a huge success at raising money at various fundraising events.
		Since we provide such a good service with the ducking stool we have a loyal customer base that tends to hire the stool several times per year to promote various charity awareness.
	www.xhtmlcoder.com /worthvalley/wvyfc9.php (362 words)

	The Ducking Stool (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The ducking stool seems to have been placed on the lowest and most contempt-bearing stage among English instruments of punishment.
		The cuck-stool was simply a strong chair in which an offender was fastened, thus to be hooted at or pelted at by the mob.
		She was arraigned as a common scold before Judge William Cranch, and he sentenced her to be ducked in the Potomac River.
	www.getchwood.com /punishments/curious/chapter-2.html (2070 words)

	duckingstool.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In 1809 Jenny Pipes, who came from Leominster, was convicted of being a "common scold" and as such became the last person to suffer the indignity of being jeered through the town and given a soaking.
		The ducking stool is a powerful symbol of intolerance to women and a means of ridicule, humiliation, torture and even death.
		The ducking stool can now be seen as a symptom of mental and spiritual limitation perpetrated by peevish, myopic, wealthy governors, strutting about in fear and hatred, desiring the pure in heart to be tarnished by the muck of their own greed and egocentric guilt.
	members.aol.com /godshaer/duckingstool.htm (534 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - ducking stool - U26988
		The last person ducked was Jenny Pipes, it didn't have much affect though, as legend has it, after she was ducked in the River Lugg she still nagged and scolded all around her.
		Recently, some church members wanted to remove the ducking stool from the church but it is still there, for visitors to see.
		Three years ago the Mayor had a replica ducking stool made, and people were sponsored to be ducked in a large tank of water, over £1000 raised in an afternoon.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/U26988 (372 words)

	Edward Champion's Return of the Reluctant: Against the Stool
		This place had resorted to the stool because it was the most ignoble of furniture.
		If you are holding something along the lines of a guitar and you are playing for three hours, the stool makes perfect sense if you hope to balance and play the instrument with any alacrity.
		But without it, the highly inebriated customer is ensured a perilous flop backwards or the free flow of his head against the bar, thus ensuring a definitive position and granting a definitive signal to a bartender that it's probably time to call a cab.
	www.edrants.com /reluctant/001954.html (668 words)

	Edward Champion's Return of the Reluctant: The Case Against the Stool
		The idiots who owned and operated the joint had provided about four stools for customers (such as me) to eat their overpriced and not really all that scintillating food.
		But without it, the highly inebriated customer is ensured a backless flop backwards or the free flow of the head onto the bar, thus ensuring a definitive position and justification for a bartender to call a cab.
		If a stool is placed in the center of a room or somewhere without any back support (such as a wall), then the spine remains exposed and the body is forced to adapt to a position that is contrary to the idea of sitting (a relaxing position), which often involves kicking up one's feet
	www.edrants.com /reluctant/001952.html (574 words)

	Ø Wilson's Almanac free daily ezine \| Book of Days \| April 27 \| Ducking and cucking stool stools phenology ...
		However, the ‘stool’ was but rarely used at this period; though it was extensively employed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
		The ducking is repeated according to the degree of shrewishness possessed by the patient, and generally has the effect of cooling her immoderate heat, at least for a time.
		The earlier, the Cucking-stool or Stool of Repentance, is of very ancient date, and was used by the Saxons, who called it the Scealding or Scolding Stool.
	www.wilsonsalmanac.com /book/apr27.html (3945 words)

	The Ducking Stool (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This is the lane, called The Drum, between the oldest pub in Christchurch, Ye Olde George Inne, leading to Ducking Stool Lane and the Ducking Stool.
		The Ducking Stool was a form of punishment for scolds and nagging wives used during the 15th - 18th centuries.
		The ducking stool was re-made and placed in its original position in time for the centennial festival.
	www.godshaer.co.uk /duckingstool.htm (714 words)

	Secret Shropshire
		Ducking stools were once a very popular method of punishment in Britain, but by the nineteenth century they had fallen out of use.
		It was mostly used for punishing women who could not hold their tongue and who were therefore seen as a public nuisance.
		The punishment for such women was to be placed in a ducking stool before being lowered into water as shown here.
	www.secretshropshire.org.uk /Content/Learn/Crime/DuckingStool.asp (90 words)

	February 1st
		However, the 'stool' was but rarely used at this period; though it was very extensively employed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
		The scold being well fastened in her chair, the two beams are then placed, as near to the centre as possible, across a post on the water-side; and being lifted up behind, the chair, of course, drops into the cold element.
		The chair hung by a pulley fastened to a beam about the middle of the bridge; and the woman having been fastened in the chair, she was let under water three times successively, and then taken out.
	www.thebookofdays.com /months/feb/1.htm (3904 words)

	Colonial Williamsburg Journal: Colonial Crimes and Punishments
		A seventeenth-century English ducking stool, in the Colonial Williamsburg collections, would be swung out at the end of beams over a river or pond.
		Most self-respecting settlements also had a ducking stool, a seat set at the end of two beams twelve or fifteen feet long that could be swung out from the bank of a pond or river.
		Perhaps the cruelest punishment for slanderers, nags, and gossips, when simple gagging wasn't enough, was the brank, sometimes called the "gossip's bridle" or "scold's helm." This was a sort of heavy iron cage, that covered the head; a flat tongue of iron, sometimes spiked, was thrust into the mouth over the criminal's tongue.
	www.history.org /Foundation/journal/spring03/branks.cfm (2245 words)

	FanFiction.Net : Dictionary & Thesaurus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		To plunge the head of under water, immediately withdrawing it; as, duck the boy.
		[1913 Webster] Ducking stool, a stool or chair in which common scolds were formerly tied, and plunged into water, as a punishment.
		The practice of ducking began in the latter part of the 15th century, and prevailed until the early part of the 18th, and occasionally as late as the 19th century.
	www.fanfiction.net /dictionary.php?word=ducking (182 words)

	BurningTimes
		The ducking stool was a punishment which most often befell women prisoners.
		"It was up to the operators of the stool as to how long she remained under the water".
		The ducking stool was used in America for witches and in Britian for the punishment of minor offenders, prostitutes and scolds.
	www.geocities.com /smiley_14075/BurningTimes.html (754 words)

	stool (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		He sat at his dissecting-table on a curious low stool which had belonged to his father, with a seat revolving on a vertical spindle, and mounted on large castors, so that he could turn easily from side to side.
		The ducking- stool and whipping post, as well as numerous other devices of torture, were the favorite English methods for American purification.
		Much as he enjoyed his master's accompaniment he was perfectly sure that he preferred, if possible, to play for Sylvia himself than have the pleasure of listening to anybody else.
	www.cooldictionary.com /?word=stool (507 words)

	Ducking the Witch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		One 'foolproof' way to establish whether a suspect was a witch was ducking.
		Given the curious position of the prisoner, it was more likely they would float (Farrington 58).
		Ducking the Witch copyright 1997-1998 to Shantell Powell.
	www.shanmonster.com /witch/traits/ducking.html (126 words)

	Chesterfield County, Virginia \| Sheriff's Department - History of the Sheriff's Office (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The other form of punishment for lesser offenders was a "ducking stool." This was a contraption very similar to a swing tied to a tree next to a body of water.
		Chesterfield's "ducking stool" was built in the area called Bermuda Hundred, which was the closest body of water.
		The judge would sentence offenders to the "ducking stool" for common offenses such as trespassing or littering.
	www.co.chesterfield.va.us /ConstitutionalOfficers/Sheriff/History.asp (3311 words)

	BBC - Radio 4 - Woman's Hour -The Ducking Stool
		In the medieval ages women who were nags and scolds were punished by means of the ducking stool.
		The unfortunate culprit was made to sit in the levered chair and paraded through the streets, before a ritual dunking in the river.
		One of the few ducking stools still remaining is in the 13th century Priory Church in Leominster.
	www.bbc.co.uk /radio4/womanshour/2004_29_mon_05.shtml (178 words)

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