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Topic: Duke Zhuang of Zheng

	Spring And Autumn Period
		Because Lady YÅng (éæ°) of Song (å®å)was married to Duke Zhuang of Zheng and had a son named Ji TÅ« (å§¬çª), the King of Song thought that he could extend influence in Zheng by helping to support a new ruler who had relations with Song.
		Duke ZhÄo of Zheng was forced down from his rank as Duke and fled.
		Duke Huan of Qi (é½æ¡“å¬) led his army of alliance of dukes into the state of Jin and wanted to ended the killing spree.
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/Spring_and_Autumn_Period (2750 words)

	historic story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Recorded in "The First Year of Duke Yin" of the Zuoqiuming`s Chronicles, Duke Zhuang of Kingdom Zheng was named "Wusheng" by his mother Wu Jiang with a detesting feeling because she had a difficult labor when giving birth.
		Duke Zhuang did not agree because of the strategic importance of the area.
		Ying put some of the nice food into his sleeve bag, and when asked by the puzzled duke, he explained that the food kept was especially for his mother as an expression of filial piety for she never tasted the dishes offered by the ruler while staying in the country side.
	www.zhengzhou.org.cn /english/Culture/story/story02.htm (537 words)

	Dong Zhou Dynasty (770-221 B.C.)
		Duke of Qin defeated Quan Rong at Qi (753 B.C.).
		Birth of Zhuang Zi (Chuang Tzu, 369-286 B.C.).
		Zhuang Xiang Wang became the king of the Qin (249 B.C.).
	www.yutopian.com /history/dongzhou.html (1009 words)

	Story Kitchen: A busy place that cooks up stories
		Duke Huan, the ruler of Qi, agreed to call a truce, and summoned Duke Zhuang to form an alliance at a place called Ke, which was in Qi territory.
		However, Duke Huan's right-hand man, Prime Minister Guan Zhong, advised him to let Cao Mo go and to keep his promise to return the land, because if he were to break a promise made in public, he would lose the support of all the feudal lords.
		Zhuang Zhu and Yao Li were both hired by King Helu of Wu, both were recommended by Wu Zixu, and both sacrificed their lives for their missions.
	www.storykitchen.com (2182 words)

	The Dao Is Open website is devoted to the cultivation of Dao (Tao) and De (Te), as exemplified in the works of Laozi ...
		Although Zheng was forced to become a bit player in the later stages of the Spring and Autumn Period, it was still quite strong, defeating a combined alliance of Jin, Song, Chen and Wei by itself in 607 BCE.
		Zheng later declined until it was annexed by the state of Han in 375 BCE.
		Born in Zheng to an aristocratic family, Zi Chan was a statesman of Zheng from 544 BCE until his death in 522 BCE.
	www.daoisopen.com /GlossaryIndexPtoZ.html (9023 words)

	huang 016
		Although the major Zhuang lords had taken the opportunities presented by the disorder of the Ming collapse and the slow pace of the Qing consolidation to act independently, by the Qing accession they had adequate experience with Han Chinese imperial governments and recognized that any residual autonomy would be limited in extent and duration.
		Zhuang literati were very much frustrated by the lack of educational opportunity, and even more so by the restrictions attendant upon the tusi system which usually barred them from competing in the civil service exams.
		Zheng Zhaozeng's parents died when he was young, he was raised by a faithful family servant and at the age of fourteen fortunately impressed a local scholar with his abilities.
	mcel.pacificu.edu /as/resources/zhuang/zhuang16.htm (10799 words)

	Spring and Autumn Period
		The ancestors who were appointed nobilities or dukes of states were often officers who had achieved great deeds for the king of the ruling dynasty, in this case the Zhou Dynasty.
		During the flight from the western capital to the east, the king relied on the nearby lords of Qi (?), Zheng (?) and Jin (?) for protection from barbarians and rebellious lords.
		Because Lady Yong (??) of Song (??) was married to Duke Zhuang of Zheng and had a son named Ji Tu (??), the King of Song thought that he could extend influence in Zheng by helping to support a new ruler who had relations with Song.
	www.libraryoflibrary.com /E_n_c_p_d_Spring_and_Autumn_period.html (1596 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The ancestors who were appointed nobilities or dukes of states were often officers who had achieved great deeds for the king of the ruling dynasty, in this case the Zhou Dynasty.
		During the flight from the western capital to the east, the king relied on the nearby lords of Qi (é½), Zheng (é) and Jin (æ) for protection from barbarians and rebellious lords.
		Because Lady YÅng (éæ°) of Song (å®å) was married to Duke Zhuang of Zheng and had a son named Ji TÅ« (å§¬çª), the King of Song thought that he could extend influence in Zheng by helping to support a new ruler who had relations with Song.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Spring_and_Autumn_Period (1457 words)

	Spring and Autumn Period - Selfobjects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		These ancestors who were appointed nobilities or dukes of states were often officers who had achieved great deeds for the king of the ruling dynasty, in this case the Zhou Dynasty.
		During the flight from the western capital to the east, the Zhou king relied on the nearby lords of Qin (秦), Zheng (鄭) and Jin (晉) for protection from barbarians and rebellious lords.
		Because Lady Yōng (雍氏) of Song (宋國) was married to Duke Zhuang of Zheng and had a son named Ji Tū (姬突), the King of Song thought that he could extend influence in Zheng by helping to support a new ruler who had relations with Song.
	www.selfobjects.com /mediawiki/index.php/Spring_and_Autumn_Period (1615 words)

	Ethics of Shang, Zhou and the Classics by Sanderson Beck
		Duke Huan wanted to begin by strengthening his armed forces, but Guan Zhong recommended that he put his arms in storage, since for being on good terms with the feudal lords abroad and the people at home expending wealth on people is better than spending it on arms.
		Duke Yiwu's chariot bogged down in the mud, and Duke Mu and his men tried to capture him but were surrounded by the Jin army.
		Duke Wen of Jin was appointed ba or protector of the feudal rulers.
	www.san.beck.org /EC13-Chou.html (14215 words)

	Qin (state) - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Shang Yang became prime minister of the Qin under the rule of Duke Xiao and gradually began transforming the state into a vigorously regulated machine, the sole purpose of which was the elimination of all rivals.
		In 221 BC, one of the most important years in China's long history, King Zheng of Qin declared not only that he was the ruler of China, but that he would take the unprecedented title (apart from in the legends of the Yellow Emperor and other mythical figures) of Emperor of China.
		338 BC Duke Xiao dies, King Huiwen ascends the throne and Shang Yang is executed.
	qinstate.quickseek.com (1616 words)

	Zuo Zhuan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Duke Wu of Zheng married a woman of the house of Shen, called Wu Jiang, who bore two duke Zhuang and his brother Duan of Gong.
		Duke Zhuang was born as she was waking from sleep, which frightened the layd so that she named him Wu Sheng [born in waking].
		The duke was about to go to Tang to see the fishermen; Zang Xi Bo remonstrated with him, saying: "All [pursuit] of creatures in which the great affairs [of the state] are not illustrated, and when they do not supply materials available for use in its various requirements, the ruler does not engage in.
	www.anselm.edu /homepage/athornto/zhongwen/allzuoB.html (3508 words)

	Chinese History - Zhou Dynasty å‘¨ event history (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		The Duke of Zhou is mystified as the solicitous prince regent, as composer of canonical writings, and as an inventor of cultural achievements (state rituals and music, laws and regulations).
		Duke Huangong assembled loyal states and created an alliance with Lu, Song, Chen and Wei to punish Chu in 656 by devastating the state of Cai è”¡, a follower of Chu.
		Duke Wen of Jin established a new friendly alliance during the meeting at Jiantu è¸å (modern Yingze æ»æ¾¤/Henan) with the seven most important states, in the same year, at Wen æº« (modern Wenxian æº«ç¸£/Henan) the King of Zhou sanctified the new overlord hegemon.
	www.chinaknowledge.org /History/Zhou/zhou-event.html (6248 words)

	Chinese History - Zhou Dynasty å‘¨ feudal lords: Zheng é (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		The state of Zheng was a quite late fiefdom among the old Western Zhou (Xizhou) è¥¿å‘¨ states.
		Duke Zhuang éèå¬ was factually the first hegemon (ba é¸) of the Spring and Autumn (Chunqiu) æ¥ç§ era, but as a state located among others that grew powerful because of their territorial resources, Zheng lost its significance in the Warring States (Zhanguo) æ°å period and was annihilated in 375 by Han é“.
		The Infant Ruler of Zheng éåå¬° (Ji Wei å§¬äº¹)
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Zhou/rulers-zheng.html (141 words)

	Romance of Three Kingdoms - by Luo Guanzhong - History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A duke or a marquis was entitled to rule over a territory 100 mile square; an earl, 70 mile square; and a viscount or baron, 50 mile square.
		Duke Wen, being a member of the reigning family of Zhou, stood in the closest relationship to the court at the "Eastern Metropolis" (Luoyi).
		Duke Shang of Qin was a wonderful man. By introducing administrative reforms, he succeeded in building the foundation of the first centralized empire in China.
	www.threekingdoms.com /history.htm (16796 words)

	Survival Of Monarchial Dynasty In Japan - History Forum
		Duke Zhuang of Zheng (郑庄公) was considered the first of such hegemonist.
		When hegemonist Duke Wen of Jin (晋文公) wanted to get rid of his captive Duke of Wei (卫), he charged the latter with certain crimes before the King of Zhou.
		This was ostensibly because the Duke of Wei was a vassal of the King of Zhou.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=2284 (1830 words)

	Zuo Zhuan - Readings - Humanities - Saint Anselm College (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Zi Chan sang the Gao qiu of [the odes of] Zheng [I. vii.
		Duke Li of Chen was the son of a daughter of the house of Cai.
		You are descended from Duke Ding and I from Duke Huan.
	www.anselm.edu /academic/humanities/zuozhuan.html (13099 words)

	Wikinfo \| State of Qin
		Ying Zheng becomes China's first emperor, and is known as Qin Shi Huang Di.
		Duke Zhuang (莊公, ruled 822 BC - 778 BC): Ying Ye (也), son of Qin Zhong
		Duke Xiang (襄公, ruled 778 BC - 766 BC): son of Duke Zhuang
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=State_of_Qin (382 words)

	Very Brief Timeline on Pu Yi
		Speaking more of Ying Zheng, what is known about him is he was born the son of Zhuang Xiang, the king of the Qin state.
		Ying Zheng officially came to be ruler of the state of Qin “in 246 B.C. when his father became king but died soon after” (History of China).
		Another critical reform of Ying Zheng was the burning of previous texts in an attempt to remove the ideas of feudalism from the minds of the people.
	www.indiana.edu /~ealc100/Group12/qin.html (1297 words)

	Additional Readings from Zuo Commentary
		Sometime earlier, Duke Wu of Zheng took a wife in Shen, who was called “Wu Jiang.” She bore Duke Zhuang and Gongshu Duan.
		Duke Zhuang was breech born and startled Lady Jiang.
		3.7 Duke Zhuang of Wei took as wife the younger sister of De Chen, the heir-apparent of the state of Qi called ‘Zhuang Jiang.’ She was beautiful but childless.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~chn305/zuoreadings.html (2728 words)

	Out of Order ... Chaos
		After five more years of watching Lord Zhuang challenge his authority, King Huan retaliated by personally commanding a military expedition against the State of Zheng.
		Lord Zhuang's constant challenge to the Zhou Dynasty ended six years later, when the 56 year-old warrior died of an illness, never realizing his ambition to gain hegemony among the states.
		To the east in the Wei River valley lay the States of Song and Lu, whose lords descended from the Duke of Zhou and the Shang royal bloodlines respectively.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C01/E0107.htm (2163 words)

	Xiao Qin - Pronounce My Name (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Later, a descendant of Feizi Duke Zhuang of State Qin distinguished himself with exploits and his son Duke Xiang was conferred as a prince for expedition against peoples in the west and convoying the eastward move of King Ping to Luoyi.
		Following this Duke Xiao made his state one of the seven big states in the Warring States Period (475-221BC) by appointing Shang Yang to preside over a reform that greatly enhanced the state's overall strength.
		The son of Duke Dan of Zhou Dynasty Bo Qin inherited his vavasory in Qin and his offspring took the name of the place as their surname.
	www.cs.nmt.edu /~xqin/MyName.htm (1339 words)

	Five Hegemonists of Spring Autumn Period - China History Forum, chinese history forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		I personally nominate Ji WuSheng (姬寤生), aka Duke Zhuang of Zheng (郑庄公) (757BC - 701BC) though many historians often left him out because either it was too early in the game and the power he wielded was less than other hegemonists who came later.
		I felt Duke Mu of Qin had done a great deal of groundwork for his hegemony, and more importantly, considered the military as a less preferred option to project his power, at least towards the Central Plains.
		Zheng lost its influence long before, but it was instrumental in ushering the Spring Autumn era.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=2504&mode=threaded (773 words)

	Breaking Through the Barriers of Darkness: Recognizing the Cult of Qigong for What It Is: Chapter 5
		Though I think the main point of these words by Zhuang Zi may be to illustrate his philosophical views, we can also find out about Zhuang Zi's "theory on qi operation" in qigong practice.
		Zhuang Zi, on the other hand, highly praised Confucius and regarded him as the only person who knew about "Tao" in the State Lu.
		Besides, Confucius’ belief in ghosts and gods and his ethical views which encourage inequalities between humans (such as "male superior, female inferior" and "monarchs have unlimited authority over their subjects, as do fathers over their children") all expose the fallaciousness and the evil background of Confucian culture.
	www.chinaforjesus.com /resources/qigong/chap5.htm (7765 words)

	Our History & Future
		Bernard Amos, previously head of the Division of Immunology and currently Emeritus Professor of Immunology, was largely responsible for the development of immunology at Duke.
		Amos' studies on the transplantation antigens of the human major histocompatibility complex led the way to the modern era of organ transplantation.
		Duke's strong international reputation in the field of immunology over the past two decades has been developed through the efforts of internationally recognized faculty, including Drs.
	www.mindspring.com /~tengo/altDesigns/immun/hist.html (197 words)

	Spring_and_Autumn_period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Duke Huan of Qi (é½æ¡“å¬) Duke Wen of Jin (ææ—å¬) King Zhuang of Chu (æ¥èç) Duke Mu of Qin (ç§¦ç©å¬) Duke Xiang of Song (å®è¥å¬)
		Duke Huan of Qi (é½æ¡“å¬) Duke Wen of Jin (ææ—å¬) King Zhuang of Chu (æ¥èç) King Fu Chai of Wu (å³çå¤«å·®) King Gou Jian of Yue (è¶çå¾è¸)
		According to tradition, Confucius was born in 551 BCE (during the Spring and Autumn Period, at the beginning of the Hundred Schools of Thought philosophical movement) in the city of Qufu in the Chinese State of Lu (now part of...
	online-jobs.rubylq2.com /Spring_and_Autumn_period (2429 words)

	Ethnologue report for China
		Northeastern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Quanzhou, Guanyang, and Gongcheng Yao Autonomous counties; southern Hunan Province, Shuangpai, and Daoxian counties.
		Lexical similarity 49% with Northern Zhuang, 46% with Laka, 29% with Laqua, 28% with Buyang, 26% with Hlai, 24% with Gelo, 22% with Lati, 6% with Hmong, 4% with Mien.
		North central Sichuan, near the confluence of the Duke River and its tributary Zhongke River in Shili, Zongke, and Puxi townships, Shangzhai District, southern Rangthang County.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=China (8374 words)

	Chinese Opera Mask, Ying Kaoshu
		Ying Kaoshu (?-712 BC) was a high official of the state of Zheng.
		When Duke Zhuang of Zheng made war on the neighboring state of Xu, Ying Kaoshu and Zidu, another Zheng general, both wanted to command the Zheng army.
		The command was given to Ying, who succeeded in taking the capital of Xu, but Zidu shot and killed him from behind during the battle, then returned to claim credit for the victory for himself.
	www.paulnoll.com /China/Opera/opera-08-06.html (115 words)

	C:\380web\Prefaces.html
		Duke Ai of Qi was lascivious and dissolute, hence the poet portrays a chaste woman who would be a worthy mate.
		When Duke Xuan of Wey ruled, ritual and righteousness were in decay and lascivious customs prevailed.
		The Duke of Zhou encountered rebellion, and so he set forth the transforming customs established by Prince Millet and the former lords of the Zhou people, emphasizing the difficult task of kingly rule.
	www.indiana.edu /~g380/Prefaces.html (760 words)

	leggezuo.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Duke of Zheng made every hundred soldiers contribute a pig, and every five and twenty contribute a fowl and a dog, and over their blood curse the man who had shot Ying Kaoshu.
		The king (of Zhou) deprived the earl of Zheng of all share in the government of the kingdom, and the earl in consequence no longer made visits to the king's court.
		The duke with the three chiefs entered the palace of the Ji clan, and climbed the terrace of Wuzi.
	s92518733.onlinehome.us /china/translations/leggezuo.html (2895 words)

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