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Topic: Duke of Alba

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	William Lind: The Duke of Alba
		The foremost soldier and commander in sixteenth-century Europe was the Duke of Alba.
		The Duke of Alba's arrival in Brussels on Friday, August 22, 1567, at the head of an army of 10,000 men -- they were the first to follow the famous “Spanish Road” -- created a problem where none existed.
		The duke of Alba, observers guessed, was there to restore order, arrest dissidents and check the growth of heresy.
	www.military.com /Opinions/0,,Lind_072705,00.html (1031 words)

	Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alba's grandfather, Ferdinand of Toledo, educated him in military science and politics; and he was engaged with distinction at the Battle of Pavia in 1525, while still a youth.
		Alba's preparations to oppose the gathering storm were made with his usual vigour, and he succeeded in recovering Mons, Mechelen and Zutphen, under the conduct of his son Don Fadrique.
		Alba was banished from court and confined in the castle of Uzeda.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Duke_of_Alba (834 words)

	Alba, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, duque de on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The regent, Margaret of Parma, opposed him and resigned, and Alba became regent and governor-general.
		Alba defeated the invading forces of William the Silent, but he was unable to recover much of the NW Netherlands, which had been taken by the Gueux.
		In 1580, Philip was persuaded to use Alba for the conquest of Portugal.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/A/Alba.asp (562 words)

	AllRefer.com - Margaret of Parma (Benelux History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		1537) and (1538) to Ottavio Farnese, duke of Parma.
		In 1567 the duke of Alba arrived at Brussels to suppress the opposition by force.
		Margaret's son was the noted general Alessandro Farnese, duke of Parma and Piacenza.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/MargP.html (305 words)

	Alba, Duke of Biography / Biography of Alba, Duke of Biography
		From 1531 Alba played a leading role in operations against the Turks, was promoted to general in 1533, and distinguished himself during the siege of Tunis in 1535.
		Alba joined Charles V in Germany in 1546 with the outbreak of the Schmalkaldic War and commanded the cavalry, which contributed heavily to the imperial victory at Mühlberg in 1547.
		Alba defeated the rebel armies of William the Silent and his brother, Louis of Nassau, in their forays into the Netherlands.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-alba-duke-of (831 words)

	Duke of Alba Sword - MWArt.com
		The Duke of Alba sword is a superb replica of the original antique semi-rustic sword, suitable for collection, display and costuming purposes.
		The overall length of Duke of Alba Sword is 40”; the stainless blade is 31”.
		Duke of Alba was a Spanish general and statesman.
	www.mwart.com /xq/ASP/pid.983/qx/product.htm (200 words)

	Famous Hispanics: Duque de Alba
		From 1555 to 1557 Alba served in Italy, where he distinguished himself for his subtlety and generalship in the war against Pope Paul IV.
		Alba helped negotiate the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, ending the long war with France, and in 1567 he was dispatched to the Low Countries to quell the Dutch Revolt.
		He was recalled in 1573, and in 1579 Alba was imprisoned, ostensibly for permitting the marriage of his son without royal consent.
	coloquio.com /famosos/alba.htm (184 words)

	Discouraging Lessons From Imperial Spain - by William S. Lind
		The foremost soldier and commander in 16th-century Europe was the duke of Alba.
		The duke of Alba's arrival in Brussels on Friday, Aug. 22, 1567, at the head of an army of 10,000 men — it was the first to follow the famous "Spanish Road" — created a problem where none existed.
		As to the duke of Alba himself and his policies in the Netherlands, the best summary was offered by his successor there, Luis de Requesens.
	www.antiwar.com /lind?articleid=6789 (753 words)

	Duke of Alba & Pope's Blessing (Getty Museum) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres made this drawing either as a preparatory sketch or as a presentation drawing for a commission that he accepted in 1815 because he was financially strapped.
		The fourteenth Duke of Alba ordered a painting to commemorate the third Duke of Alba, also known as the "Butcher of Flanders." Here the infamous ancestor receives a hat and sword blessed by the pope for suppressing Protestant heresy in the Netherlands.
		As the governor-general of the Netherlands from 1567 to 1573, the duke had formed the Council of Troubles, nicknamed the "Council of Blood," which condemned some 12,000 Protestant rebels to death.
	www.getty.edu /art/collections/objects/o458.html (228 words)

	Sword of Duque de Alba by Marto of Toledo Spain
		Sword of Duque de Alba by Marto of Toledo Spain
		Fernando Alvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, THIRD DUKE OF ALBA, is one of the most important figures in the history of 16th century Spain.
		His military prowess in the most significant conflicts of his time was combined with his skills as a courtier, where he wielded a great deal of political power.
	www.iloveswords.com /ME_duque_alba.html (135 words)

	William S. Lind: The Duke of Alba
		Philip II of Spain decided to send an army, commanded by the Duke of Alba - - despite the fact that by Spring, 1567, the Netherlands' regent had put the rebellion down.
		The Duke of Alba's arrival in Brussels on Friday, August 22, 1567, at the head of an army of 10,000 men - - it was the first to follow the famous "Spanish Road" - - created a problem where none existed.
		As to the Duke of Alba himself, and his policies in the Netherlands, the best summary was offered by his successor there, Luis de Requesens.
	www.counterpunch.org /lind07282005.html (1494 words)

	Facsimile Editions - Alba Bible
		Known as the Alba Bible, after its eventual owner, it is the most important manuscript to have survived from the reign of King John II.
		Fortunately for historians, the patron of the Alba Bible, Don Luis de Guzman, is an important and well-known political personage in the history of Spain.
		He decided that the Alba Bible would be a living testament to the spirit of 1992, reviving and fulfilling the long-forgotten hopes of those who had laboured over it five centuries before.
	www.facsimile-editions.com /alba_page.html (3029 words)

	The Duke of Alba (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Alba came to represent for contemporaries as well as for future generations the unacceptable face of Spanish imperialism.
		Drawing on the duke's rich and expressive surviving correspondence, Kamen explores Alba's beliefs and considers his infamous actions within the contexts of his time and of the monarchs-Emperor Charles V and King Philip II of Spain-whom he served.
		Kamen does a great job in uncovering the Duke's life, ideas, views on faith, policies, people, behaviour; demonstrates his strengths as a "fabian" tactician and his weaknesses as Govenor of the Spanish Netherlands; shows the results of Alba's policies in the Netherlands.
	thegreatlands.com /store/0300102836.php (337 words)

	0300102836 The Duke of Alba
		Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo, the third duke of Alba (1507-1582), is known to history as "the butcher of Flanders".
		Drawing on the duke's rich and expressive surviving correspondence, Kamen explores Alba's beliefs and considers his infamous actions within the contexts of his time and of the monarchs - Emperor Charles V and King Philip II of Spain - whom he served.
		Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo, the third duke of Alba, is remembered as a fanatical monster who laid waste much of the Netherlands rather than surrender it to Protestant heretics.
	isbn.compman.co.uk /0300102836_The_Duke_of_Alba.asp (332 words)

	SPAIN: Nobility. Residencia de Estudiantes
		Her mother was Doña María del Rosario de Silva y Fernández de Córdova, (1900-1934) in her own right duchess of Medinaceli, of Denia, of Tarifa, and of Híjar, as well as marchioness of San Vicente del Barco.
		Doña Cayetana (1926-) was married first to Don Luis Martínez de Irujo (1919-1972) duke of Sotomayor.She was married second (1978) to Jesús Aguirre y Ortiz de Zárate, a noted intellectual and former Jesuit priest, who died on May 11, 2001.
		As duchess of Berwick (she holds over 150 hereditary titles of nobility in her own right), doña Cayetana is a descendant of the British king, James II, through his bastard James Fitz-James, duke of Berwick (1670-1734) born of a relationship with Arabella Churchill, only sister of the great duke of Marlborough.
	wais.stanford.edu /Spain/spain_nobilityresidenciadeestudiantes3202.html (766 words)

	Re: hello from Spain
		About the conecction with the Duke of Alba I must say that there is no links of blood between the people surnamed Alba and his family; in fact, the origin of the Alba surname is earlier than the first Duke of Alba.
		The Duke of Alba is a title of nobility and not a surname, it was given because of a spanish village called Alba de Tormes (Salamanca).
		Maybe later a family could inherit the surname of Alba from the Dukes, I don´t Know, but it is sure that the origin of most Albas isn´t that; and it´s even probably that the village, Alba de Tormes, was founded by someone surnamed Alba during the Reconquest.
	genforum.genealogy.com /alba/messages/31.html (193 words)

	The Duke of Alba by William S. Lind
		Philip II of Spain decided to send an army, commanded by the Duke of Alba – despite the fact that by Spring, 1567, the Netherlands' regent had put the rebellion down.
		The Duke of Alba’s arrival in Brussels on Friday, August 22, 1567, at the head of an army of 10,000 men – it was the first to follow the famous "Spanish Road" – created a problem where none existed.
		King Phillip wrote to Alba in November, 1567, "you have a free hand." He did so despite some excellent advice from Friar Lorenzo de Villavicencio, who had lived in the Netherlands.
	www.lewrockwell.com /lind/lind70.html (697 words)

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - Alba, Duke of (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, third duke of Alba, was the most famous European soldier of his day.
		A member of a prominent warrior dynasty of Castile, he had memorized the military treatise of Vegetius by age thirteen, and from 1532 he served his Hapsburg sovereigns in Hungary, Germany, North Africa, Italy, and the Netherlands.
		Alba's most celebrated military achievements took place in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_001000_albadukeof.htm (210 words)

	Sheffield Theatres Education Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		He asks his adviser and military commander, the Duke of Alba, if he believes his own son Carlos is a danger to him and Alba agrees to watch Carlos for his King.
		He tells her that the Duke of Alba has been named Viceroy of the Netherlands and that his army will march on Flanders within the week.
		Philip blames Alba and Domingo for the situation saying that it was they that heightened his suspicion of his wife which has turned out not to be true.
	www.sheffieldtheatres.co.uk /education/productions/doncarlos/sceneby.shtml (4537 words)

	United Press International - The Washington Times, America's Newspaper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Philip II of Spain decided to send an army commanded by the Duke of Alba, despite the fact that by Spring 1567, the Netherlands' regent had put the rebellion down.
		The Duke of Alba's arrival in Brussels on August 22, 1567, at the head of an army of 10,000 men -- it was the first to follow the famous "Spanish Road" -- created a problem where none existed.
		Henry Kamen writes, "The duke of Alba, observers guessed, was there to restore order, arrest dissidents and check the growth of heresy.
	washingtontimes.com /upi/20050729-090843-2989r.htm (838 words)

	Henry Kamen CV at PFD
		Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo, the third duke of Alba (1507-82) is known in history as 'the butcher of Flanders'.
		The general who carried out Philip II's repressive policies in the Netherlands, he was responsible for the massacre of thousands of men, women and children, considering it better to lay waste to an entire country than leave it in the hands of heretics.
		Alba came to represent for contemporaries as well as for future generations the unacceptable face of Spanish imperialiism.
	www.pfd.co.uk /clients/kamenh/b-aut.html (539 words)

	HOASM: The Cinquecento outside Venice and Rome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The excellent Spanish composer and theorist, Diego Ortiz, summoned by the Duke of Alba, served as maestro of the Viceroyal Chapel, 1555 to 1570.
		Here, too, Paolo Isnardi, musician to the Duke and maestro di cappella at the Cathedral, composed Masses, motets, Lamentations, etc. Both Rore and, as his successor, Alfonso Della Viola, held the post of maestro di capella to Duke Ercole II of Ferrara.
		Girolamo Belli, who sang in the duke's choir, printed volumes of Sacrae cantiones, etc. At the Cathedral of St. Peter's in Mantua, Viadana -- who was maestro from 1594 to 1609 -- made an important early stride in the history of baroque music with his Cento concerti ecclesiastici of 1602.
	www.hoasm.org /IVO/IVOCinquecento.html (864 words)

	A Brief Outline of Dutch History and the New Netherland Colony
		From 1363-1472 the area was gradually assimilated by four generations of the Dukes of Burgundy from Philip the Bold to Charles the Bold.
		On August 8, 1567 the Spanish Duke of Alba entered Brussels as military dictator with some 10,000 troops.
		The Duke sent a fleet under the command of Sir Richard Nicolls to seize the colony.
	www.coins.nd.edu /ColCoin/ColCoinIntros/Netherlands.html (4283 words)

	87.01.01: An Analysis of “the Highroad of Saint James” by Alejo Carpentier
		Other sins committed are the Duke of Alva’s adultery and lust, the blasphemy of sailors (which is a sin unto death, or an unpardonable sin), the soldiers’ theft, Lutheranism, and heresy.
		The Duke of Alba (1508-1582) was sent by Philip II to Flanders after the “Calvinist Fury” which destroyed the Cathedral in Antwerp.
		Alba had been a favorite of Charles V. Philip’s father, and one of the Spanish Grandees.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1987/1/87.01.01.x.html (6834 words)

	Pieter Bruegel
		The painting is probably referring to the Duke of Alba's ruthless persecution of thousands of Netherlanders in his striving to convert the Protestants to Catholicism.
		Bruegel was living in Brussels when the Duke of Alba led his army into the city in August 1567.
		The year 1567, in which King Philip and the Duke of Alba entered Brussels, would bring the great turning point in the history of the Netherlands provinces, and Bruegel was to witness the events from close to.
	arthistory.heindorffhus.dk /frame-Bruegel.htm (1697 words)

	Fernando Alvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3rd duke de Alba -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		(3rd duke of), Alba also spelled Alva Spanish soldier and statesman famous for his conquest of Portugal (1580) and notorious for his tyranny as governor-general of the Netherlands (1567–73).
		More results on "Fernando Alvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3rd duke de Alba" when you join.
		Alba, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3er duque de
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9005382?&query=duke (793 words)

	"By the Time He Left All was in the Power of the Enemy...and the Finances Wholly Ruined" : SF Bay Area ...
		Philip II of Spain decided to send an army, commanded by the Duke of Alba - - despite the fact that by Spring, 1567, the Netherlands' regent had put the rebellion down.
		The Duke of Alba's arrival in Brussels on Friday, August 22, 1567, at the head of an army of 10,000 men - - it was the first to follow the famous "Spanish Road" - - created a problem where none existed.
		Philip and Alba ignored this advice; Alba's motto was "Hombres muertos no hazen guerra" - - dead men make no war.
	www.indybay.org /news/2005/08/1757609.php (825 words)

	Spain Chapter 13
		Alba had a busy little town square with lots of kids running around and their parents milling around talking.
		When she died, because she had a strong friendship with the Duchess of Alba (wife of the Duke of Alba, a famous warrior), she got buried IN Alba's church.
		Finally, the Duke of Alba, who had a lot of prestige as a warrior, personally petitioned the Pope.
	www.ericandjoan.com /worldtrip/spain/spchp13.htm (909 words)

	MuehlbergUK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Imperial army: This army was commanded by the Imperator Charles V and his commander in chief in Germany the Duke of Alba.
		A) Commanded by Alba himself, the heavy cavalry of the right wing charged the Saxons and routed them after a short fight.
		D) Alba reorganised his cavalry and stated to attack the Saxon infantry left alone on the battlefield.
	www.geocities.com /ao1617/MuehlbergUK.html (837 words)

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