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Topic: Duke of Alva

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	House of Alba - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3rd Duke of Alba was given the title of “Governor General of the Spanish Netherlands” during the mid 16th Century.
		In the early 18th Century the “Duchy of Alba” was inherited by the Dukes of Berwick together with all the patrimony of the “House of Alba” possibly the most important one in Spain.
		Duke of Aliaga (with Grandee) (from April 23, 1954)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Duke_of_Alva (655 words)

	Fernando Alvarez De Toledo, Duke Of Alva - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		ALVA, or [[Alba, Fernando Alvarez De Toledo, Duke Of]], (1508-1583), Spanish soldier, descended from one of the most illustrious families in Spain, was born in 1508.
		Alva's preparations to oppose the gathering storm were made with his usual vigour, and he succeeded in recovering Mons, Mechlin and Zutphen, under the conduct of his son Frederick.
		Alva's feeble state of health and continued disasters induced him to solicit his recall from the government of the Low Countries; a measure which, in all probability, was not displeasing to Philip, who was now resolved to make trial of a milder administration.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Alva (1092 words)

	The Duke of Alva
		The "iron duke" was to be the ideal instrument for the execution of this purpose.
		Alva remained in exile at his castle up to 1580, when the acknowledged power of his iron hand was sought in the war against Portugal.
		Alva was, as even Motley in "The Rise of the Dutch Republic" (London, 1868, 9, 336), admits, "the most successful and experienced general of Spain, or of Europe, in his day.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/a/alva,duke_of.html (1470 words)

	Alva I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Alva, in a letter to Philip, describing the interview, assured his Majesty that he had treated the duchess with as much deference as he could have shown to the queen, but it is probable, from other contemporaneous accounts, that an ill-disguised and even angry arrogance was at times very visible in his demeanor.
		Alva was bent upon proving himself as accomplished a financier as he was indisputably a consummate commander, and he had promised his master an annual income of 500,000 ducats from the confiscations which were to accompany the executions.
		The duke wrote to her in reply, that it was much better to have a kingdom ruined in preserving it for God and the king by war, than to have it kept entire without war, to the profit of the devil and of his followers.
	www.americanpresbyterianchurch.org /new_page_5.htm (19647 words)

	The Baldwin Project: The Netherlands by Mary Macgregor
		Alva determined to take the field in person, but before he could leave Brussels it was necessary that the case against Egmont and Hoorn should be concluded.
		The Council met on the afternoon of the 4th June, and Alva was present while the secretary read aloud that the two nobles, Egmont and Hoorn, had been found guilty of treason, and should therefore be beheaded by the sword, their heads being then set on poles and their estates confiscated.
		Moreover," added the Duke, "you shall shrive the nobles, and thus prepare their souls for death." Aghast, the Bishop fell on his knees, and with tears and earnest prayers besought Alva to avert, or at least to postpone, the doom which had been pronounced.
	www.mainlesson.com /display.php?author=macgregor&book=netherlands&story=terror (2946 words)

	Schulers Books (The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1568 - 1/10)
		Alva ordered Count Meghem, now commanding in the province of Groningen, on no account to hazard hostilities until the game was sure.
		Alva ordered counter-proclamations to be affixed to church doors and other places, forbidding all persons to contribute to these forced loans of the rebels, on penalty of paying twice as much to the Spaniards, with arbitrary punishment in addition, after his arrival.
		Alva reached Groningen early in the morning, and without pausing a moment, marched his troops directly through the city.
	www.schulers.com /books/jo/r/The_Rise_of_the_Dutch_Republic__1568 (1754 words)

	Philip II
		In Italy the Duke of Alva, Viceroy of Naples, defeated the Duke of Guise and reduced the pope to such distress that he was forced to make peace.
		Philip granted this on the most favourable terms and the Duke of Alva was even obliged to ask the pope's pardon for having invaded the Pontifical States.
		The English corsairs could with impunity pillage her colonies and under Drake even her own coast; in 1596 the Duke of Essex pillaged the flourishing town of Cadiz, and the sceptre of the seas passed from Spain to England.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/p/philip_ii2.html (1834 words)

	Duke
		Dukes in the United Kingdom are addressed as 'Your Grace' and referred to as 'His Grace'.
		The heir apparent to the Belgian throne is styled Duke of Brabant.
		In the United Kingdom, the current royal dukes are HRH The Prince of Wales, who is Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay; HRH The Duke of Edinburgh (The Prince Philip), HRH The Duke of York (The Prince Andrew), HRH The Duke of Gloucester (Prince Richard), and HRH The Duke of Kent (Prince Edward).
	www.paleorama.com /Eponyms-D/Duke.php (1766 words)

	Duke Charles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		For the burghers Duke Charles of Egmond's interest in the city was unwelcome as the diets or provincial councils he held we re expensive, and, besides, no-one wished to put up with his army time and again.
		Duke Charles passed away on the 30th June 1538 and was buried in the Saint Eusebius Church (now known as Grote or Eusebius Church).
		A number of liberal-catholics were removed from the townlcouncil by the Duke of Alva.
	www.arnhem.nl /sites/english/opslag/history/history_of_arnhem/duke_charles (378 words)

	Duke University - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Duke University, institution of higher learning, in Durham, North Carolina.
		Founded as a secondary school in 1838, it was reincorporated in 1851 as...
		In the 1930s, at Duke University in North Carolina, J. Rhine and his wife Louisa tried to transform psychical research into an experimental...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Duke_University.html (116 words)

	History of the Duke of Alva
		IT was determined that the Netherland heresy should be conquered by force of arms, and an army of 10,000 picked and veteran troops was dispatched from Spain under the Duke of Alva.
		In September 1567 the Duke of Alva established a new court for the trial of crimes committed 'during the recent period of troubles.' It was called the 'Council of Troubles,' but will be for ever known in history as the 'Blood Council.' It superseded all other institutions.
		The Duke of Alva took up his position as governor-general, and amongst his first works was the erection of the celebrated citadel of Antwerp, not to protect, but to control the commercial capital of the provinces.
	www.publicbookshelf.com /public_html/Outline_of_Great_Books_Volume_I/dukeofal_ib.html (630 words)

	1572e
		A marriage propounded to Queene Elizabeth with the Duke of Alencon.
		These things pleased not the Duke of Alva, as well for that hee envyed the glory to Vitelly, and would have had his sonne preferred before him, as also that he feared some hostile force out of France.
		As for marriage with the Duke of Norfolke, shee never intended it to the hurt of Queene, for shee was perswaded it would bee for the good of the Common-wealth; but shee had not renounced it, for that she had plighted her troth unto him.
	www.philological.bham.ac.uk /camden/1572e.html (7187 words)

	The Eighty Years War
		To crush this rebellion Philip II send a new governor to the Netherlands: Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva, who began very energetic on his new task.
		Alva also created new taxes, a new criminal code, garrisons in major cities and he supported the inquisition.
		In the meantime Alva who did not like the low countries and its wet climate at all had asked several times a relief of his duties.
	www.cuci.nl /~pattie/HOL.htm (1137 words)

	Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba
		(Redirected from Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva)
		Tales of atrocities committed during his military operations in Flanders became part of Dutch and English folklore, forming a new and central component of the Black Legend.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fernando_Alvarez_de_Toledo,_Duke_of_Alva (933 words)

	1573 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		July 12 - Spanish forces under the Duke of Alva capture Haarlem after a seven month siege.
		November - Alva resigns as Spanish Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief in the Netherlands, and is succeeded by Luis de Requesens, who attempts to pursue a more conciliatory policy.
		Charles de Valois, Duke of Angoulême, natural son of Charles IX of France (died 1650)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1573 (428 words)

	Schulers Books (The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1567 - 1/8)
		He assured the Regent that he should be governed by her advice, and as she had made all needful preparations to receive him in Zeland, that it would be in Zeland he should arrive.
		The jealousy and hatred which existed between the Prince and the Duke-- between the man of peace and the man of wrath--were constantly exploding, even in the presence of the King.
		The reply of the Duke to Henry the Second of France, who questioned him subsequently upon the subject, is well known.
	www.schulers.com /books/jo/r/The_Rise_of_the_Dutch_Republic__1567 (1521 words)

	1569e
		In the meane while the Duke acquainteth the Lord Lumley with whatsoever was done in the matter, and with much adoe obtained of Leicester that he might consult thereof with some other friends of his; yet within a while after he discovered the matter to Cecyl, also with the assent of Pembroke.
		Northumberland being a partner in the plot, signified the same to the Duke; but the Duke forbad it to be put in execution, fearing lest they would deliver her to the Spaniard to wife, and hoping ere long to procure Queene Elizabeths assent.
		Moreover, that the Duke gave him to understand by Boyd that he would never forsake the Queene of Scots, and further, that the said Queenes ministers had in a manner perswaded him the said Regent that Queene Elizabeth had consented to the marriage, and had also given her some hope of the Kingdome of England.
	www.philological.bham.ac.uk /camden/1569e.html (4603 words)

	Act of Abjuration 1581 Dutch Declaration Independence
		The people rebelled in 1566 and the Duke of Alva was sent into the country to put down the rebellion.
		Moreover, we order and command that from henceforth no money coined shall be stamped with the name, title, or arms of the King of Spain in any of these United Provinces, but that all new gold and silver pieces, with their halfs and quarters, shall only bear such impressions as the states shall direct.
		And we shall give to the said counselors, justiciaries, and officers employed in these provinces, who have contracted in our name with his highness the Duke of Anjou, an act to continue them in their respective offices, instead of new commissions, a clause annulling the former provisionally until the arrival of his highness.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /history/dutch_independence_1581.html (954 words)

	1568
		May 23 - Battle of Heiligerlee[?] - Troops under William of Orange's younger brother, Louis of Nassau, defeat a small loyalist force under the Duke of Arenberg in an attempt to invade the Northern Netherlands.
		July 21 - Battle of Jemmingen[?] - The main Spanish army of The Duke of ALva utterly defeats Louis of Nassau's invading army in the Northeastern Netherlands.
		Spanish forces under the Duke of Alva destroy Orange's rearguard.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/15/1568.html (225 words)

	Encyclopedia
		William and other members of the Dutch nobility organized a strong movement against Spanish oppression, with the result that in 1564 Philip was forced to recall the hated Netherlands prime minister, Cardinal Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle (1517–86).
		Three years later, however, Philip, alarmed by a widespread Dutch rebellion, sent Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, duke of Alva, and an army to the Netherlands with instructions to stamp out all civil and religious dissent.
		Alva ordered William to appear before the inquisitorial council and, when William ignored the order, seized his Dutch properties.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..wi052300.a#FWNE.fw..wi052300.a (796 words)

	Pictura - Volume 10, Issue 1
		Philip, the Duke of Brunswick, served as one of the Duke of Alva's chief officers, and he had often tried secretly to win the hand of Katharine, promising to rescue her out of solitude.
		The Duke instantly gave the command to stop the pillaging in the village, and a wall of her soldiers dragged one of his officer's downstairs to pass the order on.
		Katharine stood behind the Duke; she reached into her pocket and pulled out the Emperor's letter and waved it slowly in front of the Duke's eyes.
	www.credenda.org /issues/10-1pictura.php (1922 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Spanish Generals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In the last Habsburg-Valois war, the two main Spanish victories that decided Spanish hegemony for a century were won by an Italian commander...St. Quentin (1557) by Duke Emmanuel Philiberto of Savoy, and Gravelines (1558) by a Fleming, Lamoral Count of Egmont (the Netherlands were Spanish as you know).
		Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma, a grandson of Charles V...an Italian noble, and probably the greatest general of the sixteenth century in Europe.
		Well, Duke of Alba was a cruel and antipathique person and he wasn't especially kind to anyone as I remember him.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=7484&PN=1 (696 words)

	The Honest Thief, PGR BV, the Netherlands
		On April 1, 1572 duke Alva lost the Dutch city now called Brielle, at that time is was called Den Briel, to the Watergeuzen.
		When someone says "when did (the duke of) Alva lose his bril" the answer has to be "1 april." (Bril is glasses, Den Briel became bril over time / "1 April" is April 1st which is April Fools' Day.
		In 1567 duke Alva was sent to the Netherlands by king Filips II to take over control.
	www.thehonestthief.com /diary_article039.html (589 words)

	The Golden Age of the Netherlands
		In 1567, Philip sent the Duke of Alva and 10,000 troops north to replace the Duchess of Parma, and the years of the "Spanish Fury" followed.
		Alva executed his mission with a zeal that made him, and by extension all Spaniards, hateful to every Dutchman.
		But in their dogged defense against the troops of the Duke of Alva, the people of Leiden had opened the dikes and flooded their land to hinder the foe, the Sea Beggars actually sailed in over the fields when they went to Leiden's rescue.
	essentialvermeer.20m.com /dutch-painters/dutch_art/golden_age.htm (5287 words)

	John Quincy Adams: One President's Adolescence
		Ferdinand of Toledo Duke of Alva, Governor of the Low Countries.
		Phillip Croy Duke of Areschot, Knight of the golden Fleece, Governor of Flanders.
		Mathias, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy and Governor of the united Provinces.
	www.masshist.org /JQA/02-father_advises_son/ja17770727p3.html (210 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Alva, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		General and statesman; born in 1508; died in 1582, Thomar, Spain.
		Sent by King Philip II of Spain to subdue the rebellious Netherlands in 1557, his stern measures caused him to be known as the Iron Duke.
		The Dutch rebelled under William of Orange, but Alva held them in check until their desperate resistance at Alkmaar gained them the victory.
	www.catholic-forum.com /SAINTS/ncd00417.htm (101 words)

	Alva (disambiguation) - LoveToKnow 1911
		There is more than one meaning of Alva discussed in the 1911 Encyclopedia.
		We are planning to let all links go to the correct meaning directly, but for now you will have to search it out from the list below by yourself.
		This page was last modified 11:04, 2 Jun 2006.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Alva_(disambiguation) (67 words)

	Movers: Renaissance and Reformation (1400 - Mid 1600s) By Miles Hodges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		She was the illegitimate daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain) who married Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza (1547-1586), thus becoming Margaret of Parma.
		He was born of an influential Italian military family (his mother was Margaret of Parma, regent of the Spanish Netherlands) and took up soldiering, distinguishing himself early: against the Turks at Lepanto (1571) and in various battles against the Protestants in the Spanish Netherlands.
		Surprisingly Egmont was arrested by Alva upon the latter's arrival in the Netherlands--and despite appeals on his behalf by other noblemen, Egmont was beheaded in 1568 as a traitor to the Spanish cause.
	www.newgenevacenter.org /movers/renaiss-reform2.htm (5673 words)

	Ellington Duke - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Ellington Duke - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Ellington, Duke, (1899-1974), American composer, conductor, and pianist, who was one of the most respected figures in the history of jazz, and who...
		This obituary for Duke Ellington appeared in The Times on May 25, 1974.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Ellington_Duke.html (117 words)

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