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	Counts and dukes of Rethel - Wikipedia
		In 1405 the County became part of the Peerage of France, and in 1581 it was elevated to a duchy.
		In 1663 it became the Duchy of Mazarin.
		Jules Mazarin (1659-1661; minister of Louis XIV of France; purchased Rethel from Charles V) Hortense Mancini (1661-1699)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Duke_of_Mazarin (366 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jules Mazarin
		Certain letters of Anne of Austria to Mazarin, published by Cousin, and admissions made by Anne to Mme de Brienne and recorded in the Memoirs of Loménie de Brienne, prove that the queen regent was deeply attached to the cardinal.
		Mazarin knew how to keep the Calvinists amused with fine words, promises, and calculated delays: for six years they believed themselves to be on the eve of recovering their privileges, and in the end they obtained nothing.
		Mazarin obtained a decree of the Royal Council forbidding money to be remitted to Rome for expediting Bulls, there was a show of preparing an expedition against Avignon, and Innocent X, yielding to these menaces, ended by restoring their property and dignities to Mazarin's protégés, the Barberini.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10092a.htm (1416 words)

	The Fronde & English Civil War
		Mazarin was very impressed by Cardinal Richelieu when he met him, and became so firm a friend of France at the Papal Court that Louis XIII in 1638 pressed to have him promoted to Cardinal.
		Mazarin proposed that the magistrates of the high courts forego their salaries for a number of years.
		Mazarin and Anne were strong militarily, but when the Condéans, the frondeurs and the parlement allied and demanded the princes' release, their political position collapsed.
	history.wisc.edu /sommerville/351/351-12.htm (1514 words)

	James Breck Perkins, France Under Mazarin with a Review of the Administration of Richelieu, Vol. 1 (New York: G.P. ...
		Mazarin writes of an inhabitant of Blaison, whose revenue was less than a hundred livres, that he was assessed for the taille on an income of two hundred livres, and was obliged besides, under the gabelle, to take an excessive quantity of salt.
		Michel Mazarin, whose eagerness and indiscretion were a constant injury to his brother, was led to believe that his promotion as cardinal would be one of the first acts of the new pope, and his conduct, it was claimed, showed that the hostility of France to Panfilio had ceased.
		Mazarin answered, endeavoring.to chill Guise's ardor by the perils of the undertaking 174; but the matter was left for final decision with the representatives of France at Rome, and from them Guise seems to have received some authority for his enterprise.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/crisis/perkins2.htm (22611 words)

	Mazarin. Who is Mazarin? What is Mazarin? Where is Mazarin? Definition of Mazarin. Meaning of Mazarin.
		Jules Mazarin, born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino; but best known as Cardinal Mazarin (1602 - 1661) served as the chief minister of France; from 1642, until his death.
		Although the 5-year-old Louis XIV became king in 1643 (under the regency of queen mother Anne of Austria), Mazarin acted as the ruler of France until his death, in 1661.
		Partly, the criticism of Mazarin centred on his nationality -- Mazarin was Italian by birth.
	www.knowledgerush.com /kr/encyclopedia/Mazarin (249 words)

	RENE I., OF ANJOU - LoveToKnow Article on RENE I., OF ANJOU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Gazette remained, and in 1646 Renaudot was appointed by Mazarin historiographer to the king.
		RENE I. (1409-1480), duke of Anjou, of Lorraine and Bar, count of Provence and of Piedmont, king of Naples, Sicily and Jerusalem, was born at Angers on the i6th of January 1409, the second son of Louis II., king of Sicily, duke of Anjou, count of Provence, and of Yolande of Aragon.
		By his marriage treaty (1419) with Isabel, elder daughter of Charles II., duke of Lorraine, he became heir to the duchy of Bar, which was claimed as the inheritance of his mother Yolande, and, in right of his wife, heir to the duchy of Lorraine.
	26.1911encyclopedia.org /R/RE/RENE_I_OF_ANJOU.htm (2729 words)

	James Breck Perkins, France Under Mazarin with a Review of the Administration of Richelieu, Vol. 1 (New York: G.P. ...
		Mazarin had learned wisdom from large experience at Roman gambling tables, and he wrote Avaux that it was no little skill to quit the game when a winner, for one made his gain sure.
		Mazarin was resolved that the alliance with Sweden should not be continued indefinitely for ends which were of no interest to him.
		Avaux wrote Mazarin after the battle of Nordlingen, that while continuing the war against Bavaria exposed the interests of France to a chance of injury from defeat, a victory would cause the duke's ruin, and increase the hardihood of the Protestants and Swedes.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/crisis/perkins3.htm (11307 words)

	thePeerage.com - Exhibit
		At the same time the prince received a commission as general of the association of the four western counties, and another to be general of all the king's forces in England, although he was in truth intended for the present to remain quiet in Bristol.
		The duke had in 1682 returned from Scotland amidst royalist acclamations, but just before the close of the reign the relations between the brothers seem to have lost something of their old cordiality.
		The Duke of York was to be sent back to Scotland, and Monmouth brought over to England, a reconciliation being thus effected with the Prince of Orange at the cost of a change of policy towards France.
	www.thepeerage.com /e77.htm (17412 words)

	JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE OF ORLEANS - LoveToKnow Article on JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE OF ORLEANS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE OF (1608-1660), third son of the French king Henry IV., and his wife Marie de Medici, was born at Fontainebleau on the 25th of April 1608.
		Known at first as the duke of Anjou, he was created duke of Orleans in 1626, and was nominally in command of the army which besieged La Rochelle in 1628, having already entered upon that course of political intrigue which was destined to occupy the remainder of his life.
		On two occasions he was obliged to leave France for conspiring against the government of his mother and of Cardinal Richelieu; and after waging an unsuccessful war in Languedoc, he took refuge in Flanders.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /O/OR/ORLEANS_JEAN_BAPTISTE_GASTON_DUKE_OF.htm (349 words)

	[No title]
		The Duc d'Orleans acquainted the House, on the 29th, that Cardinal Mazarin had arrived at Sedan; that Marechals de Hoquincourt and de la Ferte were gone to join him with their army to bring him to Court; and that it was high time to oppose his designs.
		Mazarin, arriving at Court again, persuaded the King to go to Saumur, though others advised him to march to Guienne against the Prince de Conde, with whom the Duc d'Orleans was now resolved to join forces.
		The Duke himself must decide, and even propose, too, and it is our business to perform his commands." Then he said, "If I should resolve to brave it out, will you declare for me?" "Yes," I said, "it is what I ought in duty to do.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/3/8/4/3845/3845.txt (9017 words)

	[No title]
		On the 10th it was resolved that the King's Council should be sent to Saint Germain for a further answer touching the removal of Cardinal Mazarin from the Court and kingdom, and the armies from the neighbourhood of Paris.
		The chief thing that determines Mazarin to think of your liberty is his fear of the Nuncio, the chapter, the cures, and the people.
		I know that Mazarin is not bloodthirsty, but I tremble to think of what Noailles has told you, that they are resolved to make haste and take such methods as other States have furnished examples of.
	www.knowledgerush.com /pg/etext03/cm08b10.txt (8525 words)

	Gaston, Duke of Orleans - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Known at first as the duke of Anjou, he was created duke of Orléans in 1626, and was nominally in command of the army which besieged La Rochelle in 1628, having already entered upon that course of political intrigue which was destined to occupy the remainder of his life.
		Then exiled by Mazarin to Blois in 1652 he remained there until his death.
		By Marie he left a daughter, Anne, Duchess of Montpensier (La Grand Mademoiselle); and by Marguerite he left three daughters, Marguerite Louise (1645-1721), wife of Cosimo III, grand duke of Tuscany; Elizabeth (1646-1696), wife of Louis Joseph, Duke of Guise; and Françoise Madeleine (1648-1664), wife of Charles Emmanuel II of Savoy.
	www.free-definition.com /Gaston,-Duke-of-Orleans.html (323 words)

	Alexandre Dumas : Twenty Years After : 18. Grimaud begins his Functions.
		The duke was in the act of combing his beard, which he had allowed to grow, as well as his hair, in order to reproach Mazarin with his wretched appearance and condition.
		The duke's endeavors evinced the best intention in the world, but one of the precautions taken at Vincennes was that of allowing prisoners to keep no money.
		But during these five minutes the duke had had time to read again the note from Madame de Montbazon, which proved to the prisoner that his friends were concerting plans for his deliverance, but in what way he knew not.
	www.classicreader.com /read.php/sid./bookid.61/sec.18 (2621 words)

	Pepys' Diary: Stuart, James (Duke of York, Lord High Admiral) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		His reign is commonly cited as an example of political absolutism; in fact, he is sometimes said to have been “the greatest absolute monarch”.
		Whilst His Majesty was still Duke of York and of Albany, he was illicitly associated with Arabella Churchill, the Duke of Marlborough’s sister.
		He was not created Duke of Marlborough until 1702.
	www.pepysdiary.com /p/800.php (479 words)

	[No title]
		The duke was the grandson of Henry VI.
		He took from the duke all the steel knives and silver forks and replaced them with silver knives and wooden forks, pretending that as he had been informed that the duke was to pass all his life at Vincennes, he was afraid of his prisoner attempting suicide.
		A fortnight afterward the duke, going to the tennis court, found two rows of trees about the size of his little finger planted by the roadside; he asked what they were for and was told that they were to shade him from the sun on some future day.
	www.hoboes.com /html/FireBlade/Dumas/Twenty/Twenty17.html (2293 words)

	Twenty Years After - Chapter 18 - Alexandre Dumas - Read Print
		When everything was ready, the gallows hung in the middle of the room, the loop made, and when the duke had cast a glance upon the plate of crawfish, in order to select the finest specimen among them, he looked around for his piece of glass; it had disappeared.
		The moment of your deliverance is at hand; have patience and courage and remember that in spite of time and absence all your friends continue to cherish for you the sentiments they have so long professed and truly entertained.
		The duke had thrown himself, as he was wont to do in moments of dullness and vexation, on his bed.
	www.readprint.com /chapter-4273/Alexandre-Dumas (2646 words)

	the 17th century in country of Port-Louis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		To the front of the "Grands" in rebellion was César, Duke of Vendôme, who in 1614 retrenched in the remains of Blavet citadel and organized the opposition.
		After Richelieu' s and Louis XIII's deaths, and in spite of the Fronde, the Duke de La Meilleraye carried on the erection of the walls from 1649 up to 1653.
		This period of great activity is presented in the India Company Museum in the Citadel of Port-Louis.In 1668, under the Duke of Mazarin's government, the naval shipyards of the India Company were established in the mouth of the Scorff River and gave birth to the city of l'Orient.
	www.port-louis.org /en/_17th.html (337 words)

	Mazarin, Jules -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Although a cardinal of the Roman Catholic church, Jules Mazarin performed no religious functions.
		He succeeded Cardinal Richelieu as first minister to the king and served through much of the long reign of Louis XIV.
		More results on "Mazarin, Jules" when you join.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article?tocId=9275752 (637 words)

	Find in a Library
		The arguments of Monsieur Herard for Monsieur the Duke of Mazarin against Madam the Dutchess of Mazarin, his spouse and the factum for Madam the Dutchess of Mazarin against Monsieur the Duke of Mazarin, her husband
		Subjects: Mazarin, Hortense Mancini, -- duchesse de, -- 1646-1699.
		Mazarin, Armand Charles de La Porte, -- duc de, -- 1632-1713.
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/0e98ccd45f888181a19afeb4da09e526.html (93 words)

	INDEX
		Albert Edward Victor of Duke of Clarence (1864-1892)
		Prince Alfred Duke of Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1844-1900)
		Victor Emmanuel I of Duke of Aosta and Savoy (1759-1824)
	home.att.net /~hamiltonclan/hamilton/gilbert/fowndx.htm (1053 words)

	The Project Gutenberg Memoirs of Cardinal de Retz, v4
		Mazarin, and, while their emissaries gained over such of the dregs of the
		Duke that the Prince was able to stand his ground as long as he pleased,
		Mazarin from the Court and kingdom, and the armies from the neighbourhood
	worldebooklibrary.com /eBooks/Gutenberg/etext03/cm08b10.htm (13129 words)

	The arsenal
		Under François I the idea appears to store and to manufacture military armaments for better serving the routing and the distribution of the hardware of a very new artillery.
		It was the duke of Mazarin who made it build into 1666.
		It increases unceasingly and, one did not hesitate, for the needs of the moment, to build new buildings.
	perso.wanadoo.fr /lafere/arsenagb.htm (165 words)

	Duke
		1905 Adolf WAKF, duke of Nassau/grand duke of Luxembourg, dies at 88
		1898 Amedeo duke of Aosta, viceroy of Ethiopia/gov-gen of Ital East-Africa
		1754 Charles-Maurice duke of Talleyrand-Perigord, Fr bishop/premier, 1815
	www.brainyhistory.com /topics/d/duke.html (4812 words)

	Timeline 1661-1699
		William of Orange married his cousin Mary (daughter to James, Duke of York and the same James II who fled in 1688).
		It was based on the tragic Greek tale of Phaedra’s love for her stepson Hippolytus, son of Theseus.
		1685 Jul 6, James II defeated James, the Duke of Monmouth, at the Battle of Sedgemoor, the last major battle to be fought on English soil.
	timelines.ws /1661_1699.HTML (13626 words)

	Wilhelm, Duke of Urach (1897- ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Karl Gero, Duke of Urach, Count of Württemberg (1899-),
		Louis Guy Marie d’Aumont, Duke of Mazarin, Duke of Aumont (1732-1763)
		Click here to go to the main page.
	gsteinbe.intrasun.tcnj.edu /royalty/ahnenreihe/Urach.htm (36 words)

	Internet Modern History Sourcebook: The Early Modern West
		Fra Soncino: Letter to Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, Regarding John Cabot's First Voyage, 1497 CE [At this Site]
		Hans Mayr: The Voyage and Acts of Dom Francisco, 1505- [At this Site]
		Ferdinand Magellan's Voyage Round the World, 1519-1522 CE [At this Site]
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/modsbook1.html (3979 words)

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