Duke of Medina-Sidonia

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	Medina
		Medina Township, Michigan Medina Township is a township in 2000 census, the township had a total population of 1,227.
		Medina, Texas Medina is a town located in 2000 census, the town had a total population of 2,960.
		Medina This article is about the Saudi city of Medina.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/medina.html

	medina
		Don Alonso Perez de Guzman el Bueno, Duke of Medina-Sidonia and scion of one of the noblest ducal Spanish families, was by disposition a quiet man who enjoyed nothing more than managing his estates near Cadiz and being a good father to his children.
		The duke took all of the blame for the failure of the Armada.
		The failure of Philip's commander in the Netherlands to fulfil his part of the plan cannot be laid on the duke.
	www.johnmaton.demon.co.uk /medina.htm

	The Armada: Destined for Defeat
		Don Alonzo Perez de Guzman el Bueno, the Seventh Duke of Medina Sidonia, was a thirty-nine year old army commander when he was named commander-in-chief of the Armada forces by Philip.
		Peter Pierson, Commander of the Armada: The Seventh Duke of Medina Sidonia (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1989), 85.
		Medina Sidonia's incompetence was contrasted by the accomplishments of the stellar commander Elizabeth had chosen to head her fleet, Lord Howard of Effingham.
	cc.cumberlandcollege.edu /acad/original/jennifercox97.htm

	BBC - History - Armada Gallery
		The Duke of Medina Sidonia took command of the Spanish Armada after the death of the king's first choice, the Marquess of Santa Cruz, for the job in February 1588.
		Medina Sidonia's orders reflected the effective way he organised the fleet for its voyage, in squadrons, with the transports protected by fighting vessels in the vanguard, rear and wings.
		This demanded a huge logistical effort, of the kind the duke had previously managed well, in kitting out fleets for the New World trade, and for local defence on the coasts of Andalusia.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/war/armada_gallery_04.shtml

	Ships of the World: An Historical Encyclopedia - - San Martín
		Best known as the Duke of Medina Sidonia's capitana general, or flagship, in the Spanish Armada in 1588, the galleon San Martín was originally built as a Portuguese warship.
		Medina Sidonia was intent on maintaining his ships in a defensive formation as they stood up the Channel, but they could not entirely avoid confrontations with the English.
		More important, Medina Sidonia had lost an anchorage and there was nowhere his ships could go between Calais and Parma's (still unready) transports at Dunkirk.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/ships/html/sh_080400_sanmartin.htm

	Spanish Armada
		The Duke of Medina Sidonia was placed in charge of preparing the invasion of England.
		The Duke of Medina Sidonia was now forced to head north with what was left of the Spanish Armada.
		Medina Sidonia confidently told them that his patrol boats would be able to protect them from any fire-ship attack that took place.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /TUDarmada.htm

	HistoryBuff.com -- The Spanish Armada of 1588
		Thus the only means to effect a rendezvous was for Medina Sidonia's fleet to anchor offshore and remain long enough for Parma to assemble his barges and depart the Dutch coastline, a severe limitation which of course made the Armada vulnerable to English interception while at anchor.
		Medina Sidonia therefore decided to call off further attempts at joining with Parma, and return to Spain by rounding the northern tip of Scotland.
		Philip's plan was to transport to English soil the professional army of Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma-the shrewd and effective general of Philip's armies in the Netherlands, and perhaps the most intimidating battlefield opponent in Europe at the time.
	www.historybuff.com /library/refarmada2.html

	List of Dukes of Medina Sidonia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alfonso Perez de Guzman El Bueno, 5th Duke of Medina Sidonia (d.
		Juan Alfonso Perez de Guzman El Bueno, 6th Duke of Medina Sidonia (d.
		Francisco de Borja Alvarez de Toledo, 16th Duke of Medina Sidonia ( 1763- 1821)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia

	1588 De Spaanse Armada en Parma
		Philip II appoints the Duke of Medina Sidonia as the new commander of the Armada.
		The Duke of Medina Sidonia, Commander of the Armada, orders the remaining ships in his fleet to sail round Scotland and make for Spain.
		Medina Sidonia weigerde zelfs aanvankelijk het bevel over de Armada op zich te nemen, hij had immers nog nooit een vloot aangevoerd, maar uiteindelijk zwichtte hij voor de aandrang van Philips II en werd de nieuwe admiraal van de Armada.
	www.engelfriet.net /Alie/Hans/armada.htm

	Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada by Washington Irving : Arthur's Classic Novels
		The duke of Medina Sidonia would have appeared, to many, the very last person to whom to apply for aid of the marques of Cadiz; but the marchioness judged of him by the standard of her own high and generous mind.
		Learning, however, that the duke of Medina Sidonia was already on the march and pressing forward into the territory of the Moors, the king was all on fire to overtake him and to lead in person the succor to Alhama.
		Alonso of Aragon, duke of Villahermosa and illegitimate brother of the king, was present at the siege, and disapproved of the whole arrangement.
	www.arthursclassicnovels.com /arthurs/irving/chrcon10.html

	armada
		Medina Sidonia was unable to make timely contact with Parma, so when the Armada reached the port of Calais, he discovered that it would take six days for Parma's army to fully embark.
		Medina Sidonia seems not to have understood, either, that Parma's army could not sail out to meet the Armada unless the Spanish fleet first drove enemy ships away from the straits, for Parma had no vessels suitable for fighting.
		In 1567, Philip established under the command of the Duke of Alba a huge professional army of 60,000 troops, the "Army of Flanders," to suppress heresy and rebellion in the Netherlands.
	www.salvoblue.homestead.com /armada.html

	Ye Olde Booke O' Seadogs: Medina Sidonia
		After the return of the remains of the Armada to Spain, Medina Sidonia became the target of much abuse and contempt.
		Although not an inspiring personality, Sidonia organized his fleet with great efficiency, its arms, supplies, signals, order of sailing and of battle, with the help of a carefully chosen staff of veteran officers, including a gunnery expert.
		Nothing can be said against Sidonia's personal courage, or his administrative ability, but he lacked both the professional knowledge and the dash to make a great commander.
	vamos-wentworth.org /seadog/seadog.php?menu=people&subject=sidonia

	THE CADIZ RAID 1587: Sir Francis Drake: A Pictorial Biography by Hans P. Kraus (Rare Book and Special Collections Reading Room, Library of Congress)
		King Philip II's letter of May 4, 1587, with autograph postcript, to the Duke of Medina Sidonia, relating to the Drake attack upon Cadiz.
		He orders Medina Sidonia out of Cadiz; he was to leave Don Augustin Mexia in charge there, and to busy himself with raising infantry and cavalry to repel the supposed new attack.
		When it became apparent that Drake was not going to return to Cadiz, King Philip and Medina Sidonia began to fear that he might sail to the West Indies again and repeat his destructive raids of 1585-1586.
	www.loc.gov /rr/rarebook/catalog/drake/drake-7-cadizraid.html

	Maritime Topics On Stamps. The Armada
		His successor was the Duke of Medina Sidonia, an organizer rather than a naval commander.
		The Duke of Medina Sidonia’s flagship was the 1000-ton galleon ‘ SAN MARTIN’.
		The Armada’s main objective was not fighting naval battles but to assist and secure the Duke’s invasion and occupation of Elizabeth I’s kingdom.
	www.shipsonstamps.org /Topics/html/armada.htm

	Spanish Armada - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Armada invasion plan was flawed from the start in the unworkably precise timing and communication that it demanded between Medina Sidonia and Parma, as well as in the near-absence of deep-water ports accessible to Philip on the northwestern European coastline for a fleet of the Armada's size and composition.
		Although the Gravelines engagement itself was largely an indecisive stalemate, the English defenders were availed of some breathing room as Medina Sidonia, unaware of the scarcity of English ammunition, soon directed the Armada east and north of the rendezvous zone for Parma in the
		Duke of Parma, who was commanding Spain's army in the Spanish-controlled Netherlands, was to assemble an invading force on the North Sea coast.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_Armada

	GIBRALTAR - LoveToKnow Article on GIBRALTAR
		The duke of Medina Sidonia, a powerful grandee who had assisted in its capture, was anxious to get possession of the fortress, and though Henry IV.
		In 1479 Ferdinand and Isabella made the second duke marquess of Gibraltar, and in 1492 the third duke, Don Juan, was reluctantly allowed to retain the fortress.
		at first managed to maintain the claims of the crown, the duke ultimately made good his ambition by force of arms (9th siege), and in 1469 the king was constrained to declare his son and his heirs perpetual governors of Gibraltar.
	www.1911encyclopedia.com /G/GI/GIBRALTAR.htm

	CaribSeek Books Visits Great Spanish Dukes The Life of Christopher Columbus by Edward Everett Hale
		One was the Duke of Medina Celi, and one the Duke of Medina Sidonia.
		The Duke of Medina Celi was so much interested in them, that at one time he proposed to give Columbus the direction of four vessels which he had in the harbor of Cadiz.
		Now he was to press his adventure upon a king and queen who were engaged in a difficult war with the Moors, who still held a considerable part of the peninsula of Spain.
	books.caribseek.com /Caribbean/The_Life_of_Christopher_Columbus/visits-great-spanish-dukes.shtml

	National Maritime Museum - Armada Hunt Page 2
		The man alone in this boat is probably the Duke of Medina Sidonia, who was in charge of the Spanish fleet.
		This is probably the Spanish 'flagship' (chief ship in the fleet) San Martin, belonging to the Duke of Medina Sidonia.
		Medina Sidonia's ship was a galleon (just sails) but this ship is a galleass.
	www.nmm.ac.uk /upload/package/6/armada/page2.htm

	EducationGuardian.co.uk Schools special reports Make your own Armada game
		Philip appoints the Duke of Medina Sidonia as commander of the Armada.
		August 13 The Duke of Medina Sidonia orders his remaining ships to sail around Scotland and make for Spain.
		Hearing that the Duke of Parma's invasion force is ready to embark, Seymour's Narrow Seas squadron returns to the Channel.
	education.guardian.co.uk /primaryresources/story/0,12430,973980,00.html

	Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada
		He careered, almost without resistance, over those vast campinas or pasture-lands which formed a part of the domains of the duke of Medina Sidonia.
		The mountain-glens were filled with long droves of cattle and flocks of sheep from the campinas of Medina Sidonia.
		In vain the bells were rung and the alarm-fires kindled: the band of Hamet had passed by before any force could be assembled, and was only to be traced, like a hurricane, by the devastation it had made.
	manybooks.net /pages/irvingwaetext02cgran10/159.html

	Worldroots.com
		However, his invincible fleet the "Armada" was built and placed under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia.
		In 1567 preparations were made to send the Duke of Alva at the head of a large army to quell the unrest.
		In 1581 Philip II was recognised as King of Portugal but The Netherlands declared that they had replaced him with the French Duke of Anjou; and when this Duke announced that he was engaged to Queen Elizabeth of England, Philip II's enemies united.
	www.worldroots.com /brigitte/royal/bio/philip2ofspainbio.html

	Search Results for Medina-Sidonia - Encyclopædia Britannica
		For centuries the region, noted for its birdlife, served as a hunting ground for the dukes of Medina-Sidonia.
		Includes a systematic bibliography of publications on Deir al Medina and an index of references to papyri, ostraca, and graffiti as quoted in the notes in J. Cerný's A Community of Workmen at Thebes in the Ramesside Period.
		Database and index of nonliterary texts from Deir al Medina, the West Bank village of the workmen who constructed and decorated the royal tombs in the New Kingdom.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=Medina-Sidonia&submit=Find&source=MWTAB

	The Invincible Armada
		On August 4, as the Isle of Wight came into view, the Duke of Medina, with the English hard on his heels, had many things on his mind.
		Medina had to ration the food giving each man a daily allowance of eight ounces of biscuit, and a pint of half wine half water.
		At daylight on August 8, Medina realized many of his ships were in danger of running on the shoals of the Flemish coast, an easy target for the pursuing English.
	www.rain.org /~karpeles/armadadis.html

	WHKMLA : Conquest of Melilla, 1497
		A combined Castilian-Aragonese fleet, equipped, financed and commanded by Pedro de Estopinan, Duke of Medina Sidonia (with the blessing of Isabel of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon), departed from Gibraltar and took the city of Melilla on the Moroccan coast on September 17th.
		Melilla until 1556 was treated as a domain of the Duke of Medina Sidonia; in 1556, Spain formally annexed the city.
		The Reconquista on the Iberian peninsula having ended with the fall of Granada in 1492, in 1497 it was taken across the sea.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/15cen/melilla1497.html

	RLS
		He says that although all the islanders are great artificers of knitting, "the Fair-Islanders alone dye their fabrics in the Spanish manner," and that gloves may be seen for sale in Edinburgh that "tell the story of the Duke of Medina Sidonia's adventure".
		He was fascinated by the wrecks of various ships of the Spanish Armada off the coast of Scotland, and he described the landing of "a Grandee of Spain, the Duke of Medina Sidonia " in the harbour in Anstruther in Fife, after his ship had broken up off the "Fair Isle".
		Stevenson was attracted all his life by the sea and by ships from foreign parts with the tales that they could tell of far off countries.
	members.aol.com /lammermuiruk/stevenson.htm

	Loony Lenny Online: Gibraltar for Kids
		In 1467 (the 9th Siege), Gibraltar was taken by the Duke of Medina Sidonia for his own possession and it was not until 1502 that it returned to the control of the Spanish Crown.
		Gibraltar was finally taken from the Moors in 1462 during the 8th Siege, by the Duke of Medina Sidonia.
		Henry IV is supposed to have given Gibraltar a grant of Arms consisting of a gold key hanging from a red castle.
	www.gibconnect.com /~loonylenny/gibarms/origin.html

	VirtualTourist.com - Beach_dog's Medina Sidonia Travel Page
		It has a famous son, after the reconquest the lands were granted to the family of Guzman el Bueno, they became the dukes of Medina Sidonia.
		Our second day in Cadiz province and we decided to visit the beautiful historic town of Medina Sidonia.
		The seventh duke, Don Alonso Perez de Guzman el Bueno was in charge of the Spanish Fleet or Armada which unsuccessfully attempted to invade England in 1588.
	members.virtualtourist.com /m/2b80b/3fcc5

	ARMADA, THE - LoveToKnow Article on ARMADA, THE
		in,nta Crux was succeeded by Don Alonso Perez de Guzman, duke re Medina Sidonia, a noble of large estate, but of no experience or in pacity, who took the command unwillingly, and only on the cc xibility.
	23.1911encyclopedia.org /A/AR/ARMADA_THE.htm

	Gil Blas - CH. IX.. -- How my lord duke married his only daughter, and to whom: with the bitter consequences of that marriage.
		The Count de Niéblés, eldest son of the Duke de Medina Sidonia, head of the Guzman family, and Don Lewis de Haro, eldest son of the Marquis de Carpio and my eldest sister, are the two most likely competitors.
		Excuse me, my lord, pleaded I, with a shrug, the design is worthy of the genius which gave birth to it: my only fear is, lest the Duke of Medina Sidonia should think fit to be out of humour at it.
		What a loss for a father who had no eyes, as one may say, but for his daughter, and in her loss felt the miscarriage of his design to quash the right of precedence in the branch of Medina Sidonia!
	www.exclassics.com /gilblas/gil117.htm

	Loony Lenny Online: Gibraltar for Kids
		Queen Isabella I decrees Gibraltar to be a Crown property - The Guzmans (Dukes of Medina Sidonia) agree and cede it to her.
		The Duke of Medina Sidonia besieges Gibraltar, armed with a warrant from Prince Alfonso.
		It eventually surrenders and after a wrangle between the Guzman family and the Ponce de Leon family, it is taken by Juan Alonso de Guzman who was the third Count Niebla and also Duke of Medina Sidonia as his own personal property.
	www.gibconnect.com /~loonylenny/timeline/timeline.htm

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