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	List of Dukes of Parma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Duke of Parma was also Duke of Piacenza, except for the first years of the rule of Ottavio Farnese (1549-1556), and the time of the Napoleonic Dukes of Parma and Piacenza, when the two were established as separate positions held by two individuals.
		The Duke of Parma also usually held the title of Duke of Guastalla from 1735 (when Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor took it from Mantua) to 1847 (when the territory was ceded to Modena), again, except for the Napoleonic dukes, when there was no Duke of Guastalla.
		Therefore, the Duke of Parma is a legitimate (though not prime) claimant to the Kingdom of Spain; indeed, the current Duke of Parma, Carlos-Hugo, was a pretender to the Spanish throne in the 1970s (see Carlism).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Dukes_of_Parma (246 words)

	Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza (1545 - 1592) was the son of Duke Ottavio Farnese, duke of Parma and Margaret, the illegitimate daughter of the Habsburg Emperor Charles V.
		Thus Alessandro was the nephew of Philip II of Spain and of Don John of Austria.
		In 1586 Alexander Farnese became duke of Parma by the death of his father.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alessandro_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma_and_Piacenza (949 words)

	Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma (1521 - 1586) was the second son of Pierluigi Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza, grandson of Pope Paul III, and brother to Cardinal Ranuccio Farnese.
		During the interregnum that followed, Ottavio again tried to induce the governor of Parma to give up the city to him, but met with no better success; however, on the election of Giovan Maria Giocchi to the papacy as Julius III the duchy was conferred on him in 1551.
		At his death in 1586 his son Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza succeeded him.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottavio_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma (422 words)

	David Duke in Parma
		Duke, 46, said he is outraged by the settlement of the case, which calls for the city to offer down-payment assistance to fl families buying homes in Parma and interest-free renovation loans to landlords who agree to give fl tenants priority.
		Duke, who spoke on the front steps of City Hall Saturday, was invited by members of the National Alliance, a white separatist group whose local leader lives in Parma.
		Duke, trying to erase his ties with the Ku Klux Klan, asked to be referred to as a former state representative, not a former Grand Wizard of the KKK.
	www.sunnews.com /news/suburbs/berea/dukeinparma.htm (764 words)

	Duchy of Parma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul III's illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, centered around the city of Parma.
		In 1556, the second Duke, Ottavio Farnese, was given the city of Piacenza, becoming thus also Duke of Piacenza, and thus the state was thereafter properly known as the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza.
		The Farnese family continued to rule until their extinction in 1731, at which point the Duchy was inherited by the young son of the King of Spain, Don Charles, whose mother Elizabeth Farnese was the Farnese heiress.
	www.bexley.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Duchy_of_Parma (414 words)

	Parma relieves Paris (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Duke of Parma Resupplies Paris, September 1590
		Parma is in the middle of the picture, mounted dramatically on his horse (as expected).
		The Spanish army was the most feared army of the day, and Parma one of its most able commanders.
	www.lepg.org /parma.htm (129 words)

	The Succession Laws of Parma
		Restoring a counterweight to this new power was in the interests of Parma, and its minister in Madrid, Giulio Alberoni, pulled off the marriage of Odoardo's daughter Elisabetta to the widowed king Philip V of Spain in 1714.
		Formally, Austria ceded Parma and Guastalla to Felipe and his male and female issue, according to an order of succession to be established by Felipe and the Empress; upon extinction of which issue the exchanges and renunciations were to become void.
		The dynasty was overthrown in 1859: the duke and regent duchess left Parma on June 9 for Switzerland and made an official protest on June 20 against the Sardinian invasion.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/royalty/parma.htm (2048 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Diocese of Parma
		In the thirteenth century (1199, 1200, 1204), Parma was at war with its neighbour Piacenza; later it aroused the indignation of Innocent III by the robbery of a pontifical legate.
		In 1512 Julius II united Parma to the Pontifical States; it should be said that John of Bohemia had previously held it as a fief of the Holy See; but from 1515 to 1521, the city was again in the hands of the King of France.
		The garrison of Parma prevented the city from falling into the power of Ferrante, as Piacenza fell; and after long negotiations with the emperor, the son of Pierluigi, Ottavio, was confirmed in the duchy by Julius III in 1550.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11505a.htm (1024 words)

	ALEXANDER FARNESE - LoveToKnow Article on ALEXANDER FARNESE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		He was the son of Ottavio Farnese, duke of Parma, and Margaret of Austria, natural daughter of Charles V. He accompanied his mother to Brussels when she was appointed governor of the Netherlands, and in I565 his marriage with the princess Mhria of Portugal was celebrated in Brussels with great splendour.
		In military ability the prince of Parma was inferior to none of his contemporaries, as a skilful diplomatist he was the matcheven of his great antagonist William the Silent, and, like most of the leading statesmen of his day, was unscrupulous as to the means he employed so long as he achieved his ends.
		Perceiving that there were divisions and jealousies in the ranks of his opponents between Catholic and Protestant, Fleming and Walloon, he set to work by persuasion, address and bribery, to foment the growing discord, and bring back the Walloon provinces to the allegiance of the king.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /F/FA/FARNESE_ALEXANDER.htm (1096 words)

	The Government of Parma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The leader of Parma is the Duke of Parma, a title granted by Duke Sforza, who owns the fealty of the city.
		Duke Nicholas D’Parma is not a very hands-on ruler, and the major decisions of policy within the city do not always come from him.
		To the Duke of Milan, he swore that he would lay his life and all that he held dear to protect the Duke from all forces that were against him.
	www.btinternet.com /~paul.shawley/GovernmentofParma.htm (3756 words)

	Alessandro Farnese Duke of Parma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Alessandro Farnese, the son of Duke Ottavio Farnese and Margaret of Parma, was born in 1545.
		Parma was unable to help as he had less than twenty ships and most of those were not yet ready to sail.
		The Duke of Parma was sent to France in 1590 to command the Spanish Army against Henry IV.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /TUDfarnese.htm (891 words)

	Marie Louise of Austria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Her Imperial and Royal Highness Maria Luisa Leopoldine Franziska Theresia Josepha Lucia, Princess Imperial and Archduchess of Austria, Princess Royal of Hungary and Bohemia, Princess of Tuscany, Duchess of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla was born in Vienna, the daughter of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor and his second wife,.
		However, in 1815, the Treaty of Vienna revised that and made her Duchess of Parma for her life only, with the details of who would become Duke of Parma after her death unspecified.
		Her status as Duchess of Parma and Piacenza passed to Prince Charles of Parma, the grandson of the last reigning Duke of Parma, but the duchy of Guastalla passed to Duke Francis V of Modena.
	www.bonneylake.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Marie-Louise_of_Austria (423 words)

	JOHANN ZOFFANY - Portrait of Don Ferdinando di Borbone, Duke of Parma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This painting is a version of the portrait of Ferdinando, Duke of Parma, in the National Gallery of Parma.
		In the Parma version, however, the sitter is placed at a slightly different angle and in the two paintings and the light source is from the left, rather than from above, as in our picture.
		In our version, by contrast, the Duke is wearing the cordon of the French Order of the Saint-Esprit over the San Gennaro, suggesting this picture may have been commissioned for his grandfather, Louis XV of France.
	www.europeanpaintings.com /18thcent/zoffan.htm (160 words)

	MARGARET OF PARMA. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		She subsequently showed favor to the national party, but after the outbreak of violence she turned against the popular leaders (Egmont, Hoorn, and William the Silent).
		In 1567 the duke of Alba arrived at Brussels to suppress the opposition by force.
		Margaret’s son was the noted general Alessandro Farnese, duke of Parma and Piacenza.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/ma/MargP.html (170 words)

	HISTORY OF THE LINE OF BOURBON-PARMA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		By article 101 of the Treaty of Vienna of 9 Jun 1815 Duke Carlo Lodovico was given the Duchy of Lucca, in compensation for the loss of Parma (accorded to the former Empress Marie-Louise of the French for her lifetime), but deposed 15 Oct 1847.
		Territories of the duchies were annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1859; formal protestation of the annexation was made by the Duchess Regent, on behalf of her son Robert I, 20 Jun 1860.
		Succession is by male primogeniture among the descendants of Philip, Duke of Parma, and failing them to the other male descendants of Philip V of Spain and Isabel Farnese.
	www.chivalricorders.org /royalty/bourbon/parma/bourparm.htm (460 words)

	Spanish Armada 1588
		Their commander, the respected and feared Duke of Parma was poised ready to embark his troops to cross the narrow end of the North Sea.
		If Parma's men had just waited in their boats off Dunkerque, they would have been "sitting ducks" for attack by Dutch fighting ships which were very effective in these shallow coastal waters.
		Meanwhile the Duke of Guise and French Catholics took to the barricades in Paris as promised.
	www.theotherside.co.uk /tm-heritage/background/span-armada.htm (2284 words)

	John Spivey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The plans that garnered the most attention were introduced by the Duke of Parma and the Marquis of Santa Cruz.
		The Duke of Parma was head of Philip's army.
		Parma proposed a strike across the English Channel from the coast of Flanders.
	www.louisville.edu /~jespiv01/spain2.html (754 words)

	Juliana of the Netherlands - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Juliana Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, (April 30, 1909 - March 20, 2004) of the House of Orange-Nassau was Queen of the Netherlands from her mother's abdication in 1948 to her own abdication in 1980 and Queen Mother (with the title of Princess) from 1980 to 2004.
		She was born in The Hague, the daughter of Prince Hendrik (or Heinrich), Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.
		In 1963 Queen Juliana faced another crisis with her people when her daughter Irene converted to Catholicism and without government approval, on April 29, 1964 married Prince Carlos Hugo de Bourbon-Parma, Duke of Parma, a claimant to the Spanish throne who was also a leader in Spain's Carlist party.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Juliana_of_the_Netherlands (2603 words)

	CARLISM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Count of Barcelona, in letters to Europe’s royal houses, asked that no-one co-operate with Xavier and his son Carlos-Hugo, pointing out that they could not claim to be Spanish dynasts because of Xavier’s unequal marriage (the Bourbon-Busset are an illegitimate line of a junior branch of the Bourbon family).
		At a meeting with Xavier in 1960, at the time of the wedding of Princess Françoise to Prince Edouard de Lobkowicz, Duke Robert was asked to unite the family and recognize his marriage, and consequently the successorial rights of Xavier’s issue.
		While Prince Bernhard promised Don Juan that unless Carlos Hugo renounced his claims she would not be allowed to marry, the couple ignored her father and were married in Rome on 29 April 1964 in the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in front of 5000 Carlist supporters.
	www.chivalricorders.org /royalty/bourbon/spain/carlism.htm (2465 words)

	JEAN JACQUES REGIS DE CAMBACERES - LoveToKnow Article on JEAN JACQUES REGIS DE CAMBACERES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		CAMBACERES, JEAN JACQUES REGIS DE, duke of Parma (1753-1824), French statesman, was born at Montpellier on the 18th of October 1753.
		He also became a prince of the Empire and received in 1808 the title duke of Parma.
		At the close of the campaign of 1814 he shared with Joseph Bonaparte the responsibility for some of the actions which zealous Bonapartists have deemed injurious to the fortunes of the emperor.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CA/CAMBACERES_JEAN_JACQUES_REGIS_DE.htm (954 words)

	Duke of Medina Sidonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Alonso Perez du Guzman, the son of the 6th Duke of Medina Sidonia, was born in Spain in 1550.
		After the death of Alvaro de Bazan, the Marques de Santa Cruz in 1588, the Duke of Medina Sidonia was given command of the Spanish Armada.
		The Duke of Medina Sidonia was now forced to head north with what was left of the Spanish Armada.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /TUDmedina.htm (1495 words)

	[No title]
		The Duchies of Parma and Piacenza were created in 1545 out of the papal possessions of the same name.
		The extraordary commissioner of Parma nearly immediately ceded all power to the Municipal Council (Presidente : Podestà Casimiro principe Meli Lupi di Soragna, 1783 - 1865) who then appointed a Provisional Governmental Commission (3).
		Successors 1907 - 1939 Enrico Maria Alberto Ferdinando Carlo Pio Luigi Antonio, son 1873 - 1939 1939 - 1950 Giuseppe Maria Pietro Paolo Francesco Roberto Tomaso-d'Aquino etc, brother 1875 - 1950 (3) The situation in Piacenza and Pontremoli in the period jun - dec is not known.
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/Rotunda/2209/Parma.html (1081 words)

	Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza Discussion
		Alessandro Farnese, Duke of ParmaDuke of Parma and Piacenza (1545 - 1592) was the son of Duke Ottavio Farnese, duke of Parma and Margaret of Austria (1522-1583)Margaret, the illegitimate daughter of the Habsburg Emperor Charles V. Thus Alessandro was the nephew of Philip II of Spain and of Don John of Austria.
		In 1586 Alexander Farnese became List of Dukes of Parmaduke of Parma by the death of his father.
	www.infothis.com /find/Alessandro_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma_and_Piacenza (966 words)

	boys clothing: European royalty--Italy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The youngest son of King Philip V of Spain conquered Parma, in Italy, in 1748, and became Philip, Duke of Parma (1720-65); his son was Ferdinand, Duke of Parma, and his grandson was Louis, made King of Etruria by the French in 1801.
		His son, Charles III, Duke of Parma, was in turn succeeded by his son, Robert, who lost the duchy upon its annexation to Italy in 1860.
		Duke Emmanuel Philibert in 1559 arranged for the restoration of his duchy in 1559 and made Turin in northern Italy his capital.
	www.histclo.hispeed.com /royal/ita/royal-it.htm (3010 words)

	FERDINANDO I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ferdinando I, son of Philip Bourbon, Duke of Parma and Piacenza, and Louise Elizabeth of France, was born in Parma on 20 January 1751.
		The Duke of Parma, Ferdinando I, the Duke of Modena, Ercole III Rinaldo, the Pope, Pio VI, and the King of Naples, Ferdinando IV, had to pay France high indemnities to obtain peace.
		In 1801 France and Austria signed the Peace of Luneville (9 February): the Duchy of Parma was given to France and Tuscany to Ferdinando I. Even if this change was advantageous for him, he refused to abandon his population.
	www.provincia.parma.it /scuole/ssbodon3/www/parcoducale/filehtm/ferdinando%20ing.htm (232 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Alessandro Farnese
		While yet a student at Bologna, in 1534, Clement VII appointed him administrator of the Diocese of Parma; on 18 Dec. of the same year, his uncle, Paul III, created him Cardinal-Deacon of the Title of Sant' Angelo, and conferred on him numerous offices and benefices.
		In 1543 he went again to the court of Charles V, and later to that of Francis I, and was present at the meeting of the two sovereigns in Paris, returning with Charles to Flanders.
		In 1545 he went on a second embassy to Charles V in reference to the council, and in 1546 he accompanied the pontifical troops sent the aid of Charles V against the Smalkald League.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/05788b.htm (553 words)

	Genealogy of the Ducal Family of Parma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Duke of Parma and Piacenza, March 27th, 1854 (deposed when Parma and Piacenza were annexed to Italy in 1859)
		HRH Enrico Maria Alberto Ferdinando Carlo Pio Luigi Antonio Duke of Parma and Piacenza, Prince of Bourbon
		Duke of Parma and Piacenza, Prince of Bourbon ("Xavier")
	www.geocities.com /henrivanoene/genparma.html (2315 words)

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