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	Ethics of Shang, Zhou and the Classics by Sanderson Beck
		The Zhou patriarch Wen Wang opposed the use of alcohol except in the ceremonies, as the fall of the Shang dynasty was attributed to excessive drinking.
		Duke Huan wanted to begin by strengthening his armed forces, but Guan Zhong recommended that he put his arms in storage, since for being on good terms with the feudal lords abroad and the people at home expending wealth on people is better than spending it on arms.
		Duke Wen of Jin was appointed ba or protector of the feudal rulers.
	www.san.beck.org /EC13-Chou.html (14223 words)

	4. China, to 221 B.C.E. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Zhou built a city at Luoyang on the opposite side of the Yellow River plain to balance Hao.
		Hao was thereafter abandoned by Zhou descendants for the new capital at Luoyang.
		The Zhou king was simultaneously the political leader and the paterfamilias of a large extended family.
	www.bartleby.com /67/138.html (1451 words)

	Chinese history:The Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-770 BC)
		The treasures and luxuries found in Zhou Xin's palace were used in rewarding the officers and soldiers of the Zhou army and also distributed among the people.
		His uncle, the Duke of Zhou, a man of large ability, aprofound statesman and a most conscientious an upright prince, was appointed regent by Wu Wang before his death.
		The enemies circulated rumors that the Duke of Zhou was not loyal to the Emperor.
	www.chinavoc.com /history/xizhou.htm (612 words)

	Mandate of Heaven - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is first found discussed in writings recording the words of the Duke of Zhou, younger brother of King Wu of Zhou and regent for King Wu's infant son King Cheng of Zhou, he is usually considered to be its first proponent.
		One consequence of the idea of the Mandate of Heaven was that it was not necessary for a person to be of noble birth to lead a revolt and become a legitimate emperor, and in fact a number of dynasties such as the Han dynasty and Ming dynasty were founded by persons of modest birth.
		The Duke of Zhou explained the Mandate to the people of the Shang dynasty, that if their king had not been so mean, his Mandate would not have been taken away.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven (585 words)

	Encyclopedia: Spring and Autumn Period (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Duke Huan of Qi (齊桓公, Qí Huán Gōng, died 643 BC) was the best-known ruler of the state of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history.
		Duke Mu (穆公) (died 621 BC), born Ying Renhao (嬴任好), was a ruler of the State of Qin from 659 or 660 to 621 BC in China.
		Duke Xiang of Song (å®‹è¥„å…¬) (died 637 BC) was the leader in the state of Song in the Spring and Autumn Period.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Spring-and-Autumn-Period (7209 words)

	A Concise History of China, Chapter 2
		The most successful Zhou governor, Wen Wang, is described as virtuous and intelligent; he continued to recognize the superiority of the Shang out of feudal loyalty, but expansion into barbarian-held territories north and south of the Zhou realm made him at least as powerful as the Shang monarchs themselves.
		The duke agreed it was worth a try and pretended to be friendly to the barbarians; he sent the chief two of his best bands of musicians, and invited the scholar to visit his state and see for himself how different life was in Qin from the rest of China.
		The duke of Qi was so embarrassed by this musical gaffe that he carried out the suggested punishment, and later gave back to Lu three cities that had been captured in a previous war; the grateful duke of Lu promoted Confucius to prime minister.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /china/ch02.html (10524 words)

	Endeavors magazine, UNC-Chapel Hill: The Physics of Clarity
		Zhou first studied carbon nanotubes just after he finished his doctoral degree in 1992, when he began working as a researcher at Bell Labs, experimenting with nanotubes as a possible substitute for the carbon electrode in rechargeable lithium batteries.
		Zhou is a materials scientist — he makes all sorts of new materials — and he would often use x-rays to determine the exact properties of his creations.
		Zhou is the Lyles Jones Professor of Physics and Materials Sciences and was the founding director of the N.C. Center for Nanoscale Materials, one of the largest federally funded research centers on carbon-nanotube research.
	research.unc.edu /endeavors/fall2005/zhou.php (1831 words)

	The Three Kingdoms - Introduction
		The Zhou people were also taxed by labor, the length of time during which a man had to work for the government varying according to the condition of the crop of each year.
		Duke Wen, being a member of the reigning family of Zhou, stood in the closest relationship to the court at the "Eastern Metropolis" (Luoyi).
		The Zhou Dynasty had regularly appointed officials whose business was to teach the people how to take ores out of the mines and to manure their land; but as to how far this useful knowledge had been acquired, we have very little information.
	www.eze33.com /war/sanguo/history.htm (16686 words)

	A WHO
		King Wen was the leader of the Zhou tribe, members of the Shang polity.
		Duke of Zhou 周公 The younger brother of King Wu and the last of the great sage of the past.
		Confucians particularly revered the duke (whose descendants reigned as the dukes of Lu, Confucius’s homeland), and maintained that the innovations in ritual that were implemented by the Zhou ruling house had all been designed by the Duke of Zhou.
	www.iub.edu /~p374/Sages.html (828 words)

	Western Zhou Dynasty tomb found in Shaanxi Province
		That referring to the Duke of Zhou appeared many times on oracle bones indicates that the site is the feud of Duke Zhou and the burial site belongs to his family.
		Duke Zhou was a person honored as King of Zhou and is fully qualified to use the funeral treatment of the highest level.
		Doctor Zhang Tian'en, director of Shang and Zhou Office of Shaanxi Archeology Institute who devoted for years to seeking tombs for kings of the Western Zhou, held that the title of Duke Zhou is hereditary and lasted for five to six hundred years.
	www.chinapage.com /archeology/qishan.html (697 words)

	Chinese History - Zhou Dynasty å‘¨ (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		The Zhou Dynasty is probably the dynasty that reigned for the longest period not only of all Chinese dynasties, but of the whole world.
		The founders of the Zhou Dynasty, the Kings Wen and Wu (abbreviated to the couple Wen Wu æ—æ¦), and the Prince Regent Duke Dan of Zhou å‘¨å¬æ—¦, were seen as the ideal monarchs and even as patrons and inventors of every kind of arts.
		The Zhou kings had to flee from their western capital to the east, forced by "barbarian" tribes that invaded the Zhou territory.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Zhou/zhou.html (339 words)

	A Reconsideration of the Enfeoffment of Jin:
		However, the Shang recovered their hegemony to the north of the lower and middle Fen River valley at the end of Shang, during the rule of King Di Yi or Di Xin, although they failed to regain control of the southwestern corner of Shanxi.
		After repressing the rebellion in southwestern Shanxi, the Duke of Zhou established a new-Ji 姬 surnamed state, Jin, in the old pro-Shang polities, Tang, in the hope that the new state would control the challenges from the remaining pro-Shang and anti-Zhou powers in Shanxi.
		I believe that, in the Western Zhou period, Rong was a generic term which may have denoted ‘the other belligerent group’ who refused to be included in the Zhou order.
	www.asiahistory.or.kr /hwp/abs066.htm (863 words)

	People's Daily Online -- Greatest archeological discovery since new China
		The large Western Zhou burial site is located in the ruins of the Duke Zhou Temple in Qishan County of Shaanxi Province.
		Over 700 oracle bone pieces were discovered outside the graves, 420 word oracle identified, four slates with characters reading "Duke of Zhou" ever found, over 1500-meter-long wall and sites of foundations of six large buildings of rammed earth.
		That referring to the Duke of Zhou appeared many times on oracle bones indicates that the site is the feud of Duke Zhou and the burial site belongs to his family.
	english.people.com.cn /200406/07/eng20040607_145553.html (716 words)

	Ancient World History : Ancient China
		The Zhou dynasty is traditionally divided into two periods: the Western Zhou (1045?-771 bc), when the capital was near modern Xi’an in the west, and the Eastern Zhou (770-256 bc), when the capital was moved further east to modern Luoyang.
		The Shu jing praises the first three Zhou rulers: King Wen (the Cultured King) expanded the Zhou domain; his son, King Wu (the Martial King), conquered the Shang; and King Wu's brother, Zhou Gong (often referred to as Duke of Zhou), consolidated the conquest and served as loyal regent for Wu’s heir.
		In the Eastern Zhou period, real power lay with the larger states, although the Zhou kings continued as nominal overlords, partly because they were recognized as custodians of the Mandate of Heaven, but also because no single feudal state was strong enough to dominate the others.
	www.awhistory.com /china (1657 words)

	Large Tomb of Western Zhou dynasty found - China History Forum, online chinese history forum
		The 78-year-old Zou, dubbed "No.1 archeologist on China's Shang and Zhou dynasties", is the discoverer of the capital ruins of the States of Yan and Jin of the Western Zhou Dynasty and instructor for exploring and excavating Lord Jin's grave of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
		Duke Zhou was a person honored as King of Zhou and is fully qualified to use the funeral treatment of the highest level.
		Doctor Zhang Tian'en, director of Shang and Zhou Office of Shaanxi Archeology Institute who devoted for years to seeking tombs for kings of the Western Zhou, held that the title of Duke Zhou is hereditary and lasted for five to six hundred years.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=107 (2088 words)

	Chinese Cultural Resources
		During the 11th century B.C., probably in 1066, the Shang dynasty was conquered by Zhou, a state in the Wei River valley in present-day Shaanxi Province.
		The Zhou rulers used two means to maintain law and order: severe punishments to keep the serfs and common people obedient, and rites to adjust relations among the nobles.
		From then on the dynasty was called the Eastern Zhou, and the period from 1066 to 771 BC the Western Zhou.
	www.pasadena.edu /Chinese/cultural/anicent.html (1592 words)

	Archaeologists Unearth 3,000-year-old Tombs In China
		Ten of the tombs each have four passages -- an indication that the owner was from the highest rank in the the Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC - 771 BC).
		Four inscriptions on some 700 tortoise shells unearthed during the excavation suggested that the tombs were linked to the duke's family.
		The Duke of Zhou was the founder of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
	www.rense.com /general58/tombs.htm (195 words)

	Shu jing- metal-bound box
		The people were greatly terrified; and the king and great officers, all in their caps of state, proceeded to open the metal-bound coffer, and examine the writings, when they found the words of the duke of Zhou when he took on himself the business of taking the place of king Wu.
		Formerly the duke was thus earnest for the royal House, but I, being a child, did not know it.
		Lewis suggests that the duke was using the poem to try to clear himself of the charges made against him by the slanderers, but as the king was not bright enough to understand the poem it was not entirely successful.
	www.chss.iup.edu /baumler/sources/shu3.html (855 words)

	Out of Order ... Chaos
		Haojing, capital city of the Western Zhou Dynasty, was devastated by war in 771 BC.
		To the east in the Wei River valley lay the States of Song and Lu, whose lords descended from the Duke of Zhou and the Shang royal bloodlines respectively.
		During the closing years of the Western Zhou Period, people began to despair at the apparent abdication of moral behavior by their leaders, a despair that only grew stronger throughout the Spring and Autumn period.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C01/E0107.htm (2164 words)

	(II) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Like his contemporary thinkers, many of whose ideas were better known and received at the time, Confucius sought a path to the restoration of social order by creating norms that would end the warfare and create a self‑regulating society.
		Mencius, like Hsun‑tzu lived in what was known,as the "Warring States Period," during which the last of the seven Zhou successor states waged battles of ever increasing size and ferocity amongst themselves and against the growing threat of the state of Ch'in, which would eventually defeat them all and unify China in 221 BCE.
		I beg that an army be sent to punish him." The duke said, "Report to the three chief ministers." Confucius retired and said, "Being an official, I did not dare not to report the matter.
	www.law.duke.edu /curriculum/courseHomepages/spring2002/509_01/confucianism.htm (7534 words)

	Yijing Dao - Stick dice with yarrow probabilities
		Indeed, if Zhang Zhenglang's hypothesis [2] concerning the 'bagua numerals' found on early Zhou oracle bones is correct (that they are numerical representations of hexagrams and trigrams), then we have an entirely different set of numbers to deal with: not 6, 7, 8, 9, but 1, 5, 6, 7, 8.
		Furthermore, it's a back-projection of popular, modern, speculative historical analysis, in terms of matriarchy and patriarchy, onto the early Zhou culture; a culture hardly noted for emphasizing the feminine, and to which such analysis would have been quite alien.
		Even worse, it assumes that the Chinese of the early Zhou had some understanding of the mathematics of probabilities, for which I know of no evidence, and sufficient sophistication to use it in a moral application.
	www.biroco.com /yijing/stick.htm (1002 words)

	Zhou Zhou Dynasty. The Zhou Began As A Semi-nomadic Tribe That Lived To The West Of The Shang Kingdom. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Zhou began as a semi-nomadic tribe that lived to the west of the Shang kingdom.
		The Zhou Dynasty is divided into two parts, the Western Zhou and the Eastern Zhou.
		Shang, Zhou and the Classics soon died, but his brother, the famous Duke of Zhou (Zhou Gong), completed the conquest for Wu's son while acting as.
	www.99hosted.com /names17953.html (485 words)

	Luoyang,Regent Tour China
		This museum is located in the Duke Zhou Monastery on the eastern side of Dinging Road.
		It is a museum for a special subject displaying the style and historical cities through big san beds, models and cultural relics as the main purpose and revealing Duke Zhou's deeds and the He-Luo Culture as the assistant.
		The Shang Imperial City Museum: Located in the urban area of Yanshi City, 30 kilometers to the cast of Luoyang City, the museum was built on the site of the imperial of land with a collection of 1,000 pieces of cultural relics from the Shang Dynasty such as bronze, jade and earthen wares.
	www.regenttour.com /chinaplanner/lya/lya-sights-museums.asp (442 words)

	Duke of Zhou - Definition, explanation
		The Duke of Zhou (Chinese: 周公旦;, pinyin: Zhōu Gōng Dàn) was the brother of King Wu of Zhou.
		Only three years after defeating the Shang Dynasty King Wu died, leaving the task of consolidating the dynasty's power to the Duke of Zhou, who ruled as regent.
		The Duke of Zhou fought with the rulers of eastern states who joined with the remnants of the Shang to oppose the Zhou.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/d/du/duke_of_zhou.php (173 words)

	Hitherby Dragons: Ancient Kings
		The first Ancient King is the Duke of Zhou and his symbol denotes filial piety.
		When the Duke of Zhou takes off his shirt and enacts the righteousness of his symbol, then the Ancient King Stare brings filial piety to all men.
		But I wonder why the Duke of Zhou is the First King, since he became regent after King Wu died.
	rebecca.hitherby.com /archives/000605.php (364 words)

	Duke CIT - About The CIT (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lynne came to Duke from Brown University, where she was a faculty member and manager of instructional computing services.
		Laura came to Duke from Winthrop University, where she worked for two years in user support and instructional technology, particularly in online course development for the College of Arts and Sciences and the Department of Social Work.
		Nan came to Duke from UNC-Chapel Hill, where she received an M.S. in Information Science and worked for the Association of Library and Information Science Education in web database development and data analysis.
	cit.duke.edu /about/people.do (1365 words)

	Ethics of Confucius, Mencius and Xun-zi by Sanderson Beck
		The spiritual connection he felt with the ancient duke is indicated by his regret once that it had been a long time since he had dreamed of the Duke of Zhou.
		The Duke of Chen was involved in war at the time; but Confucius did speak with the Minister of Crime about propriety before going back to Lu, because he was concerned that his students were becoming headstrong and careless.
		Although Confucius did advise Duke Ai to support the common people, advance the upright, and punish a usurper, he was ignored and felt that he never really had a chance to show what he could do.
	www.san.beck.org /EC14-Confucian.html (16056 words)

	[No title]
		The two dukes [the Duke of Tai and the Duke of Shao] said: "We will respectfully perform divination by scapulimancy for the king." The Duke of Zhou said: "It is not permissible to trouble our former kings." (Some scholars says this sentence means: "That will not be enough to emotionally influence our former kings.")
		The Duke of Zhou resided in the east for two years and then the malefactors were captured.
		The Duke gave his command and so we did not dare to speak of it." The King held the written document and wept, saying: "There is no further need to make divination [to know the cause of Heaven's displeasure].
	www.wfu.edu /~moran/zhexuejialu/Brass-bound_Coffer.html (865 words)

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