| |
| | Titles of European hereditary rulers |
 | | Although the German central government restricted their authority, kings, dukes, and princes preserved a great deal of autonomy in the local affairs until the time of the November Revolution of 1918, which deposed all of them. |
 | | In the 12th century, the Kings of France annexed the Duchy of Normandy, the Counties of Poitou, Anjou, Maine, Toulouse, etc., and became the biggest landowners in the country (although, the Kings of France continued to gave away duchies and counties to their younger sons as apanages). |
 | | With the restoration of the royal authority, the French dukes, counts, and other feudal lords gradually lost their independence (they retained some autonomy only until the 16th century). |
| www.geocities.com /eurprin (2009 words) |
|