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	Kulja - LoveToKnow 1911
		The houses of Kulja are almost all clay-built and flat-roofed, and except in the special Chinese quarter in the eastern end of the town only a few public buildings show the influence of Chinese architecture.
		Of these the most noteworthy are the Taranchi and Dungan mosques, both with turned-up roofs, and the latter with a pagoda-looking minaret.
		During the insurrection of 1864 the Dungans and the Taranchis formed here the Taranchi sultanate, and this led to the occupation of Kulja by the Russians in 1871.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Kulja (997 words)

	INTERETHNIC CLASH CAUSES KYRGYZSTAN’S “COMMON HOUSE” TO TREMBLE
		A January 31 brawl between Kyrgyz and Dungan teenagers in the village of Iskra, about 45 miles (70 kilometers) from the Kyrgyz capital Bishkek, precipitated a broader interethnic clash.
		Two Kyrgyz boys were allegedly beaten by Dungan youths in a dispute over a seat in a local computer center.
		Dungans, Muslims of Chinese origin, are one of Kyrgyzstan’s smallest minority groups, numbering roughly 50,000.
	www.eurasianet.org /lexisnexis/5650.html (865 words)

	UNHCR - Kazakhstan: The treatment of Dungans and the availability of state protection (Jan. 2000-Oct. 2002)
		Current information on the Dungans in Kazakhstan is limited among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.
		The decendants of these Hui are known today as Dungans (ibid.); they are ethnically Chinese Muslims (ibid.; UNHCR June 2002, 13; MRGI Apr. 1997, 20), although Kazakhstan's Dungans reportedly consider themselves to be a "distinct, non-Chinese ethnic group" (Ethnic Groups Worldwide 1998, 242).
		The Dungan population has thus increased by between 22.4 and 23.3 per cent in the last decade (ibid.; Kazakh Embassy n.d.).
	www.unhcr.org /home/RSDCOI/3f7d4dbc38.html (603 words)

	Dungans Religion and Expressive Culture
		Most of the Dungan scholars and writers and the people with official positions at the Academy of Sciences and the collective farms were party members, who rarely mentioned religion in their publications except to ridicule the teachings of Islam.
		Young Dungans are either actively against or indifferent to Islam, but there is a tendency among the Dungans to turn to religion after the age of 40.
		Generally speaking, after a Dungan baby is born there are celebrations on the 10th, 40th, and 100th day after his or her birth and again when the child is 1 year old.
	www.everyculture.com /Russia-Eurasia-China/Dungans-Religion-and-Expressive-Culture.html (817 words)

	Dungans History \| ema_02_package.xml
		Dungan is the Turkic name for Chinese-speaking Muslims living in various parts of Central Asia.
		Significant Dungan communities in the Central Asian republics of Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan came to Central Asia from China in the nineteenth century.
		Dungans are descended from communities of Muslim merchants, soldiers, artisans, and scholars who established themselves in China under the Tang dynasty (618–907) and later under the Yuan dynasty (1206–1368).
	www.bookrags.com /history/dungans-ema-02 (222 words)

	Dungan Script and Chinese Language Reform
		The Dungans insist that SD is an independent language, not a dialect of Mandarin, and, indeed, even deny vehemently that they are Chinese at all.
		From the Dungan point of view, we must concur that there are many features of SD which set it apart from MSM, not the least of which is its extensive borrowing from Arabic, Persian, Kazakh, Kirghiz, Uighur, Uzbek, Turkish, and latterly Russian.
		The Dungans, who are fluent and literate in their own language and who use it for a variety of useful purposes, know better.
	www.pinyin.info /readings/texts/dungan.html (8356 words)

	The Dungan peoples of Central Asia \| Loving Muslims Through Prayer (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Dungans are a people group of about 110,000 people in the three Central Asian countries Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
		The Dungans do not yet have the habit of praying or worshipping in their native tongue, and the Gospel of Mark is the only portion of the Bible currently available in their language.
		Dungan believers and the foreign Christians living in the area have suffered many hardships, including beatings, arthritis, brain tumours, and marriage problems.
	www.30-days.net /muslims/muslims-in/asia-central-caucasus/dungan (583 words)

	Dungan at AllExperts
		Dungan (; Ð"ÑÐ½Ð³Ð°Ð½Ðµ) is a term used in territories of the former Soviet Union to refer to a Muslim people of Chinese origin.
		The Dungan in the former Soviet republics are Hui who fled China during the Hui Minorities' War in the 19th century.
		The name Dungan is of obscure origin, but is probably from Turkic dÃ¶Ã±Ã¤n ("one who turns") or the Chinese term for "eastern Gansu", a province of China to which many of the Dungan can trace their ancestry.
	en.allexperts.com /e/d/du/dungan.htm (580 words)

	KYRGYZSTAN: Economic disparities driving inter-ethnic conflict
		Dungans accounts for 90 percent of the village's 3,000 residents, In the aftermath of the original incident, about 150 Iskra residents gathered to demand that some Dungan families be resettled, which then escalated into protesters throwing stones and setting fire to some Dungan houses.
		Dungans have a reputation for being more business-minded than indigenous Kyrgyz people and this has led to an income differential in many of the communities in which they live.
		Dungans feel they are under pressure and could face an uncertain future if the new government chooses to play the ethnic card to boost support.
	www.isria.info /FILES/2006/FEBRUARY/INSEC_022006_0_462.htm (853 words)

	Transitions Online: The Melting Pot Boils Over (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Dungans are Muslims of Chinese origin who moved to central Asia in the 1870s to escape persecution at home.
		Two Dungan youths are alleged to have attacked the pupils.
		Dungans account for 90 percent of the village's 3,000 residents.
	www.tol.cz /look/TOL/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrIssue=154&NrSection=1&NrArticle=15821 (418 words)

	Brickfilms.com :: View topic - Monty Siphon and the Search for the Holy Snail
		Dungans are an old species, but compared to any other species, they are newly evolved.
		You see Dunga was considered a waist land, and the Dungan Swamp was the dump for Center Earth.
		Once a Dungan foot squished a snail the pulpy guts of the snail would be squirted onto the stepper.
	www.brickfilms.com /phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=4691 (800 words)

	FRANKFORT SPRINGS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Dungans built, according to Bausman, "a large log structure" over "an excellent spring," the house being designed "for the double purpose of a dwelling and for a fort," with its position over the spring having been chosen to ensure water supply in case the settlers were besieged by Indians.
		With the outbreak of the Revolution, the Dungans moved to safety on Chartiers Creek in present Washington County, with Levi serving in a local patriot militia unit.
		Its curriculum, according to Warren Dungan, was such as to enable the graduate to enter the junior class at Jefferson College, but it closed in 1848.
	www.bchistory.org /beavercounty/beavercountycommunities/FrankfortSprings/FrankfortSprings.html (466 words)

	Government Intervenes After Kyrgyz Village Violence (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Dungans are Muslims of Chinese origin, who moved to Central Asia in the 1870s to escape persecution at home.
		Now six Dungan houses in Iskra are empty, troops are patrolling the village and relations between the two communities are at an all-time low.
		On February 6, with tensions still high, residents from neighbouring villages began to gather in Iskra, moving towards the Dungan houses and the village mosque (both Kyrgyz and Dungans are Muslim).
	www.iwpr.net /?p=rca&s=f&o=259499&apc_state=henirca83b4f4916dfe23539093bbfe763b2bb2 (1136 words)

	The Dungans -- Cultural Emissaries in Central Asia
		Since the creation of the Dungan written language -- a unique phonetic language -- in the early years of the 20th century, mainly under the influence of the social environment of the former Soviet Union, the Dungans developed their own written literature.
		Following the creation of the Dungan phonetic language and the publication of Dungan newspapers, the Dungan written literature saw its prosperity in the 1930s.
		Never forgetting their Chinese roots, generations of Dungan writers have reposed a deep affection for their homeland in their literary works, which have actually exposed the Dungan people's characteristic cultural psychology and distinctive customs and habits closely linked to the Chinese tradition.
	www.china.org.cn /english/2003/Aug/72893.htm (1178 words)

	Forum 18 Search/Archive
		In contrast, Forum 18 has observed strict controls in nearby mosques amongst the Muslim Dungan people, and the visit of a Russian Orthodox priest, Fr Vianor Ivanov, was met by the authorities arresting him, as well as questioning virtually all the several dozen elderly Orthodox believers in the city Fr Ivanov visited, before deporting him.
		By contrast, Dungan mosques in the area are subjected to fairly strict control.
		On 21 September, in the Dungan mosque of the town of Burqin, 100 kilometres (60 miles) west of the district centre of Altai [Altay], Forum 18 saw an instructional display outlining banned activities, which the authorities had compelled the local imam, Musa Ma, to put up in his office.
	www.forum18.org /Archive.php?article_id=428 (1531 words)

	GAZETA.KZ ::> Government commission to settle interethnic conflict in Kyrgyzstan
		PM Felix Kulov speaking at a govt meeting has observed that it is necessary to carry out preventive and explanatory work among the population.
		The conflict was sparked by an incident in a computer games club in Iskra when a group of young Dungans forced a small Russian boy, an orphan, away, taking over his seat there.
		Presently, according to the governor of Chu region, criminal cases have been filed against 6 individuals arrested in possession of arms: 7 bullets and three grenades were confiscated.
	eng.gazeta.kz /art.asp?aid=71239 (370 words)

	Cultural Icons: The Dungans -- Cultural Emissaries in Central Asia
		The Dungans -- Cultural Emissaries in Central Asia
		Since the creation of the Dungan written language -- a unique phonetic language -- in the early years of the 20th century, mainly under the influence of the social environment of the former Soviet Union, the Dungans developed their own written literature.
		Over 70 years of experiments have turned the initially humble Dungan literature into a significant branch of Chinese literature.
	www.szepseg.com /2006/03/dungans-cultural-emissaries-in-central.html (142 words)

	[No title]
		The Tarhnchis from East Turkestan represent about 40 % of the population; about 40,000 of them left Kulja when the Russian troops evacuated the territory, and the Chinese government sent some 8000 families from different towns of Kashgaria to take their place.
		There are, besides, about 20,000 Sibos and Solons, 3500 Kara-kidans, a few Dungans, and more than 10,000 Chinese.
		Schuyler estimated the population, which includes Taranchis, Dungans, Sarts, Chinese, Kalmucks and Russians, at Io,000 in 1873; it has since increased.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?content_id=38730&locale=en (1018 words)

	Karakol - the capital of Issyk-Kul Region. Highlights: Dungan mosque and Russian Cathedral.
		Dungan Mosque and Russian Orthodox Cathedral of the Holy Trinity
		Completed in 1910, the mosque was built to serve Karakol's community of Dungans (Chinese Muslims who fled persecution in the 1880s).
		Despite being closed by the government from 1933-43, the mosque continues to be used as a place of worship.
	www.karakol.kg /karakol/wts_karakol1.htm (450 words)

	FANTASIA -> Kyrgyzstan -> Cities -> Karakol (Przhevalsk)
		It was built by local dungans, without any nails in 1911 after 4years work by Chinese architect and 30 artisans.
		While it was built by Dungans it serves all muslims of Karakol despite their ethnic background.
		It is a part of dungan national food that became popular among russians and kyrgyz.
	www.fantasticasia.net /?p=125 (572 words)

	Institute for Bible translation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Dungans speak a Chinese dialect, which is related to the language of North-Eastern China and belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family.
		Even though all links with China were broken when the Dungans migrated to the Russian Empire in the 19th century, the Chinese foundation of the Dungan language has not changed much.
		Our hope for the Dungan people is that the translation of the Holy Scriptures will promote not only a spiritual revival, but also a revival of their language, culture and education – as it has for many other ethnic groups around the world.
	ibt.org.ru /english/info/info_news_en.htm (5048 words)

	Dungan
		The Dungan are a Chinese Muslim people in Kyrgyzstan.
		Their ancestors fled there from persecution in China in the 19th century.
		Discussion of the Dungan people, and where they live (http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/53/024.html)
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/du/Dungans.html (31 words)

	The Soviets in Xinjiang (1911-1949)
		Several months later, Ma Fu-ming, a Dungan general formerly in the employ of the government, sided with the rebels still operating in the north of the province, as a result of which Muslim rebellion in the northeast became centered in the Turfan Depression, located midway between Urumchi and Kumul.
		Temur was killed, Osman Ali fled, and, in the political vacuum that was left, the Khotan Amirs emerged as the undisputed rulers in southern Xinjiang in October 1933.
		Fighting between the Dungans and the forces loyal to the Khotan Amirs continued for the next several months, and by July 1934, all the TIRET leaders had been either killed in battle or hanged or had fled to British India.
	www.oxuscom.com /sovinxj.htm (12720 words)

	Ecotour :: Kyrgyzstan :: Kyrgyz cuisine
		Uzbeks, Dungans, Russians, Tatars and others joined the Kyrgyz and brought their culture, habits and cooking traditions.
		Many a tradition was quickly spread over the country, but some remained characteristic for certain groups.
		Lagman is the spaghetti bolognese of the Dungans.
	www.ecotour.kg /en/Kyrgyzstan/cuisine (465 words)

	Frankfort Mineral Springs (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Frankfort Mineral Springs is a natural mineral spring located in Raccoon Township, PA. It was built by Levi and Mary Davis Dungan, in 1772.
		Levi Dungan began serving in a local militia unit in present day Washington County.
		When the war was over the Dungans moved back to their home at Frankfort Mineral Springs.
	www.pittsburghnewage.net /rawfear/locations/frankfort_mineral_springs.htm (365 words)

	Carnegie Hall: The Phoenix Quartet
		The Dungans are an ethnic minority group originally from China.
		The woman who ran the Dungan restaurant, Zamira, received a grant from a Swiss organization to run her business from her house and to help with her efforts to educate people about the Dungans.
		We enjoyed a Dungan feast there and listened to a short talk by Zamira about the history and culture of the Dungans.
	www.carnegiehall.org /special/fellows/phoenix_quartet_journal/entry910.html (316 words)

	Kazakhstan people, languages, nations. - AboutKazakhstan.com
		The Kazakhs are the indigenous inhabitants of the land.
		Uzbeks live mostly in the south of the Kazakhstan, in the areas of irrigated farming bordering on the Uzbekistan.
		There are quite a number of Tatars in such old towns as Petropavlovsk, Semipalatinsk, and Uralsk in the northern half of Kazakhstan.
	aboutkazakhstan.com /Kazakhstan_People.shtml (593 words)

	KCPT-OVER HERE- The Show and More
		Dungans there were about 10 or 12 schools, there were airline schools and radio school.
		Dungans Some of my girl friends and I went to church and that was about the size of it I mean the battle in the Pacific was still going on
		Dungans I think at the time it really brought out the best in everybody.
	www.kcpt.org /over_here/seg4.html (2638 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As a result of influence of emigrational processes and demographic situation, there were significant changes in the national structure.
		Kyrgyz language in the republic is a state language, and Russian was given the status of official.
		Almost to all population of Kyrgyzs and Russians, majority of Dungans (90 %), Uigurs (91 %), Kazakhs (82 %), Tadjiks (88 %) the native language is the language of nationality.
	www.ceroi.net /reports/bishkek/eng/issues/population_and_social_conditions_/dop/nationality.htm (392 words)

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