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Topic: Duplication of urethra

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Duplication of urethra

Sphincter urethrae membranaceae muscle

Sphincter Urethra

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	P39 - Misallignment of Urethra or Urethral Duplication? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Urethral duplication is one of the rarest congenital urinary tract anomalies, commonly seen in males and there has been fewer than 200 cases reported until now.
		Although, the etiology is not clear, and the exact embryology of the malformation has yet to be defined; it seems that the anomaly is not a duplication of a tissue but in fact a problem which prevents the penile and glanular urethra meet with each other.
		Urethral duplication or as we suggest, urethral misalignment is a rare anomaly without a complex treatment approach providing that the exact anatomy of the both urethras and their relation with each other are well understood by the surgeon.
	asps.confex.com /asps/2002/techprogram/paper_236.htm (241 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		In complete duplication the urethral openings may be side by side or one above the other; in partial duplication there may be a blind tube ending in the periurethral tissue or there may be an accessory opening on the shaft of the penis.
		deformity of the urethra upon urination, with narrowing at the urinary meatus and dilatation at the proximal end; seen sporadically in conditions such as prolonged inflammation of the urethra and detrusor instability.
		(u-re”thro-re´ə) [urethro- + -rrhea] an abnormal discharge from the urethra.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_u_03zPzhtm (3193 words)

	Lifespan's A - Z Health Information Library - Traumatic injury of the bladder and urethra
		Injury to the urethra (the tube that carries urine out of the body) is slightly more common, especially in men.
		Injury to the bladder or urethra may cause urine to leak into the abdomen, leading to infection (peritonitis).
		There is an increased chance of developing urinary tract infections (UTI) after injury to the tissues of the urethra or bladder because of retained urine.
	www.lifespan.org /adam/healthillustratedencyclopedia/1/001063.html (869 words)

	Stress incontinence - Evanston Northwestern Healthcare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Stress incontinence is a bladder storage problem in which the strength of the urethral sphincter is diminished, and the sphincter is not able to prevent urine flow when there is increased pressure from the abdomen.
		Stress incontinence is often seen in women who have had multiple pregnancies and vaginal childbirths, or who have pelvic prolapse (protrusion of the bladder, urethra, or rectal wall into the vaginal space), with cystocele, cystourethrocele, or rectocele.
		Retropubic suspension is used to describe a group of surgical procedures performed to elevate the bladder and urethra within the pelvic region.
	www.enh.org /healthandwellness/encyclopedia/ency/article/000891.aspx (2563 words)

	eMedicine - Urethral Anomalies and Urethral Prolapse : Article Excerpt by: Carlos A Angel, MD
		Urethral duplications are rare anomalies characterized as epispadiac, hypospadiac, and Y-type.
		The most common type of urethral duplication is the Y-type; individuals with Y-type urethral duplication have an orthotopic meatus and a perineal meatus, through which most of the urine passes.
		An underlying defect in the spongiosum is suggested, as observed in scaphoid megalourethra, or, possibly, these lesions may result from the rupture of a periurethral cyst or a partial duplication of the urethra.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/byname/urethral-anomalies-and-urethral-prolapse.htm (572 words)

	UrologyHealth.org - Adult Conditions - Abnormalities - Urethral Stricture Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The common causes of stricture are trauma to the urethra and gonorrheal infection.
		Stricture of the posterior urethra is often caused by a urethral injury associated with a pelvic bone fracture (e.g., motor vehicle or industrial accident).
		Passageway from the kidneys to the ureters, bladder and urethra.
	www.urologyhealth.org /adult/index.cfm?cat=01&topic=180 (3367 words)

	Hypospadias - Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
		Hypospadias is a malformation that affects the foreskin and the urethra -- the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body -- on the penis.
		It can be located anywhere along the urethra from the perineum to the top of the penis, but most commonly along the underside of the penis, near the tip.
		As the fetus develops, the urethra does not form to its complete length and the foreskin does not develop completely, typically leaving extra foreskin on the topside of the penis and no foreskin on the underside of the penis.
	www.chop.edu /consumer/your_child/condition_section_index.jsp?id=-9169 (497 words)

	Hypospadias - SWMC: Vancouver Washington, WA, Portland Oregon, OR
		Hypospadias is a relatively common abnormality in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside, rather than at the end, of the penis.
		In most cases, the opening of the urethra is located near the tip of the penis on the glans.
		The opening of the urethra is not at the tip of the penis but is displaced to the underside.
	www.swmedicalcenter.com /118360.cfm (427 words)

	Congenital anterior urethrocutaneous fistula revisited Agarwal Pawan - Indian J Plast Surg
		[1],[2],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7] It is a different entity from posterior urethrocutaneous fistula which usually represents Y type duplication of the urethra with a proximal ventral limb and associated anorectal atretic malformations.
		Urethra develops from urogenital membrane and this urogenital membrane is the anterior portion of cloacal membrane after it has been divided by urorectal septum.
		Hypospadias and the embryogenesis of the penile urethra.
	www.ijps.org /article.asp?issn=0970-0358;year=2004;volume=37;issue=1;spage=64;epage=66;aulast=Agarwal (1113 words)

	Services - Antenatal Hydronephrosis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Blockage - This may occur at the kidney in the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ), at the bladder in the ureterovesical junction (UVJ), or in the urethra (posterior urethral valves).
		Duplication - Perhaps 1% of all humans have two collecting tubes from a kidney.
		Occasionally patients with duplication have a ureterocele, which is a balloon-like obstruction at the end of one of the duplex ureters.
	childrenshosp-richmond.org /services/antenatal.htm (624 words)

	WDSU.com - Health Encyclopedia - Traumatic Injury Of The Bladder And Urethra
		Scarring (stricture) or obstruction of the bladder or urethra from swelling may develop.
		Examination of the genitals may?reveal injury to the urethra.
		If the urethra has been cut, a consultation with a urological specialist will be needed to place a Foley catheter.
	www.wdsu.com /encyclopedia/6861450/detail.html (1028 words)

	Prostatectomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The prostate gland is an organ that surrounds the urinary urethra in men.
		The urethra carries urine from the bladder, through the prostate gland to the penis.
		With the exception of skin cancer, prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer among men in the United States.
	www.shands.org /health/surgeries/100046.html (782 words)

	MedPix Case: 5011 - Partial Ureteral Duplication
		Early splitting of the ureteric bud may result in partial or complete duplication of the ureter.
		Partial duplications of the renal collecting system are usually clinically insignificant.
		In rare instances, one of two ureteric buds arising from the Wolffian duct on a single side may attach early to the mesonephric duct and its remnants and migrate with it.
	rad.usuhs.mil /medpix/medpix.html?mode=tf_case&pt_id=5011¬hing= (511 words)

	Resource Library: Find information on Gonorrhea - male at MerckSource
		Infection of the urethra may cause urethritis with burning, painful urination, and a discharge.
		In addition, the organism may spread from the urethra to other portions of the reproductive tract producing epididymitis (infection of the epididymis, a structure attached to the testicle), prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland), and various other conditions such as periurethral abscess (a collection of pus around the urethra).
		Untreated gonorrhea may lead to urethral stricture (narrowing of the urethra caused by scarring), which can result in decreased urine flow, incomplete emptying of the bladder, urinary tract infection and ultimately kidney failure.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_adam.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcnszSzcontentzSzadamzSzencyzSzarticlezSz000623zPzhtm (1186 words)

	Lifespan's A - Z Health Information Library - Prevention of cystitis
		Appropriate hygiene and cleanliness of the genital area may help reduce the chances of introducing bacteria through the urethra.
		Females are especially vulnerable to this, because the urethra is in close proximity to the rectum.
		The genitals should be cleaned and wiped from front to back to reduce the chance of dragging E. coli bacteria from the rectal area to the urethra.
	www.lifespan.org /adam/healthillustratedencyclopedia/2/19094.html (158 words)

	TURP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Prostate enlargement is caused by prostate gland overgrowth (benign prostatic hypertrophy or hyperplasia) or in some cases, prostate cancer.
		With an anesthetic (general anesthetic or spinal), a special kind of telescope, called a resectoscope is inserted through the urethra into the prostate.
		The resectosope is used to remove the blocking portions of the prostate.
	www.shands.org /health/surgeries/100047.html (488 words)

	Posterior Urethral Valves
		Obstruction of the urethra by posterior urethral valves is the commonest (90%) cause of obstruction to the lower urinary tract occurring exclusively in males.
		Although the primary defect occurs in embryonic life, the age of onset and degree of urethral obstruction is highly variable.
		There may be visible repetitive contractions of the bladder (in an attempt to overcome the obstruction which leads to hypertrophy of the detrusor muscles proximal to the obstruction).
	www.fetalultrasound.com /online/text/9-014.HTM (180 words)

	Kidney Diseases in Childhood
		The extra water combines with other waste to become urine, which flows through thin tubes called ureters to the bladder, where it stays until it exits through the urethra (the tube that carries urine out of the body from the bladder) when someone goes to the bathroom.
		duplication of the ureters, in which a kidney has two ureters instead of one.
		Among teens, girls are more likely to develop UTIs than boys, mostly due to the shorter urethra or sexual activity with a full bladder.
	www.kidshealth.org /parent/medical/kidney/kidney_diseases_childhood.html (2030 words)

	Inflatable artificial sphincter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Urinary continence is maintained by a muscular sphincter that surrounds the urethra as it exits the bladder.
		An artificial urinary sphincter is used to treat stress incontinence in men that is caused by urethral dysfunction such as after prostate surgery.
		When deflated, the cuff reduces pressure on the urethra and allows for free passage of urine.
	www.morehead.org /wellconnected/000513.htm (686 words)

	Advertise
		Varying symptoms with which the rectal and colon duplications presents is also one of the causes of difficulty and delay in diagnosis.
		Tubular duplication of the colon can occur with rare "twinning" conditions and can be associated with duplications of the anus, vagina and penis.
		Our experience with rectal duplication confirms the variable nature of its presentation, necessity to adopt different kinds of investigations as well as the variable nature of approach required for the management of this anomaly.
	www.pjms.com.pk /issues/octdec01/article10.html (2097 words)

	Dr. Koop - Urethral discharge culture
		Urethral discharge culture is a laboratory test performed on men and boys toÂ identify organisms in the urethra and genital tract that cause infection.
		The opening of the urethra (at the tip of the penis) is cleansed with sterile gauze or cotton.
		Often the test is performed when there is a discharge from the urethra.
	www.drkoop.com /ency/93/003750.html (369 words)

	King Edward Memorial Hospital - Departments: Radiology - Case Of The Month Oct 2004
		Urethral duplication is a rare congenital anomaly with approximately 190 cases described in literature.
		Knowledge of urethral duplication is important in respect to surgical procedures.
		In this case, the patient underwent surgical correction - the duplicated urethra was completely excised and the chordee corrected.
	www.kem.edu /dept/radiology/case70_04.htm (415 words)

	Cystitis - acute bacterial
		Cystitis occurs when the normally sterile lower urinary tract (urethra and bladder) is infected by bacteria and becomes irritated and inflamed.
		Females are more prone to the development of cystitis because of their relatively shorter urethra -- bacteria do not have to travel as far to enter the bladder -- and because of the relatively short distance between the opening of the urethra and the anus.
		Risks for cystitis include obstruction of the bladder or urethra with resultant stagnation of urine, insertion of instruments into the urinary tract (such as catheterization or cystoscopy), pregnancy, diabetes, HIV, and a history of analgesic nephropathy or reflux nephropathy.
	www.healthcentral.com /ency/408/000526.html (487 words)

	Children's Hospital
		Posterior urethral valves (or PUV) are an abnormality of the urethra, which is the tube that drains urine from the bladder to the outside of the body for elimination.
		A catheter (hollow tube) is placed in the urethra (tube that drains urine from the bladder to the outside of the body) and the bladder is filled with a liquid dye.
		Your child may have a catheter placed in his bladder (a small hollow tube that is inserted into the penis through the urethra and is threaded up into the bladder).
	www.valleychildrens.org /content.asp?pageid=P03110 (781 words)

	TheFetus.net - Megalourethra with horseshoe kidney-Alberto Sosa Olavarria, MD
		We present a case of congenital megalourethra scaphoid type, the corpus spongiosum was absent with normal corpora cavernosa, without obstructive distal urethra, diagnosed prenatally at 21 weeks of gestation.
		The anomaly of the penile urethra is discussed, and 41 cases from the English and Spanish literature are reviewed.
		This rare abnormality is characterized by severe dilatation of the penile urethra caused by an absence of corpus spongiosum (scaphoid type) or with deficiency of both corpus spongiosum and cavernous corpora (fusiform type).
	www.thefetus.net /page.php?id=1261 (1274 words)

	UrologyHealth.org - Pediatric Conditions - Abnormalities - Vaginal Anomalies: Fusion and Duplication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Much of the female reproductive system is derived from two structures, known as mullerian ducts — a pair of embryonic ducts that evolve into the fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina in females.
		It is also common for women with complete vaginal duplication and blockage to be diagnosed at the time of puberty.
		If there is complete vaginal duplication with blockage, the urologist will perform a simple incision of the obstructing septum, allowing the fluid to drain.
	www.urologyhealth.org /pediatric/index.cfm?cat=01&topic=151 (931 words)

	Penis - Alegent serving eastern Nebraska and southwest Iowa
		The shaft of the penis surrounds the urethra and is connected to the pubic bone.
		Hypospadias (the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis, rather than at the tip)
		Epispadias (the opening of the urethra is on the top or side of the penis, rather than the tip)
	www.alegent.com /120666.cfm (219 words)

	Suprapubic Tube Malposition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Duplication of the Urethra and Coexisting Congenital Urethroperineal Fistula
		Evaluation through the vesicostomy showed duplication of the urethra with both channels in the penis and both meati near normal position.
		As is usually the case, the upper (dorsal) urethra was hypoplastic and the lower or underneath urethra (ventral) was the normal channel.
	www.duj.com /PUR/PUR54.html (155 words)

	eMedicine - Urethral Anomalies and Urethral Prolapse : Article by Carlos A Angel, MD
		A ratio of the incidence of anterior urethral valves relative to that of PUV is 1:8; PUV occurs in 1 in 8000 to 1 in 25,000 live male births.
		Epispadiac duplications are associated with a significant dorsal curvature of the penis.
		Evaluation of the upper tracts with sonograms, nuclear scans, or intravenous pyelograms is particularly important in patients with anterior urethral valves, urethral duplications, megalourethras, urethral diverticula, polyps, or Cowper duct cysts because various degrees of obstructive uropathy may be present.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic2354.htm (3147 words)

	New Treadwell Library Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
		A lump or hardness found during the exam might be a sign of prostate cancer.
		An incision is made in the perineum, which is the area between the base of the scrotum and the anus.
	www.mgh.harvard.edu /library/wc.asp?page=000112.htm (314 words)

	New Treadwell Library Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The vas deferens are thin muscular tubes that carry sperm from each testicle to the urethra.
		A small incision is made in the upper part of the scrotum, under the penis.
		The surgeon will usually check a sperm sample a few weeks after the vasectomy, to ensure that no sperm are present in the semen.
	www.mgh.harvard.edu /library/wc.asp?tm=n&page=000120.htm (227 words)

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