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	IX. Neurology. 4g. The Meninges of the Brain and Medulla Spinalis. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		The nerves of the cranial dura mater are filaments from the semilunar ganglion, from the ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular, vagus, and hypoglossal nerves, and from the sympathetic.
		The Spinal Dura Mater (dura mater spinalis; spinal dura) (Fig.
		The Spinal Pia Mater (pia mater spinalis; pia of the cord) (Figs.
	www.bartleby.com /107/193.html (3158 words)

	Dura mater - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The dura mater (from the Latin "tough mother"), or pachymeninx, is the tough and inflexible outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
		The dura mater has two layers: a superficial layer, which is actually the skull's inner periosteum, and a deep layer, the dura mater proper.
		The dura separates into two layers at dural reflections, places where the inner dural layer is reflected as sheet-like protrusions into the cranial cavity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dura_mater (592 words)

	VII. The Veins. 3b. 5. The Sinuses of the Dura Mater. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		The sinuses of the dura mater are venous channels which drain the blood from the brain; they are devoid of valves, and are situated between the two layers of the dura mater and lined by endothelium continuous with that which lines the veins.
		The superior sagittal sinus receives the superior cerebral veins, veins from the diploë and dura mater, and, near the posterior extremity of the sagittal suture, veins from the pericranium, which pass through the parietal foramina.
		The basilar plexus (plexus basilaris; transverse or basilar sinus) (Fig.
	www.bartleby.com /107/171.html (1806 words)

	Meninges Information on Healthline
		The meninges are composed of the dura mater (outer), the arachnoid (middle), and the pia mater (inner).
		The dura mater was so-named because of its tough, fibrous consistency.
		The pia mater is thinner and more delicate than the dura mater, and is in direct contact with the neural tissue of the brain and spinal cord.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/meninges (1241 words)

	Meninges Summary
		The membranes comprising the meninges are the dura mater, arachnoid layer, and the pia mater.
		The dura mater consists of a periosteal layer, a meningeal layer, and a dural sinus.
		Normally, the dura mater is attached to the skull in the head, or to the bones of the vertebral canal in the spinal cord.
	www.bookrags.com /Meninges (745 words)

	The Meninges
		The pia mater is the meningeal envelope that firmly adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.
		Over the pia mater and separated from it by a space called the subarachnoid space is a second meningeal envelope of the central nervous system, the arachnoid, a thin membrane remarkable for its delicacy and transparency.
		The outermost of the three meninges is the dura mater (or pachymeninx), a strong, thick, and dense membrane.
	www.becomehealthynow.com /ebookprint.php?id=813 (607 words)

	Human Cadaveric Dura Mater May Cause Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Government Report - Lawsuit gov - Find Trial Lawyers and ...
		Dura mater, a strong connective tissue surrounding the brain, can be obtained from deceased persons and transplanted into recipients who have suffered brain trauma or undergone neurosurgery for medical conditions such as cancer or bleeding in the brain.
		Worldwide, cadaveric dura mater has been found to have caused at least 114 human cases of always-fatal Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), including three in the U.S., almost as many as the 139 CJD cases due to contaminated growth hormone.(1) The devices were banned in Britain in 1989 and in Japan in 1997, without apparent problems.
		Synthetic dura mater implants may be made from reabsorbable materials.(15),(16) They work by allowing the infiltration of a synthetic mesh by connective tissue as the mesh dissolves.
	www.injuryboard.com /view.cfm/Article=707 (1714 words)

	Public Citizen \| Publications - Petition to the FDA asking them to ban the use of cadaveric dura mater because it risks ...
		Because there are safer alternatives, such as synthetic dura mater, grafts from the patient's own fascia lata (connective tissue from the lateral aspect of the thigh) and bovine pericardium, there is no reason for this product to remain on the market.
		Most of the dura mater used in the U.S. is produced by Biodynamics and the University of Miami Tissue Bank.
		Of the nine currently FDA-approved dura substitutes, four are synthetic, four are manufactured from bovine pericardium and one is derived from bovine achilles tendon.
	www.citizen.org /publications/release.cfm?ID=7050 (2792 words)

	"Erik Dalton Articles: Working through the Dura Mater with Deep Tissue Massage Techniques
		First and foremost, one must remember that the dura is the toughest, outermost envelope enclosing the central nervous system, and the most fibrous of the three protective membranes.
		As a suspension bridge spans across a river or bay, the brain and spinal cord are suspended within the skull and vertebral column by tooth-like denticulate ligaments that connect the brain and cord with the dura mater.
		When the dura is stretched, compressed, torsioned or distorted by the moving of bones attached to it, the spinal cord and brain alter their shape, as well.
	erikdalton.com /articleduramater.htm (4082 words)

	Tutoplast Dura mater
		Tutoplast Dura mater is a medical device that was available in Canada between January 1982 and April 2002 for use in various surgical treatments, including neurosurgery.
		Dura mater is a tissue that covers and protects the brain and spinal cord.
		Commercially processed dura mater, obtained from human donors, has been used in the surgical treatment of many conditions in Canada since the 1970s.
	www.hc-sc.gc.ca /ahc-asc/media/nr-cp/2003/cjd-mcj_bk1_e.html (820 words)

	durfor
		The sensitivity to Creutzfeldt Jakob disease transmission, related to processed human dura mater implantation, was heightened after the report of the first case of CJD in the United States by the CDC, CJD related to dura mater implantation reported by the CDC in February of 1987.
		Regarding archiving of brain and dura mater tissue, FDA recommends that frozen and fixed samples of both donor brain and dura mater tissue should be archived.
		As opposed to more than 80 dura mater CJD cases, there are two certain and one probable corneal case, and I would guess that the number of corneas transplanted exceed by several-fold the number of duras.
	www.mad-cow.org /3518t2/3518t2_durfor.htm (3299 words)

	Meninges - MEDSTUDENTS - NEUROANATOMY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The external layer of the dura mater, derived from the internal layer of cranial periosteum, is adherent to the inner surface of the skull, and continuous with the ectocranial periosteum through the foramina of the skull.
		Pia mater is a delicate layer constituting with the arachnoid the leptomeninges (slender membranes).
		The pia mater, however, adheres closely to the irregular contours of the brain and spinal cord, and the width of the subarachnoid space becomes deeper in the region of major sulci, containing more amounts of cerebrospinal fluid, forming the subarachnoid cisterns.
	www.medstudents.com.br /basic/neuran/neuran2.htm (2113 words)

	Human—and Porcine—Dura Mater Linked to Iatrogenic CJD - CME Teaching Brief® - MedPage Today
		Advise patients who ask that iatrogenic CJD is a rare occurrence that has been associated with transplants of human dura mater and corneas, as well as the use of cadaveric human growth hormone.
		Seven transplants of human dura mater resulted in iatrogenic CJD between four and 15 years after surgery, according to a research team led by Richard Knight, M.D., director of the national CJD Surveillance Unit here.
		In the cases associated with human dura mater, the latent period between surgery and onset of CJD ranged from 45-177 (mean 93) months.
	www.medpagetoday.com /Neurology/GeneralNeurology/tb/3133 (614 words)

	Week 2 Lab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		(Remember, the brain is extremely soft (described as having a porridge-like consistency!) and delicate.) It is customary to describe the dura mater as having two layers : the 'endosteal' layer that clings to the bone and the 'meningeal' layer that follows the brain surface and forms the folds.
		Observe the consistency of the dura mater in specimens of the head and the vertebral column.
		During life the dura is separated from the pia by a few mm of arachnoid.
	www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au /hb207/02weekpages/wk02/week02_4lab.htm (1704 words)

	Transplantation Research Foundation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Allograft Dura Mater is now available for neurosurgical transplantation from the Transplantation Research Foundation (TRF).
		Freeze-dried dura mater retains its biological structure and has a shelf life of one year.
		No dura mater is accepted from donors without an autopsy, the single most important step in screening and selection.
	www.transplantresearch.com (287 words)

	Meninges - Psychology Wiki - A Wikia wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The meninges consist of three layers, the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater.
		It is closest to the brain or the spinal cord.
		The dura mater is a thick, durable membrane, closest to the skull.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Meninges (549 words)

	Epidural Steroid Anatomy
		The epidural space is an anatomic structure that surrounds the dura mater within the spinal canal and extends to the brain itself.
		Unfortunately they are separated by only a thin membrane, the dura mater lined by an even thinner membrane, the arachnoid membrane.
		In this representation the dura and the underlying arachnoid membrane are both shown.
	www.burtonreport.com /infspine/EpiduralSteroidAnatomy.htm (554 words)

	Lab 2 Spinal Meninges
		Spinal dura mater is separated from periosteum lining the vertebral canal by an epidural space that contains a variable amount of fat (in the cranial cavity, dura mater and periosteum merge so an epidural space does not exist).
		Pia mater consists of flattened fibrocytes that line the subarachnoid space and collagen bundles in contact with glial cells at the surface of the spinal cord and spinal roots.
		Processes of the ligaments periodically join dura mater and thus, within dura mater, the spinal cord is suspended by bilateral denticulate ligaments and thereby surrounded by protective cerebrospinal fluid within the subarachnoid space.
	vanat.cvm.umn.edu /neurLab2/SpinalMening.html (386 words)

	Epidural Injections
		The spinal cord runs within the bony structure of the vertebral column and is encased by three membranous sacs: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater.
		The pia mater is adherent to the brain and spinal cord.
		The dura mater and arachnoid mater are adherent to each other, and together are often referred to more simply as the dura.
	www.ahwatukeesportsandspine.com /epidurals.htm (1810 words)

	shaken baby syndrome
		The membrane which surrounds the brain is made of three layers: closest to the skull is the dura mater followed by the arachnoid mater and then the pia mater located closest to the brain.
		The subdural space located deep to the dura mater (between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater) is a potential space into which bleeding can occur resulting in a pool of blood called a subdural hematoma.
		Shaken baby syndrome is a severe form of head injury that occurs when a baby is shaken forcibly enough to cause the brain to rebound against his or her skull causing bruising, swelling and bleeding of the brain.
	www.acsu.buffalo.edu /~lcscott/shakenbabysyndrome.html (875 words)

	Epidural Hematoma Information on Healthline
		An epidural hematoma is a pocket of blood that forms immediately outside the dura mater.
		The dura mater is the fibrous outermost sheath or membrane that encloses the brain and spinal cord.
		The growing hematoma pushes against the rigid bone of the skull or spinal column and thus exerts pressure on the dura mater, which in turn pushes on the brain or spinal cord.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/epidural-hematoma (843 words)

	The Dura Mater and the Spinal Cord
		This, in turn, can affect the spinal cord, especially where the dura and cord narrows at T8-9, and where the dura attaches at the occiput, C2, the sacrum and the coccyx.
		Croibier does an excellent job of describing the functional anatomy of the dura and cranium, and the biomechanics of injury to the spine and cranium in trauma.
		The occiput is the upper end of the spine, and the foramen magnum is the final attachment of the spinal dura.
	www.chiroweb.com /archives/20/02/06.html (956 words)

	Epidural and Subdural Hematomas: Dangerous Blood Clots on the Brain
		In sequence, the three membranes are the dura mater (Latin for
		hematoma lies inside (beneath) the dura mater and outside the arachnoid mater.
		skull and the outer surface of the dura mater.
	www.cordingleyneurology.com /epiduralsubdural.html (912 words)

	PATHOLOGY OF SINUSES AND VEINS OF THE DURA MATER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		An upper wall of the cavernous sinus consists of a leaf of the dura mater, forming a diaphragm of petrosal sella with a thickness of 0.4-1.0 mm.
		It ensures blood supply of the Gasserian ganglion, cranial nerves passing in the wall of the cavernous sinus, the dura mater of the middle cerebral fossa and cavernous capsule.
		Appearance of malformation on a wall of a thrombosed sinus is explained by a hypothetical factor of angiogenesis and its potentiating effect on normal arteriovenous anastomoses of the dura mater.
	www.neuro.neva.ru /English/Issues/Articles_1_2001/lecture.htm (6234 words)

	Arachnoid Mater Information from Drugs.com
		In life, the arachnoid (specifically the arachnoid barrier cell layer) is tenuously attached to the externally adjacent dura mater (specifically the dural border cell layer), and no natural space occurs at the dura-arachnoid interface.
		Separation of the arachnoid mater from the dura mater (usually through the dural-border cell layer) may result from traumatic or pathologic processes creating what is commonly, but incorrectly, called a subdural hematoma.
		The arachnoid mater is named for the delicate, spiderweblike filaments that extend from its deep surface, through the cerebrospinal fluid of the subarachnoid space, to the pia mater.
	www.drugs.com /dict/arachnoid_mater.html (274 words)

	dura mater - OmniMedicalSearch.com - dura mater
		An extradural hemorrhage is caused by bleeding between the inner skull wall and the outer membrane covering the brain, called the "dura mater" or "dura.
		For example, a spinal epidural abscess is located above the dura mater, and a cranial subdural empyema occurs between the dura mater and the arachnoid.
		Subdural hematoma: Bleeding between the brain tissue and the dura mater (a tough fibrous layer of tissue between the brain and skull) is called a subdural hematoma.
	www.omnimedicalsearch.com /sr_dura_mater.html (500 words)

	Detailed Reviews [Dura Mater - 2004 - "Dura Mater"] - ProgressoR
		The US trio DURA MATER is now in their fifth year of existence.
		While the musical directions that the band prefers to the others aren't indeterminable, the final result, their style as such, is one-of-a-kind, so any analogies, if they appear, will be exclusively conditional or even relativist, so please take this into consideration.
		The band, which is able to present so original, profound and very tasty music already in the beginning of their creation is worthy of best epithets, and I believe my attitude towards Dura Mater is reflected in the review.
	www.progressor.net /review/dura_mater_2004.html (782 words)

	Update: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Associated with Cadaveric Dura Mater Grafts --- Japan, 1979--2003
		A case of dura mater--associated CJD was defined as a case in which a patient received a cadaveric dura mater graft and subsequently had CJD diagnosed by a physician and reviewed and accepted as CJD by a surveillance panel of neurologists.
		Lot numbers of the dura mater grafts used for the 97 patients could not be identified.
		The precise number of dura mater grafts used in Japan is unknown, but an estimated 20,000 grafts per year might have been used during 1983--1987.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5248a3.htm (1522 words)

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