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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Durand Line
		The Durand Line is the term for the poorly marked 2,640 kilometer (1,610 mile) border between Afghanistan and Pakistan.
		The Durand Line is named after Sir Mortimer Durand, the foreign secretary of the British Indian government, and the treaty also granted the Amir of Afghanistan (Abdur Rahman Khan) an annual salary from Britain along with shipments of weaponry.
		Afghanistan's loya jirga of 1949 declared the Durand Line invalid as they saw it as ex parte on their side (since British India ceased to exist in 1947 with the independence of Pakistan).
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Durand_Line (495 words)

	Durand Line
		While negotiating the Durand Line, Amir Abdul Rahman Khan of Afghanistan had received a British mission in a formal Durbar which was held in November 1893, in the Salam Khana Hall, where the civil and military officers of Kabul and chiefs of various tribes were present.
		The demarcation of the Durand Line was carried out in fulfilment of the Anglo-Afghan agreement' of November 12, 1893 between Amir Abdul Rahman Khan of Afghanistan and Sir Henry Mortimer Durand, Foreign Secretary to the Government of India.
		Durand Line — the present border between Afghanistan and Pakistan — was agreed to as official boundary line between British India and Afghanistan on 12 November 1893.
	www.geocities.com /pak_history/durand.html (3125 words)

	Asia Times
		On the ground, however, the criminalization of Afghanistan is directly linked to the Durand Line, the boundary line separating Afghanistan in its east from Pakistan.
		The heart of the problem is that the Durand Line runs through the middle of the lands of the most important eastern Afghan Pashtun tribes, and since the line was drawn, these eastern Pashtun have resolutely refused to recognize it.
		It is evident that the Durand Line poses a problem for Afghanistan in maintaining its sovereignty.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Central_Asia/EC13Ag02.html (2012 words)

	Durandline1
		The line devised by the British was worked by the British Colonial Officer Durand and thus became known as the Durand Line.
		PESHAWAR, Oct 15,2003: Politicians on Wednesday termed the Durand Line as an administrative need of the then British rulers, which had divided the Pukhtuns into four different units and was not a sacred deal between the then Afghan king and the English rulers of the subcontinent.
		The Durand Line, ratified in 1893 by Sir Mortimer Durand, established the geopolitical architecture that sought to stabilize a clear security risk to British interests: the Pashtun tribes of the Indian frontier.
	www.khyberwatch.netfirms.com /durandline1.htm (1131 words)

	[No title]
		Durand citizens voted in favor of the railroad and in August that year citizens appointed a committee " to secure right of way, depot grounds, etc" for the Chippewa Valley and Superior Railroad.
		In March 1980 the line beween Eau Claire and Durand was having financial difficulties.
		The line was closed down in January 1981 which created a hardship for the businesses of Durand.
	www.durand.k12.wi.us /hs/history/train/train.html (611 words)

	The Unholy Durand Line
		The line devised by the British was worked by the British Colonial Officer Durand and thus became known as the Durand Line.
		The Line was devised by the British to strengthen the status of Afghanistan as a buffer between the British India and the expanding Russian empire desirous of reaching the warm waters of the Indian Ocean and for that matter the rich colonial lands of the subcontinent of India.
		The Durand Line treaty worked by the British was singed in 1893 and was to stay in force for one hundred years.
	www.institute-for-afghan-studies.org /Contributions/Commentaries/DRRoashanArch/2001_08_11_unholy_durand_line.htm (1186 words)

	Henry Mortimer Durand :: Khyber.ORG
		Mortimer Durand was born in Sehore, Bhopal State of India on the 14th of February 1850 and died in Polden, Somerset, England on 8 June 1924.
		Although Durand opposed dividing Persia into spheres of influence, he had sketched a line from Khanqin, then on the Ottoman-Persian border, through Hamadan, Isfahan, Yazd, and Kerman to Seistan, defining the northernmost limits of clear British ascendance, in order to bring into focus the region where British energies should be concentrated.
		Durand's departure from Persia in April 1900 coincided with the granting of a Russian loan, accompanied by severe political restrictions, including continuation of a ban on railway building.
	www.khyber.org /pashtohistory/misc/durand.shtml (728 words)

	Afghanland.com Afghanistan Imaginary Durand Line
		The signatory of the document, known as The Durand Line Agreement, were His Highness, Amir Abdur Rahman Khan, ruler of Afghanistan, and Sir Henry Mortimer Durand, the foreign secretary of the British Indian government.
		Furthermore, Durand Line, like virtually any international boundaries, has no expiration date, nor is there any mention of such in the Durand Line Agreement, which is contrary to the popular beliefs of certain Afghan scholars that the Agreement lapsed in 1993 which is after a hundred years of its signing.
		In reality, the Durand Line Agreement was a trilateral agreement and it legally required the participation and signatures of all three countries.
	www.afghanland.com /history/durrand.html (2138 words)

	Home Page Afghanology.com
		No legislative body in Afghanistan ever ratified the Durand Line agreement, signed by the British with the person of King Abdul Rahman Khan in 1893, and therefore as far as its legality is concerned it remains as a defunct historical document showing colonial designs in the third world countries.
		The Line was devised by the British to strengthen the status of Afghanistan as a buffer between the British India and the expanding Russian empire desirous of reaching the warm waters of the Indian Ocean and for that matter the rich colonial lands of the subcontinent of India.
		The Durand Line treaty worked by the British was singed in 1893 and was to stay in force for one hundred years.
	www.afghanology.com /unholydurand.htm (1194 words)

	[No title]
		The Durand Line was demarcated by the British and signed into a treaty in 1893 with the Afghan ruler Amir Abdur Rehman Khan.
		Kabul has refused to renew the Durand Line treaty since 1993 when it expired, Throughout the last nine years, Pakistan has tried to get Afghan Warlords and Taliban to sign a renewal contract of the Treaty, and thankfully they didn’t not fall for the treachery of Pakistan.
		This was one of the main policy planks used by President Daoud Khan's government when it tried to foment trouble by Pashtoons nationalists in the NWFP on the issue of greater Pashtoonistan.
	www.afghanistans.com /Information/History/Durandline.htm (263 words)

	Baltimore Independent Media Center: Balochistan and The Line of Evil
		The signatory of the document, known as The Durand Line Agreement, were Amir Abdur Rahman Khan, ruler of Afghanistan, and Sir Henry Mortimer Durand, the foreign secretary of the British Indian government.
		The Durand Line Agreement should be a trilateral agreement and it legally required the participation and signatures of all three countries.
		Hence, under the rules of demarking boundaries of the International Law, the Agreement of Durand Line was in error, and thus, it was null and void as soon as it was signed.
	baltimore.indymedia.org /newswire/display/13981/index.php (1299 words)

	DURAND FORMS :::: Wall forms of exceptional quality!
		Durand introduced the attached pin to aluminum forming in 1980, and today it is job-proven as a major labor-saving innovation.
		Durand Forms set and strip 25 —30% faster than other type forms, and our ties are tested to yield a minimum 7,000 lbs.
		Durand has special forms to meet a multitude of building needs for residential and commercial work.
	www.durandforms.com /products.html (227 words)

	Marching into a minefield
		But the Durand Line, the unformulated demarcation between Pakistan and Afghanistan drawn arbitrarily in 1893 by Colonel Durand and casually agreed to by Afghanistan's ruler Amir Abdur Rehman, has kept alive the Pushtunistan issue which, if ignited, could become a veritable nightmare for the region.
		This "line in the sand" merely satisfied the colonial bureaucratic craving to define the boundaries of the British Empire so that the tribal areas formed the buffer between the "settled" British territories of the NWFP and adjoining Punjab State and Afghanistan should Tsarist Russia move on Kabul.
		Afghanistan's assertion that the Durand Line was negotiable along ethnic lines was a stand Pakistan remained unwilling to concede, especially after losing East Pakistan, which broke away with India's military help in 1971, to become Bangladesh.
	www.frontlineonnet.com /fl2109/stories/20040507000206000.htm (1780 words)

	Madrid11.net \| Articles \| A wrinkle in time (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Durand Line was intended at its creation to delineate British and Russian influence – with British India insulated from Russian threat by Afghanistan – as part of the 19th century's "Great Game".
		Afghanistan openly declared the Durand Line "imaginary" in 1949 and reemphasised its claim to be the homeland of the Pashtuns, with rights to all the land from the Durand Line east to the Indus River.
		The political future of the Pashtuns, particularly those on the Pakistani-side of the Durand Line, remains central to the crisis gripping the region.
	www.madrid11.net /articles/durand280207 (884 words)

	Bambooweb: Durand Line
		The Durand line is a term for the poorly marked 2,450 kilometer (1,519 mile) border between Afghanistan and Pakistan.
		Afghanistan's loya jirga of 1949 declared the Durand Line invalid.
		The line has come under special attention of late, as it has become notorious for allowing Taliban fighters and terrorists to freely travel back and forth, finding safety and shelter in the autonomous Pashtun regions of northwestern Pakistan.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/d/u/Durand_Line.html (178 words)

	Durand line information - Search.com
		The Durand Line is a term for the poorly marked 2,640 kilometer (1,610 mile) border between Afghanistan and Pakistan.
		The precise route of the remaining 16% straight line segments is also quite clearly demarcated from the 1894-95 demarcation reports and subsequent mapping, so the legal location of the line is not in doubt and is quite accurate on readily available mapping such as the detailed (1:50,000 scale) Russian maps of the 1980s.
		The Durand Line continues to be a source of tension between Afghanistan and Pakistan due to the Afghan belief that the people of the Pakistani provinces of NWFP, Balochistan and FATA want to separate from Pakistan and are the property of Afghans.
	www.search.com /reference/Durand_Line (585 words)

	Durand - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		Durand Communications Introduces New CommunityWare Services for the Internet; Revolutionary Internet groupware for communities; First to offer sustainable revenue model.
		Durand Communications creates new market and profit opportunity for Channel Partners through CommunityWare; company steps up VAR recruitment to pave the ''Road to Community''.
		Durand Communications Acquires Pioneer Community "Electric Minds"; Partnership of Communities Between Electric Minds and Durand's CommunityWare.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-X-Durand.html (424 words)

	Hawaii News - Sports - Surf - Weather
		Durand fell in love with Hawai'i at the age of 12 when she visited her uncle, who was then superintendent of Kalaupapa.
		Durand also began experimenting with the two-color Tahitian prints she has loved since the '60s, as well as trying her art on silks and linens.
		Durand hand-dyes her sarongs and scarves using real palm or monstera leaves or stencils of flora, marine life and petroglyphs.
	news.hawaii.com /article/2005/Jun/17/il/il02a.html (974 words)

	Durand Depot (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Durand is a very small town about 50 miles northwest of Detroit.
		By 1880, it was part of the Grand Trunk's main line to Chicago.
		Durand's depot has survived fire, abandonment and neglect to become one of Michigan's more successful large depot restorations.
	user.mc.net /~louisvw/depot/durand/durand.htm (417 words)

	e-Ariana - Todays Afghan News
		In its relentless 19th Century competition with Czarist Russia for territories and political influence, British India drew the Durand Line between itself and Afghanistan in 1893 to the disadvantage of Kabul and converted the nation into a protectorate.
		Today, the West is approaching the Durand Line from the other side, determined to defend Afghanistan against the incursions from Pakistan, which inherited its western borders from British India after the Partition.
		During the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan in the 1980s, it was Pakistan that was on the offensive on the Durand Line supporting the jihad against the "godless Russian Communists".
	e-ariana.com /ariana/eariana.nsf/allDocs/0D96110506DD77CD8725715D004254E3?OpenDocument (1005 words)

	Bad Fences Make Bad Neighbours
		But the Durand Line, which divides Afghanistan from Pakistan, is one of the most sensitive and explosive issues in Afghanistan today.
		Durand’s line cut neatly through the Pashtun population, which some maintain was no accident.
		The line is now accepted and recognised by the international community, and a re-examination of the border seems a fairly remote possibility.
	iwpr.net /?p=arr&s=f&o=257289&apc_state=heniarr2005 (1205 words)

	Durand Line
		THE government's decision to restore the international status of the Durand Line represents a correct move that deserves to be fully supported.
		And when Afghanistan was occupied by the Soviet troops in the late seventies, the Durand Line virtually disappeared as millions of Afghan refugees started pouring into Pakistan without let or hindrance.
		This is the context in which the special nature and characteristics of the Durand Line is generally viewed and evaluated by many.
	ejnar.se /3747/durand.html (880 words)

	ThreatsWatch.Org: RapidRecon: The Fading Durand Line
		The Durand Line, the western border between Pakistan and Afghanistan, was delineated in 1893 as the boundary between then British India and Afghanistan.
		The Durand Line has remained porous due to the nature of tribal cultures and the socio-economic compulsions of the people living along the Durand line.
		The Durand Line was exploited to launch the Afghan Jihad against the Soviets in the 1980s.
	rapidrecon.threatswatch.org /2006/11/the-fading-durand-line (869 words)

	Kashmir Herald - Troubles on the Western Front
		After being defeated in two wars against the Afghans, the British, in line with their famed ‘divide-and-rule’ policy, succeeded in 1893 in imposing the Durand Line between what was then British India (now the NWFP and Balochistan of Pakistan) and a truncated Afghanistan.
		The average Pashtun has, for long, hoped that the Durand Line will be erased to enable Pakhtoons living in the NWFP, parts of North Balochistan and in the tribal areas of Pakistan and Afghanistan to form a state of their own.
		Most Afghans (and Pashtuns) believe that the Durand Line should rightly have been drawn much further South, at Attock, and this is what the Afghans will inevitably press for when their country is strong enough.
	www.kashmirherald.com /main.php?t=OP&st=D&no=70 (1308 words)

	Geo-Strategic Importance (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The definition of this boundary, called the Durand Line, was not in doubt when Pakistan became independent in 1947.
		This line was both delimited and demarcated as a result of a series of notes and agreements between the PRC and Pakistan during the 1961-65 period.
		This line, arranged with United Nations (UN) assistance in January 1949 after the preceding year and one-half of fighting, is about 480 miles in length and was last adjusted and agreed to by the two countries in December 1972.
	www.pakistanidefence.com /Info/GeoStrategic.html (885 words)

	Search Results for "Durand"
		Durand, Asher Brown, (dyoorand´) (KEY), 1796-1886, American painter and engraver, b.
		He was influenced by Courbet and studied in Lille and Paris.
		When the Durand Line was established as the border between Afghanistan and British India...
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=col65&query=Durand (231 words)

	Afghan, Pakistani Troops Battle Over Border Fence \| Huliq: Breaking News
		For solving the Durand Line issue, the problems of [ethnic-Pashtun] tribes living on both sides should be considered and they must be consulted.
		The Durand Line was created in 1893 by British officials as a defensive frontier for what was then British colonial India.
		Pakistan inherited the Durand Line as its border when it became an independent country through the partition of British colonial India in 1947.
	www.huliq.com /19204/afghan-pakistani-troops-battle-over-border-fence (486 words)

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