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	Dutch language - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Dutch is spoken in the Netherlands, the northern half of Belgium (Flanders, including Belgium's capital Brussels), the northernmost part of France, the Netherlands Antilles, Aruba, Suriname and amongst certain groups in Indonesia.
		Dutch is an official language of the Netherlands, Belgium, Suriname, Aruba, and the Netherlands Antilles.
		Algemeen Nederlands (meaning 'general Dutch', abbreviated to AN) is the official Dutch language, the standard language as taught in schools and used by authorities in the Netherlands, Flanders (Belgium), Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /dutch_language.htm (3180 words)

	Guyana
		Forty-five percent of the Africans transported by the Dutch West India Company between 1658 and 1738 originated in the area known as the Slave Coast (present-day Bight of Benin), which extended from the mouth of the Volta River in present-day Ghana to the mouth of the Niger River in western Nigeria.
		Of the Africans transported by Dutch free traders' ships between 1730 and 1803, 49 percent originated from the Windward Coast (coastal area in West Africa stretching approximately from modern-day Liberia to C.äte d'Ivoire), and 34 percent from the region of the Loango Kingdom.
		In the last half of the 18th century, colonial authorities mounted three large military expeditions to destroy the maroon settlements in Essequibo and Demerara, but maroonage persisted, and rebellious plantation slaves tended to include a maroon alliance in their plans.
	archive.blackvoices.com /research/encarta/tt_449.asp (3997 words)

	Anglo-Dutch Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In 1797 the Dutch fleet was defeated by the British in the Battle of Camperdown.
		Britain took over all the Dutch colonies, with the exception of Java, where their invasion attempt was defeated, and the trading post at Deshima in Japan.
		Dutch Admiral Michiel de Ruyters' flagship 'The Seven Provinces' is being rebuilt in the Dutch town of Lelystad.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/A/Anglo-Dutch-Wars.htm (1257 words)

	Dutch Wars. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In 1664, Robert Holmes raided the Dutch colonies on the coast of Africa, and Richard Nicolls took the Dutch colony of New Netherland (later New York and New Jersey) in North America.
		When Dutch peace proposals made at this juncture were spurned by the French, a revolution broke out, and William of Orange (later William III of England) took over Dutch leadership from the ill-fated Jan de Witt (July, 1672).
		Maastricht was ceded to the Dutch and a trade treaty modified the French restrictive tariffs in favor of the Dutch.
	www.bartleby.com /65/du/DutchWar.html (1017 words)

	Dutch Law – Colonial Application (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		For Dutch colonial law, the primary source is the Nederlandsch-Indisch Plakaatboek 1602-1811, a seventeen-volume collection of VOC laws and edicts compiled in the late nineteenth century by the prolific Batavian archivist Jacobus Anne van der Chijs.
		Dutch prostitution was stamped out because of the political scandal that was feared would ensue, but because ‘men cannot exist without women,’ other forms of ‘illicit sex’ moved in to fill this void.
		By the time the Dutch had established a foothold in Asia, state control over marriage in the Netherlands and the issuing of marriage proclamations were de rigueur, but colonial controls on marriage differed substantially from the Roman-Dutch.
	aghistory.ucdavis.edu /Jonespaper.html (8277 words)

	Dutch Colonization
		In the 1630s and early 1640s, the Dutch Director Generals carried on a brutal series of campaigns against the area's Native Americans, largely succeeding in crushing the strength of the "River Indians," but also managing to create a bitter atmosphere of tension and suspicion between European settlers and Native Americans.
		These stone houses are fine examples of 17th-century Dutch stone buildings, and 21 still stand within the original layout of the stockade, listed in the National Register of Historic Places as contributing members of the Stockade Historic District.
		The colony was proving quite profitable, New Amsterdam had developed into a port town of 1500 citizens, and the incredibly diverse population (only 50 percent were actually Dutch colonists) of the colony had grown from 2,000 in 1655 to almost 9,000 in 1664.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/travel/kingston/colonization.htm (1417 words)

	History of the Dutch Oven (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		After widespread use in the colonies, the Dutch oven followed the pioneers west as an indispensable utensil in the chuck wagon and the miner's mule pack.
		The traditional Dutch oven is a thick, cast iron kettle with a flat bottom and three short legs.
		Dutch ovens can take your campfire fare to a new dimension, and you do not have to be a gourmet to pull it off.
	www.campers-online.com /history_of_the_dutch_oven.html (515 words)

	The Middle Colonies
		The nine colonies whose early history we have traced were all established by Englishmen; but we have now to notice one, destined in future to be the most populous and wealthy community of them all, which was founded and controlled for forty years by a different people -- the Dutch.
		As early as 1597 the Dutch made voyages to the West Indies, but it was left for an Englishman in the employ of the Netherlands to make the one and only discovery in the New World by which that nation is remembered.
		The first director of the Dutch colonies was Cornelius May; but in 1626 Peter Minuit was appointed to this office, and, arriving at Manhattan, he purchased the entire island of the Indians, some twenty-two thousand acres, for twenty-four dollars' worth of beads and ribbons.
	usahistory.info /colonies (1052 words)

	Suriname
		During the Inquisition in Portugal and Spain around 1500, many Jews fled to Holland and the Dutch colonies to escape torture and condemnation to the stake.
		The economic decline of the community was largely connected with the abolition of the slave trade in 1819 and the emancipation of the slaves in 1863.
		As the Jewish population declined during the first quarter of the 20th century, the economic situation of the colony forced what was left of a thriving Jewish community to relocate itself mainly in Paramaribo, the capital.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vjw/Suriname.html (1475 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Dutch Colonies, 1815-1870
		In 1824, the British and Dutch sign a treaty in which the Dutch cede all possessions in Hither India and on the Malay peninsula (Malacca), the British cede all their possessions in the Insulind archipelago; mutual spheres of interest were defined.
		In 1858, the Sultan of Siak (Sumatra) recognized Dutch suzerainty; in 1859 slavery was abolished.
		Dutch colonial policy between 1815 and 1870 focussed on the Dutch East Indias as the main sphere of interest, where the administration pursued a policy of reluctant expansion.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/lowcountries/dutcol181570.html (384 words)

	Dutch_language information. LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER
		Dutch is generally not on the curriculum of German schools, except in some border cities, such as Aachen and Oldenburg.
		Dutch is spoken in Suriname, and there are some speakers of Dutch in Indonesia.
		Standaardnederlands or Algemeen Nederlands ('Common Dutch', abbreviated to AN) is the standard language as taught in schools and used by authorities in the Netherlands, Flanders, Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles.
	language.school-explorer.com /Dutch (4226 words)

	[No title]
		The estimated total number of Dutch speakers in the world (including speakers in the former Dutch colonies) is 40 million.
		In the seventeenth century, the Dutch Republic was a colonial powerhouse and laid the groundwork for the global economy of today.
		The Dutch Studies program was introduced as a permanent curriculum in the Department of German in autumn 1966.
	german.berkeley.edu /dutch (333 words)

	Study Abroad: Maastricht Center for Transatlantic Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Dutch treasure their privacy--probably because it is such a rare commodity in such a crowded country.
		Dutch culture is very different from American culture, and you will often see and hear things that strike you as quite odd.
		Still, the Dutch are very warm and friendly people in their own way, and their liberalism will lead them to accept you for what you are.
	www.cmsu.edu /mcts/index.cfm?pg=stu_dutch.htm (1287 words)

	First Colonies of the Dutch
		A peaceful and profitable trade might have been carried on with the natives of the Connecticut Valley, by the Dutch, had not the latter exasperated the Indians by the seizure of one of their chiefs and demanding a heavy ransom for his release.
		The Indians threatened the intruders with violence, and the Dutch began to build a stockade fort for their own protection, at what is yet known as Dutch Point, near the City of Hartford.
		Bradford reciprocated these friendly professions, but in his reply he warned the Dutch not to occupy or to trade in the country north of the fortieth degree of latitude, as that region was claimed by the Council of New England.
	www.publicbookshelf.com /public_html/Our_Country_Vol_1/firstcolo_fa.html (1541 words)

	History of the Jews of the Caribbean (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		When the Dutch came to power, Jews were no longer required to worship in secret communities, but instead were allowed to freely celebrate their religion.
		The colony passed to the Dutch, in 1667, and was known henceforth as Dutch Guiana.
		Governor Lynch, the colonial governor in Jamaica, opposed this Üand#0;Ü?petition and it was not enacted.
	www.sefarad.org /publication/lm/011/jewcar.html (4375 words)

	The Dutch Colonies in the New World
		When the Dutch arrived in America the tribes composing the Five Nations were at war with the Algonquin or Canada Indians.
		But the latter, having formed an alliance with the French, who some years previous to this date had commenced the settlement of New France, as Canada was called, derived such powerful aid from the fire-arms of their European allies that the Iroquois were defeated in almost every rencontre with their ancient enemy.
		In 1631 a colony was planted in Delaware, near the present Lewistown, but the settlers were soon murdered by the Indians.
	www.publicbookshelf.com /public_html/The_Great_Republic_By_the_Master_Historians_Vol_I/dutchcolo_db.html (983 words)

	Dutch East India Company -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Methods used to maintain the monopoly included the violent suppression of the native population, not stopping short of (The felonious act of extorting money (as by threats of violence)) extortion and (The savage and excessive killing of many people) mass murder.
		This post later became a fully-fledged colony, the (A former province of southern South Africa that was settled by the Dutch in 1652 and ceded to Great Britain in 1814; in 1994 it was split into three new provinces of South Africa) Cape Colony, when more Dutch and other Europeans started to settle there.
		By 1669, the VOC was the richest private company the world had ever seen, with over 150 merchant ships, 40 warships, 50,000 employees, a private army of 10,000 soldiers, and a (That part of the earnings of a corporation that is distributed to its shareholders; usually paid quarterly) dividend payment of 40%.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/du/dutch_east_india_company.htm (471 words)

	20. PLANS BY SPAIN AND PORTUGAL AGAINST THE DUTCH
		At that time, the Dutch in Guyana were engaged in repressing with some difficulty a revolt of their African slaves, and both the Spanish and Portuguese thought that they could take advantage of the situation and seize the Dutch colonies.
		The plan was not the undertaking of an open expedition against the Dutch, but the promotion of secret acts of hostility or outrage which would oust the Dutch from their colonies.
		Meanwhile, in 1755, a new Post on the Cuyuni was definitely established by the Dutch somewhere between the mouth of the Curumo and that of the Acarabisi.
	www.guyana.org /features/guyanastory/chapter20.html (769 words)

	Dutch Colonies: correspondence on New Netherland, messages to the newsgroup Dutch Colonies.
		Dutch Colonies: correspondence on New Netherland, messages to the newsgroup Dutch Colonies.
		In the newsgroup Dutch Colonies people on both sides of the ocean participate in discussions on the early Dutch settlers in America (New Netherland) and their descendants.
		The first European settlements in the States of Connecticut, Delaware, New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania were built by the Dutch beginning in 1624 and formed the Dutch colony of New Netherland, or Nieuw Nederlandt.
	home.planet.nl /~Kees.Leseman/dutchcol.html (320 words)

	Jan Rogozinski, A Brief History of the Caribbean
		Dutch occupy St. Maarten where some French settlers were.
		The shift in the size and racial composition of the population of Barbados between the 1630’s and the 1680’s, and the main cause of the transformation.
		In only one colony were the slaves able to destroy a plantation system and establish their own society.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/murray/Courses/Caribbean/Carib_reading_guides/Rogozinsky_BHOC/rogozinsky_study_guide.html (5560 words)

	Roman-Dutch law -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		It existed in the Netherlands province of Holland from the 15th to the early 19th century and was carried by Dutch colonists to the Cape of Good Hope, where it became the foundation of modern South African law.
		Introduced by the Dutch into their colonies, it was retained in those areas that passed to the British—i.e., the maritime districts of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), the Cape of Good Hope, and the settlements on the coast of South America that made up British Guiana (now...
		The law of the province of Holland was followed in the colonial empire, supplemented by local ordinances of the governors in council and, in the East Indies, by laws of the governors-general established at Batavia in Java (now Jakarta, Indon.).
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9108638 (895 words)

	05/25/03: @ @ @ How The Dutch Made America @ @ @ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In 1626, Peter Minuit, director of the Dutch colonies in the New World, bought the island of Manhatten from the local Indians for 24 dollars, showing the extraordinary business skills typical of the hardworking Dutch.
		All seemed lost untill fortuitously, one of the last remaining Dutch colonies in the Carribbean, St. Eustatius, gallantly decided to recognize the United States of America by giving The First Salute to the flag of an American warship.
		The republic of the Netherlands (Dutch) became the first country to officially recognize the United States of America and, inspired by the spirit of brotherhood and freedom, the Dutch generously gave arms and ammunition to the beleaguered American rebels.
	www.mrcranky.com /movies/brucealmighty/68.html (455 words)

	The History Place - Early Colonial Era
		is signed by the 41 men, establishing a form of local government in which the colonists agree to abide by majority rule and to cooperate for the general good of the colony.
		The bloody war rages up and down the Connecticut River valley in Massachusetts and in the Plymouth and Rhode Island colonies, eventually resulting in 600 English colonials being killed and 3,000 Native Americans, including women and children on both sides.
		King Philip (the colonist's nickname for Metacomet, chief of the Wampanoags) is hunted down and killed on August 12, 1676, in a swamp in Rhode Island, ending the war in southern New England and ending the independent power of Native Americans there.
	www.historyplace.com /unitedstates/revolution/rev-early.htm (1939 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Dutch Colonies, since 1945
		The Dutch did not recognize it and returned, for a while taking control of most of Java.
		The Dutch retained only DUTCH NEW GUINEA, which is a region distinct from the Indonesian archipelago.
		The colony of Curacao was renamed into the Netherlans Antilles; round-table conferences preparing a new constitution were held in 1948, 1952 and 1954, resulting in a STATUTE for the kingdom (1954).
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/lowcountries/dutcol1945aft.html (309 words)

	Hollenbeck Family History - Psychic Genealogy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		On Wednesday, February 26, 2003, James Brady posted a message to Dutch Colonies concerning psychic revelations in the discovery of lost ancestors.
		Almost immediately, other subscribers to the Dutch Colonies mailing list began to reply with their own stories of a psychic nature.
		This road was the main artery connecting the north and south settlements of the Conewago colony and my destination to locate the cemeteries near that road.
	www.lutheransonline.com /servlet/lo_ProcServ/dbpage=page&GID=00005000001044934404076205&PG=00005000001046370038583557 (1949 words)

	GORP - Food - Going Dutch - Campsite Cast-Iron Cooking
		The oven was then widely manufactured in the New England states, but after traders from Holland bought large numbers for barter with the Indians and frontier settlers, the name"Dutch oven" stuck.
		Sprinkle cranberries and pears with sugar, flour, allspice, cardamom.
		Spread mixture in a 12 inch buttered Dutch oven Roll out pastry 1/8 inch thick, 1 inch larger than Dutch oven.
	gorp.away.com /gorp/food/dutch.htm (1087 words)

	Learn Dutch Grammar and Vocabulary With Dutch for Beginners (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Dutch is the mother tongue of over 21 million people: almost all of the inhabitants of The Netherlands, about half of the people living in Belgium (those living in Flanders or "Vlaanderen"), and many inhabitants of former Dutch colonies like Suriname.
		The objective of this website is to provide you with some basic knowledge of Dutch.
		If you have had no previous exposure whatsoever to Dutch, we suggest that you start by looking at the mini-grammar.
	www.forbeginners.info /dutch (244 words)

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