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Topic: Dutch disease

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	Dutch disease - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Dutch disease is an economic concept that tries to explain the seeming relationship between the exploitation of natural resources and a decline in the manufacturing sector.
		The classic economic model describing Dutch Disease was developed by the economists W. Max Corden and J. Peter Neary in 1982.
		It it rather difficult to definitively say that a country has Dutch Disease because it is difficult to prove the relationship between an increase in natural resource revenues, the real-exchange rate and a decline in the lagging sector.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dutch_disease (1250 words)

	Dutch elm disease - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Dutch elm disease is a fungal disease of elm trees which is spread by the elm bark beetle.
		The disease was first reported in the United States in 1928, with the beetles believed to have arrived in a shipment of logs from the Netherlands destined for the Ohio furniture industry.
		The disease spread slowly from New England westward and southward, almost completely destroying the famous Elms in the 'Elm City' of New Haven, reaching the Chicago area by 1960 and Minneapolis by 1970.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dutch_elm_disease (1799 words)

	Dutch Elm Disease
		The fungus (Ophiostoma ulmi), the causal agent of Dutch elm disease, is probably native to Asia.
		Dutch elm disease results in the blockage of the water-conducting tissue within the tree.
		Sporulation by the fungus is enhanced in the egg-laying galleries, and beetles emerging from wood are often contaminated with spores.
	www.oznet.ksu.edu /dp_hfrr/extensn/problems/dtchelm.htm (1897 words)

	DUTCHELM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Dutch elm disease (DED) is so-named because it was first identified by scientists in the Netherlands, but it is thought to have its origins in Asia, where elms show some natural degree of resistance to infection.
		The disease cycle begins when beetles that have over-wintered in the bark of recently killed trees emerge in Spring and fly to neighbouring healthy trees, where they feed on the bark of the young twigs.
		At the advancing margins of the disease in Europe, the pathogen population is almost genetically pure and exists as a single VC ‘super group’.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/dutchelm.htm (1394 words)

	Dutch Elm Disease
		Dutch elm disease was introduced to the United States from Europe in logs which contained both the fungus and the smaller European elm bark beetle.
		The first symptom of Dutch elm disease is the wilting of leaves on one or a few branches in the upper canopy of the tree.
		The Dutch elm disease fungus is spread primarily by the European and the native elm bark beetles, both of which are about 1/8 inch long (3 mm).
	www.ci.eagan.mn.us /live/page.asp?menu=2106 (1430 words)

	Dutch Elm Disease
		Dutch elm is primarily spread by the European elm bark beetle.
		Dutch elm disease also may be transmitted among adjacent trees by root grafts.
		Prompt identification and removal of diseased elm trees reduces the quantity of DED fungus and prevents the development of large populations of beetles carrying the fungus.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /Pubs/insect/05506.html (1823 words)

	Dutch Elm Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Dutch elm disease is a fatal vascular disease that attacks American elms.
		The disease is caused by a fungus that survives the winter in infected and recently killed trees, stumps, and in recently cut brush and logs.
		Application of insecticides to tree trunks to kill pupating adults is ineffective because the vector of the disease in Montana, the European elm bark beetle, pupates higher in the tree, under the bark, and insecticides to not penetrate the bark.
	scarab.msu.montana.edu /extension/disea009.htm (831 words)

	Dutch Elm Disease Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		No disease symptoms were observed in the area, but an apparently endemic Ophiostoma similar to the known Dutch elm disease pathogens Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi was isolated from around breeding galleries of scolytid beetles in the bark of Ulmus wallichiana.
		Holmes, F.W. Bark beetles ceratocystis-ulmi and dutch elm disease.
		Dutch elm disease incidence was 22-45% lower in the trees treated with a Pseudomonas isolate in the year of treatment and the year after.
	www.wcrl.ars.usda.gov /cec/insects/ded.htm (9440 words)

	Dutch Elm Disease
		Dutch elm disease is caused by the fungus
		Dutch elm disease control involves two different but related programs: (1) community-wide sanitation programs designed to reduce the level of elm bark beetles (principal carriers of the Dutch elm disease fungus); and (2) prevention of the spread of the disease through natural root grafts from infected trees to adjacent healthy trees.
		There is no way to eliminate Dutch elm disease once it begins; control programs have as their object the management of the disease so that losses are spread out over a long period, minimizing the impact of the disease.
	www.ext.nodak.edu /extpubs/plantsci/trees/pp324w.htm (4692 words)

	Dutch Elm Disease - Managing the Disease
		Dutch elm disease is difficult to control and without management it will wipe out a large population of elms in just a few years.
		Promptly removing and disposing of elms dying from Dutch elm disease is the key to effectively managing Dutch elm disease on a community wide basis.
		It involves identifying diseased elms that cannot be saved by tracing and immediate removal of these trees.
	www.rainbowscivance.com /ded/ded_disease_management.asp (268 words)

	Dutch Elm Disease factsheet
		Dutch Elm Disease has been a devastating event in the history of tree diseases.
		It is caused by the fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi and vectored by bark beetles.
		The disease is referred to as "Dutch" Elm Disease because it was first described in Holland in 1921.
	plantclinic.cornell.edu /FactSheets/dutchelmdisease/DED.htm (1138 words)

	dutch elm disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Dutch elm disease is caused by a fungus which attacks only elm trees.
		The first signs of the disease are a yellowing and wilting of the leaves (flagging) on one or more branches in the upper areas of the tree.
		Diseased trees must be detected, removed, and the wood destroyed or debarked.
	www.ext.nodak.edu /county/cass/horticulture/inform/disease/elm.htm (272 words)

	Dutch elm disease
		The disease is spread by bark beetle movement between diseased and healthy trees, and evidence of their activity will usually be noticed.
		Because the bark beetles that spread the disease can survive beneath the bark of infected elm logs, felled trees containing a beetle population should not be used for fuel unless the bark has been removed.
		Diseased trees should be replaced with elm hybrids that show some resistance to the disease or with nonsusceptible species.
	www.glfc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca /treedisease/dutch_elm_disease_e.html (390 words)

	Dutch Elm Disease Guide
		Dutch Elm Disease, as the name implies, was first described in the Netherlands in 1919.
		In 1930 four diseased trees were found in Ohio, introduced to the United States from Europe in logs which contained both the fungus and the smaller European Elm Bark Beetle.
		The first evidence of the disease generally is wilting or flagging in one or more of the upper branches.
	www.ci.coon-rapids.mn.us /forestry/dutch_elm_disease_guide.htm (310 words)

	Elmcare.com - Dutch Elm Disease
		Dutch elm disease (DED) is the most devastating shade tree disease in North America.
		Dutch elm disease (or DED) is caused by a fungus.
		After the disease is contracted, spores rapidly reproduce and spread toxins throughout the tree.
	www.elmcare.com /disease/dutchelm/dutch_elm_disease.htm (308 words)

	OD18 - Dutch Elm Disease
		Dutch elm disease is caused by the fungus Ophiostroma ulmi and is spread from tree to tree primarily by insects.
		Elm trees that are known to be infected with Dutch elm disease or infested with elm bark beetles, recently cut or broken elm branches and logs stored for fuel should be destroyed, debarked, or utilized before the emergence of the beetles in the spring.
		Immediately after a tree is diagnosed as having Dutch elm disease and 2 weeks before it is cut down, drill a series of holes approximately 1 inch in diameter, 15 inches deep, and 6 to 9 inches apart in a line between the diseased and any healthy elm trees.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /depts/pp/notes/Ornamental/odin18/od18.htm (1620 words)

	Dutch elm disease - Northern Forestry Centre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Dutch elm disease (DED) is the most destructive disease of wild and planted elms in North America.
		In Manitoba the disease was found for the first time in 1975, and in Saskatchewan it appeared in 1981.
		Prevention of DED is often indirect: through the removal of diseased and dead trees and the use of insecticides to kill the beetles.
	nofc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca /publications/leaflets/ded_e.html (1030 words)

	Dutch Elm Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Dutch Elm disease -- the inexorable killer of elm trees -- is on the increase in New Hampshire and spreading rapidly in the seacoast area, it was learned by the Union yesterday in an interview with Dr. James G. Conklin, state entomologist of the N. Dept. of Agriculture, at Durham.
		The only way to stop the spreading of Dutch Elm disease, according to the state entomologist, is to cut down the infected tree and burn it.
		Presence of the Dutch Elm disease in a tree is first spotted by scouting crews through a yellowing of the foliage, a failure of the tree to leave out, or a single branch not bearing foliage.
	www.hampton.lib.nh.us /HAMPTON/history/storms/dutchelmdisease.htm (549 words)

	Dutch Elm Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In the Plant Disease Clinic, we identify the fungus by culturing branch samples that are about Omega inch to 1 inch in diameter and about 6 to 10 inches long and show active wilting with obvious streaking in the wood.
		Dutch elm is caused by the fungus Ophiostoma ulmi.
		This includes early detection of the symptoms, disruption of root grafts between the healthy and infected trees, and the removal and disposal of all dying and dead elm trees with intact bark.
	www.ipm.iastate.edu /ipm/hortnews/1997/7-11-1997/dutchelm.html (320 words)

	Dutch Elm Disease Symptoms and Treatment
		If the tree died from Dutch elm disease, every beetle that hatches and emerges as an adult from that wood may be carrying the fungus.
		The first evidence of Dutch elm disease is wilting or "flagging" in one or more of the branches, usually starting in the outer portion of the crown.
		Another symptom of the disease is the discoloration of the water conducting vessels.
	www.rainbowtreecare.com /diseases/dutchelm.htm (785 words)

	Dutch Elm Disease
		Dutch elm disease (DED) is notorious for decimating the majestic elm trees that use to shade many city streets in the Midwest and Northeast.
		The earliest cases of the disease in the United States were reported from Ohio in 1930.
		The disease restricts water movement through the tree resulting in wilted and yellowing leaves, twig and branch dieback, premature defoliation, and often the death of the tree.
	gardening.wsu.edu /library/lpro021/lpro021.htm (527 words)

	Dutch Elm Disease - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Dutch Elm Disease, disease of elm trees, caused by a fungus.
		In recent years the elm population in the United Kingdom and other countries has been markedly decreased by Dutch elm disease.
		- elm tree disease: a disease of elm trees caused by a fungus, Ceratocystis ulmi, carried by a bark beetle
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Dutch_Elm_Disease.html (134 words)

	Dutch Elm Disease
		Dutch Elm disease is a lethal fungus that grows in the water conducting vessels (Xylem) of American, Red, English and other varieties of elms.
		Dutch Elm disease is persistent and remains active in a community indefinitely.
		It prevents healthy elms from becoming infected by bark beetles for 2-1/2 to 3 growing seasons from a single application, and is the only product known to move into the new growth during the period of protection.
	www.rainbowscivance.com /ded/index.asp (183 words)

	Interested in Dutch? Right place for it! Dutch!
		Dutch and the dutch: the case of to Indisch migration Australia Speeches:.
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	tramgrandma.sessocities.net (3269 words)

	Forestry - Dutch Elm Disease
		Dutch elm disease is spread primarily in one of two ways.
		As they feed, the fungus that causes the disease is on their bodies, and the disease is introduced to the tree.
		When one of the elms contracts the disease, it is possible for the disease to transfer to the neighboring elm through the roots.
	stevenspoint.com /forestry/ded/index.html (923 words)

	Dutch Elm Disease
		Dutch elm disease was first discovered in Minnesota in 1961 in Saint Paul and Monticello.
		By the 1970’s an epidemic of Dutch elm disease was on the horizon.
		Over the last 20 years annual losses to the disease have fluctuated around 1 to 3 percent annual loss in communities that have active DED management programs.
	www.mda.state.mn.us /invasives/delmdisease (257 words)

	Rainbow Treecare - Full service landscape and tree care - Minneapolis St. Paul, Minnesota
		For approximately 50 years Dutch Elm disease has devastated unprotected elm populations across the United States, spreading westward from its origins on the East Coast.
		Dutch elm disease kills elms regardless of their health.
		Identify the disease by the "flagging", or wilting of leaves typically located at the ends of isolated branches in the canopy.
	www.rainbowtreecare.com (1009 words)

	TreeHelp.com: Trees: Elm Insects and Diseases: Dutch Elm Disease
		Because of the speed with which the disease attacks, detecting symptoms as early as possible is essential for treatment.
		The first sign of the disease is the sudden wilting of leaves in the upper reaches of the tree.
		The spread of Dutch elm disease can be effectively checked with a stringent sanitation program involving surveillance, timely pruning and proper disposal of infected wood.
	www.treehelp.com /trees/elm/elm-diseases-dutchelmdisease.asp?CA=C1 (495 words)

	Back to Basics -- Dutch Disease, Finance & Development, March 2003, Volume 40, Number 1
		This syndrome has come to be known as "Dutch disease." Although the disease is generally associated with a natural resource discovery, it can occur from any development that results in a large inflow of foreign currency, including a sharp surge in natural resource prices, foreign assistance, and foreign direct investment.
		Economists have used the Dutch disease model to examine such episodes, including the impact of the flow of American treasures into sixteenth-century Spain and gold discoveries in Australia in the 1850s.
		These authors divide an economy experiencing an export boom into three sectors: of these, the booming export sector and the lagging export sector are the two traded goods sectors; the third is the nontraded goods sector, which essentially supplies domestic residents and might include retail trade, services, and construction.
	www.imf.org /external/pubs/ft/fandd/2003/03/ebra.htm (1109 words)

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