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	Dutch orthography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Dutch children are taught the rule 't kofschip is met thee beladen, ("the merchant ship is loaded with tea"), that is, if the verb stem in the infinitive ends with the consonants of 't kofschip (-t, -k, -f, -s, -ch or -p), the past tense dental is a -t-; otherwise it is a -d-.
		The Dutch spoken between 1150 and 1500 is referred to as Middle Dutch.
		This spelling was established by the linguists Matthias de Vries and L.A. te Winkel.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dutch_orthography (3003 words)

	Welcome to the Direct Dutch institute. We provide effective courses for foreigners wishing to acquire an active command ...
		Moreover, many Dutch people will try to convince you that their language is one of the most difficult ones in the world.
		However, in fact Dutch is not that difficult: the grammar is relatively simple, Dutch is very similar to English, and it is very important to be able to communicate in Dutch if you want to make your stay in the Netherlands more worth while.
		This vowel shift is in fact responsible for this strange use of vowel symbols in English spelling: the aa sound from father changed to ee from name, the ee sound from mate changed to ie from meet, the i sound from bit turned into ai from knight.
	www.directdutch.com /index.php?id=ourlanguage (1883 words)

	Netherlands spelling reforms
		Dutch spelling reforms show both the problems and possibilities of change in a democratic nation whose language, extent of dialects, and international ramifications are similar to English.
		A Dutch simplified spelling society was founded in 1891 with the title of 'Verenging tot vereenvoudeging van onze spelling'.
		Dutch linguists have been interested in the idea of spelling reform on transformational-generative phonological principles but they have had to give way to popular opinions and trends.
	home.vicnet.net.au /~ozideas/wdutchref.htm (497 words)

	[No title]
		The Dutch spelling system has a number of digraphs and trigraphs for long vowels and diphthongs, which might be captured by the set of schematic rewrite rules of (2).
		Thus, the Dutch spelling system calls for a diaeresis to ‘break up’ the V-sequences in (5a), which otherwise would be interpreted as digraphs, leading to incorrect pronunciations.
		What Dutch spelling seems to do according to our analysis, is to standardize the ordered output of the rewrite rules of (2) as unmarked, so the diaeresis will only have to appear in the marked situation where, to obtain a ‘true’ (or ‘lexical’) reading, the ordering of (2) must be overruled.
	www.dbnl.org /tekst/west041lang01/west041lang01_001.htm (2728 words)

	Nieuwe Spelling of Dutch language
		The "nieuwe spelling" of the Dutch language is an orthography that became official in 1996.
		The spellingbesluit of 1996, instituting the nieuwe spelling, was drafted by experts in cooperation with the Dutch-language Union.
		Presumably, changes in spelling rules would be minor, compared with those of the "nieuwe spelling" of 1996 — the most important function probably being the treatment of words acquired in the interim.
	www.geocities.com /stevenedw/nieuwespelling.html (559 words)

	Simplified Spelling Society : Dutch spelling reform; scrabble.
		The Dutch authorities went less resolutely about it, but at the turn of the century De Vries and Te Winkel's spelling was nevertheless practised by most government offices, schools, the press, and the public at large.
		As a result, identical spelling instructions were promulgated in both countries in 1946/47 and made compulsory for schools and official use.
		Since the spelling of a bastaardwoord normally goes through a process of gradual assimilation (critique became critiek over the years, to be followed by kritiek), people often feel at a loss as to which variant is the 'correct' one.
	www.spellingsociety.org /journals/j19/duch.php (1492 words)

	INTRODUCTION
		In Belgium, Dutch is an official language along with French, which is spoken in the south, and German, spoken by a minority in the east of the country.
		Dutch may be known primarily as being the language spoken in the Netherlands and Flanders, but its distribution is not limited to those two regions.
		Dutch is also still one of the official languages of the Netherlands’ former colonies: Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles.
	www.hum.uit.no /a/svenonius/lingua/structure/about/about_ne.html (1207 words)

	Simplified Spelling Society : Dutch spelling changes.
		Jean-Marc Trouille studied German and Dutch at the Universities of the 'Sorbonne Nouvelle' (Paris III), Groningen and Zürich, and is currently lecteur for French in the Modern Languages Department of Aston University.
		The fact that both the Netherlands and Dutch-speaking Belgium have coordinated their efforts of spelling unity in the recent past is to be seen as a very straightforward step for the cultural collaboration of these countries, as well as an important contribution to Flemish emancipation against the French-speaking Belgians.
		The Dutch Language Union is now responsible for all further linguistic developments, which it will be interesting to observe, such as the results of the investigation into spelling preferences in the public and the professions.
	www.spellingsociety.org /journals/j5/dutch.php (1720 words)

	An Englishman's Difficulties with the Dutch
		The Dutch, on the other hand regularly have a spring-cleaning session in their spelling to further confuse foreigners in their attempts to learn Dutch, failing in the process to make the spelling consistent, and having the effect of losing continuity.
		Unfortunately, a basic premise for the Dutch is that Dutch spelling mustn't look German, and for the Belgians that it mustn't look French, so that there are clashes over some issues, such as the use of c or k for the k sound.
		In fact, originally, the spelling of a long i was ii, although you also have to know that at that time, there was no separate letter j, and the j shape was just a stylistic variant of the letter i.
	homepages.cwi.nl /~steven/spelling.html (3782 words)

	Lagelands Grammar - Spelling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The pronunciation of Dutch may occasionally appear difficult, especially with certain vowel sounds, but as with spelling, the rules for pronunciation are quite systematic.
		Spelling and pronunciation go hand in hand, and in the explanation below the two are generally discussed together.
		To prevent this from happening, the word is spelled as poëzie, telling the reader that the and the have to be pronounced separately.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /dutch/grammatica/spelling.htm (1224 words)

	D9D1E2 - weblog - 06/05
		I read somewhere that in Dutch spelling there are 230 different rules, and thousands of words that are spelled in a way that cannot be derived from any of the rules.
		Their spelling is based on what they learned in school, on what they've seen in written texts all their lives and on what the spelling checker on their computer tells them.
		I understand that Dutch law authorises the Taalunie to implement a spelling reform every ten years, and that use of their new spelling is mandatory for government organisations and schools.
	www.d9d1e2.com /weblog/arch0605.html (1045 words)

	Language Log: Unnecessarily unclear and ugly
		The new spelling rules that come into force on August 2006 are unknown to 67 percent of the public.
		Dutch is a complicated and illogical language, according to 60 percent of the Dutch people taking part in a new opinion poll.
		For example the Dutch research agency that carried out the quoted research has rougly the same news headline as the Expactica one, and confuses the respondents of the questionnaire by using the words 'language' and 'spelling' without proper definition within the same question.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/002720.html (860 words)

	Dutch Grammar :: spelling and pronunciation
		This chapter is certainly not the most exciting topic to start out your journey through the Dutch grammar jungle with, but it is absolutely essential for a good understanding of the more interesting chapters about verbs, nouns, adjectives, etc. A proper spelling is a necessary base for everything else you will learn in this course.
		Author: user222 Subject: andquot;randquot; at the end of a word?Posted: Fri 03 Nov 2006, 13:09 (GMT 1) Topic Replies: 1 There seems to be a Dutch dialect in which the "r" at the end a word such as "hier" is pronounced as the "r" in the American English "here".
		This is not the same as a tongue twister, but a chance to practice a sound repeatedly in a sentence in order to learn it.
	www.dutchgrammar.com /html/dutch/en/spellingandpronunciation/index.php (567 words)

	pronunciationguide.org: Dutch and Flemish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Flemish, the variety of Dutch spoken in Belgium, is the same language for radio purposes.
		Dutch uses the umlaut on the letter y, but it has a very different meaning and origin from the German umlaut: Dutch ÿ is originally a contraction of ij.
		The audio files demonstrate EXACT Dutch pronunciation, which is not appropriate for English language radio (see the antiperfection manifesto).
	www.math.nyu.edu /~wendlc/pronunciation/Dutch.html (588 words)

	Middle Dutch - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Linguistically speaking, Middle Dutch is a collective name for a number of closely related West Germanic dialects (whose ancestor was Old Dutch) which were spoken and written between 1150 and 1500 in the present-day Dutch-speaking area.
		Brabantian was the language of the area covered by the modern Dutch province of North Brabant and the south of Gelderland; and the Belgian provinces of Flemish Brabant and Antwerp as well as the Brussels capital region;
		Middle Dutch had not such thing as it was not until the middle of the 16th century that efforts were made to standardize the language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Middle_Dutch (876 words)

	Lee Lady: The Dutch Language
		There are those who say that Dutch should not be considered a minority language, since it is spoken not only in the Netherlands and half of Belgium (with a different spelling and slightly different pronunciation), but in much of Indonesia and the other former Dutch colonies.
		I found that one of the best resources for learning Dutch spelling (which I find quite a challenge, with the multitude of vowel combinations) was riding the trams and comparing the announcement over the speaker with the lighted display, although the display gives much less detail.
		The implied attitude is that it is an anomaly for someone not to speak Dutch, despite the fact that Amsterdam is one of the biggest tourist destinations in Europe.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~lady/snapshots/foreign/dutch.html (877 words)

	Learning Dutch? (Suggested Method)
		Start by listening to a few longer Dutch texts, like a few poems and a song, readings from my Dutch short stories, or The Lord's Prayer (no religious endorsement implied) - just to hear the language.
		Once you have a basic knowledge of Dutch you could start reading something simple, maybe Annie MG Schmidt's children's stories, like 'Jip and Janneke,' or 'Pluk van de Petteflet.' Some of her books are also available in audio versions.
		Dutch Spelling Focusing on the alternating of double and single vowels and consonants
	homepage.mac.com /schuffelen/LearningDutch.html (684 words)

	Language Log: This is not your granddaughter's spelling bee
		(First of a planned triblogy on the wonders of Dutch spelling.) The scene is a lushly appointed red-carpeted assembly room, walls hung with golden-threaded tapestries and heavily framed portraits of monarchs, princes and ministers; even the ceiling is wall to...
		Is not Dutch spelling state controlled, and the responsibility of the Dutch and Belgian Ministers of Culture?
		Well, Dutch spelling certainly has a logic to it, and is wonderfully deterministic.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/001085.html (815 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Programmes \| From Our Own Correspondent \| Dutch spell out their confusion
		Dutch class is one of the highlights of my week.
		Playing darts in the canteen with some of my classmates after the lesson, we agree that we are lucky we do not have to worry about the new Dutch spelling rules.
		And once they arrive in the country there is another integration course on Dutch history, language and culture to attend.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4631362.stm (904 words)

	LINGUIST List 14.1738: Historical Linguistics: Linn & McLelland (2002)
		Flemish Dutch is of particular interest for the history of Dutch because it was geographically separated from the Netherlands and was generally neglected in favor of French.
		Vandebussche argues that the controversy over Dutch spelling in Flanders in the 19th century can be boiled down to the question of whether one should conform to the Northern Dutch spelling system or should introduce specifically Flemish elements.
		De Groof argues that language planning played an important role in the standardization of Dutch in Belgium, that the de jure language freedom led to de facto Frenchification, and finally that, in the initial stages of language planning in Belgium, the structure of the language itself was generally not an issue.
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/14/14-1738.html (1936 words)

	LINGUIST List 14.2983: WritingSys/Phonology:Neef, Neijt & Sproat(2002)
		For Dutch speaking children, the predictions were not met as they scored relatively low on morphologically motivated sets and relatively high on morphologically unmotivated sets.
		The result of this study is that the teachers' metalinguistic knowledge of spelling patterns is a mirror image of children's performance.
		Three versions of the crucial words have been used: the correct spelling, a spelling with diaeresis error, and a spelling with a minimal spelling error.
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/14/14-2983.html (2710 words)

	Andre from South Africa presents: "The Afrikaner Language Thread" \| Antimoon Forum
		We can read Dutch literature without learning the language, in fact at school and university Dutch literature is studied as part of the Afrikaans course.
		Well, one thing is that Afrikaans spelling is not quite the same as Dutch spelling, considering that "ij" in Dutch has been replaced with "y".
		Dutch speaking immigrants are named as such in the national census.
	www.antimoon.com /forum/posts/6947.htm (1439 words)

	IngentaConnect Development of rule-based verb spelling in Dutch students (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Although verb spelling is rule-based, it is a relatively difficult aspect of Dutch orthography.
		Assink (1985) was the first to show that Dutch verb spelling is affected by two factors, namely, frequency of occurrence of the verb and the context in which the verb appears.
		The interpretation of these findings was that verb-spelling performance in Dutch is not just the result of its inherent difficulty, it is also affected by the fact that it requires continuous active monitoring of the spelling process, while being involved in a main literacy activity.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/jbp/wll/2005/00000008/00000001/art00001 (246 words)

	Pronouncing Dutch (with MP3s)
		SPELLING NOTE: In Dutch, 'ij' is seen as one letter and (when appropriate) capitalized together: IJmuiden, IJsselmeer; to a Dutchman, it looks very silly when foreign books only give the i in uppercase, like "...
		Dutch 'r' keeps the tongue flat, its tip touching the lower teeth, and is formed in the back of the mouth.
		Dutch spelling is revised every 50 years or so, but names often retain features no longer found in Modern Dutch, like unusual letter combinations and superfluous characters.
	homepage.mac.com /schuffelen/dupron.html (1623 words)

	Dutch Studies (University of Hull)
		Spelling - there are not only links about the new Dutch spelling but also one to practice your dictation
		It has more detailed information on Dutch spelling (also the changes in the new Dutch spelling), reflections on the topic of language and Internet and links to other Dutch language and literature sites.
		The Dutch version can be found at Taalthuis Nederlands.
	www.hull.ac.uk /dutch/language.htm (285 words)

	Learn Dutch .:. Online Dutch Grammar Course
		Dutch Grammar section, where you learn the technical bits of the Dutch language.
		Dutch audio to get a feel of what the Dutch language sounds like.
		The Dutch Grammar Forum, you can practice your Dutch, post your questions, and read answers to questions other Dutch learners have asked before you.
	www.gnomjas.nl /html/dutch/en (383 words)

	Fun with Dutch!
		Dutch is supposed to have straightforward, phonetic spelling.
		Dutch plurals are (usually) created by adding "-en," so you'd think that the plural is maanen (which would make perfect sense) but because of the blasted open syllable rule it becomes manen.
		Dutch in Flanders goes into some details about the history of the Dutch language in Flanders, as well as some differences between the forms of speech.
	www.lukeswartz.com /belgium/dutch.html (1757 words)

	Amazon.com: 201 Dutch Verbs: Fully Conjugated in All the Tenses (201 Verbs Series): Books: Henry Stern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The most commonly used Dutch verbs are presented, one to a page, completely conjugated, and arranged alphabetically for quick and easy reference.
		Commonly used Dutch idioms that use a verb are presented at the bottom of the page of the appropriate verb.
		This book should really be 1500 Dutch verbs, since the most useful part of the book is the section with 1500 verbs giving the reader the infinitive, simple past, and past participle, and indicating if there is separable prefix, along with translation.
	www.amazon.com /201-Dutch-Verbs-Conjugated-Tenses/dp/0812007387 (1528 words)

	Dutch spelling and alphabetic ordering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In Dutch, the combination 'ij' is considered a single letter, sometimes denoted as 'ÿ'.
		It ought to have dots; except for a few rare cases 'y' is not used in modern Dutch (but in the past it was, and still is in Frisian).
		Old Dutch is hard to read when it is handwriting (in particular on microfiche), hard to understand even for Dutch people and certainly when it is in officialese with its specific abbreviations.
	home.wanadoo.nl /pvdiemen/Genea/Spelling.html (453 words)

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