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	Bloody Dictator Duvalier wants to return to Haiti : LA IMC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Duvalier said in a television interview aired late on Monday, a day after Aristide was kidnapped, that he had requested a diplomatic passport several weeks ago, although he does not plan to run for president.
		Duvalier said he welcomed the presence of U.S. occupation troops sent to re-colonize Haiti and that he was deeply concerned by the situation in the Caribbean state, although he expected Haiti to stabilize quickly.
		Duvalier said he was in constant touch with people in Haiti, but mainstream media and Bushco would have the world believe that the former tyrant has no relationship to the anti-Aristide death squad thugs who took control of the country.
	la.indymedia.org /mail.php?id=104225 (355 words)

	MSN Encarta - Haiti
		François Duvalier, a physician, was the only candidate the military allowed to conduct a campaign.
		Duvalier portrayed the situation as one of a beleaguered fl Haiti facing up courageously to a variety of national and racial opponents.
		On Duvalier’s departure the government was taken over by the army and a national governing council.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761576153_8____60/Haiti.html (1726 words)

	The Duvaliers killer file
		Duvalier is excommunicated by the Vatican until 1966 for harassing the clergy.
		Duvalier responds with a reign of terror and is able to stay in power longer than any of his predecessors.
		According to Duvalier, while he is in constant communication with contacts in Haiti, he is not involved with the rebel movement and is not planning to run for president if he returns.
	www.moreorless.au.com /killers/duvalier.html (1389 words)

	Duvalier, Jean-Claude on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		At age 19, he was proclaimed “president for life” upon the death of his father, Francois Duvalier.
		Known as “Baby Doc,” he was strongly influenced by his mother, Simone Duvalier, and by his young wife, Michele Bennet, whom he married in 1980.
		End of the Duvalier era; Baby Doc slips away to France to avoid a bloodbath at home.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/D/DuvalierJ1.asp (421 words)

	History of Haiti - FRANÇOIS DUVALIER, 1957-71
		Duvalier was an astute observer of Haitian life and a student of his country's history.
		Duvalier weathered a series of foreign-policy crises early in his tenure that ultimately enhanced his power and contributed to his megalomaniacal conviction that he was, in his words, the "personification of the Haitian fatherland." Duvalier's repressive and authoritarian rule seriously disturbed United States president John F. Kennedy.
		Duvalier ordered the Presidential Guard to occupy the Dominican chancery in Pétionville in an effort to apprehend an army officer believed to have been involved in an unsuccessful attempt to kidnap the dictator's son, Jean-Claude Duvalier, and daughter, Simone Duvalier.
	www.travelinghaiti.com /history_of_haiti/francois_duvalier.asp (986 words)

	My Way - News
		Duvalier said he welcomed the presence of U.S. Marines sent to help restore order in Haiti and that he was deeply concerned by the situation in the Caribbean state, although he expected Haiti to stabilize quickly.
		Duvalier said he was in constant touch with people in Haiti, although he has no relationship with the anti-Aristide rebels who took control of much of the country.
		Duvalier was forced into exile in France in February 1986, ending a brutal three-decade family dictatorship begun by his father, Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier.
	news.myway.com /world/article/id/289307\|world\|03-02-2004::11:29\|reuters.html (254 words)

	Michele Gillen - Duvalier eyes return to Haiti
		Duvalier said he is in constant contact with people in Haiti but would not elaborate.
		Duvalier claims there is no legal obstacle blocking his return, a wish he has been expressing since the late 1990s.
		Duvalier called the recent events ''a dark chapter in Haiti's history'' and said he felt anguish and concern for his homeland.
	www.michelegillen.com /investigations/duvalier.htm (377 words)

	History of Haiti - JEAN-CLAUDE DUVALIER, 1971-86
		Duvalier used this "nonfiscal account," established decades earlier under Estimé, as a tobacco monopoly, but he later expanded it to include the proceeds from other government enterprises and used it as a slush fund for which no balance sheets were ever kept.
		(François Duvalier had jailed her father, Ernest Bennett, for bad debts and other shady financial dealings.) Although Jean-Claude himself was light-skinned, his father's legacy of support for the fl middle class and antipathy toward the established mulatto elite had enhanced the appeal of Duvalierism among the fl majority of the population.
		Although the end of the Duvalier era provoked much popular rejoicing, the transitional period initiated under the CNG did not lead to any significant improvement in the lives of most Haitians.
	www.travelinghaiti.com /history_of_haiti/jean-claude_duvalier.asp (1304 words)

	Uhhp.com :: Haitian History: Attempts to Overthrow Papa Doc Duvalier
		It is the day when Francois Duvalier, better known to most as Papa Doc, took the reigns of the Haitian government.
		Meanwhile, Duvalier who had no idea that only eight men were involved in the invasion, prepared to flee the country via of the Columbian embassy.
		Duvalier soldiers were unable to reach the ships, with their gunnery.
	haiti.uhhp.com /history/duvaliers/overthrow_attempt_duvalier.html (2747 words)

	Haiti François Duvalier, 1957-71 - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Duvalier's establishment of a parallel security apparatus posed the most serious challenge to the crumbling integrity of the armed forces.
		In 1963 Duvalier expelled the United States military mission, which he had invited to Haiti in 1959, because he believed that military-modernization values imparted by United States instructors could lead to resistance to the government's restructuring of the armed forces.
		Duvalier succeeded in overpowering the mainstream military establishment, but the process was painful; it required several abrupt attacks.
	www.photius.com /countries/haiti/national_security/haiti_national_security_francois_duvalier_1~69.html (647 words)

	Ron Howell, Return of Duvalier? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The campaign to make Duvalier, 49, the next leader of Haiti is being managed by a band of Haitian emigrants using a building in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn as their office.
		Some of the Duvalier loyalists in the New York area are friends and former associates of Emmanuel Constant, the accused ex-leader of a Haitian terrorist organization who has been living in the Laurelton section of Queens.
		Constant was a loyal follower of the Duvalier family, which was in power in Haiti between 1957 and 1986.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/43a/227.html (952 words)

	Duvalier, François on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		His regime, the longest in Haiti's history, was a brutal reign of terror; political opponents were summarily executed, and the populace was kept in a state of abject fear by the notorious Tonton Macoutes.
		Under Duvalier, the economy of Haiti continued to deteriorate, and the illiteracy rate remained at about 90%.
		Haitians believe things were better under Duvalier, poll says.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/D/DuvalierF1.asp (394 words)

	National Review: Two curtain calls. (Jean-Claude Duvalier and Ol... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Duvalier ruled a poor economy with cronyism and thievery; Palme, operating at a higher level of organization, employed corporate-state "cooperation" and redistributionist taxes.
		Duvalier occasionally went through the motions, and his father originally came to power in a free election.
		Duvalier and his bugaboo government were forever excluded from decent intellectual company.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:4270407&refid=holomed_1 (1406 words)

	The Duvalier regime in comparison with post-Duvalierist Haiti
		The disservice that the Duvaliers have done to the Haitian people should not be dismissed or justified with the claims that the peasantry is self-sufficient, and that they don’t go to doctors anyway.
		However, to advance his political career Duvalier degenerated the ideology of respect and acknowlegment of the African influence on Haitian culture, versus a francophile attitude that had nothing but contempt for it, to the ideology of noirism, where fl skin, was at least superficially, the only thing that made one Haitian.
		Duvalier’s supposed attack on the parasitic mulattos who had exploited the fls did not go beyond sending into exile mulatto intellectuals whose integrity and sense of national pride and consciousness would not allow them to submit to his regime.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/43a/387.html (3001 words)

	Naples Daily News: Florida (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Humans rights groups have said that under Duvalier, who was 18 when he was named president, Haiti suffered mass killings and that at least $120 million was stolen from the national treasury.
		Duvalier also said he was not involved with the rebels who helped force Aristide out of office Sunday.
		Duvalier had been named president for life at age 18 following the 1971 death of his father.
	www.naplesnews.com /npdn/florida/article/0,2071,NPDN_14910_2698984,00.html (378 words)

	Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		Duvalier graduated in 1934 from the University of Haiti School of Medicine, where he served as a hospital staff physician until 1943, when he became prominently active in the U.S.-sponsored anti-yaws campaign.
		A contributor to the daily Action Nationale (1934), Duvalier was markedly influenced by the mystic scholar Lorimer Denis and became a member of Le Groupe des Griots, a circle of writers who embraced fl nationalism and voodoo as the key sources of Haitian culture.
		Duvalier returned to his former work with the American Sanitary Mission in 1951–54 and began organizing the resistance to Magloire.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/print_toc?tocId=9031626 (472 words)

	BBC News \| Americas \| 'Bring Baby Doc to justice'
		They say that 47-year old Mr Duvalier, better known as Baby Doc, should be charged with crimes against humanity because of his role in tens of thousands of murders during his own rule and also in that of his father, known as Papa Doc.
		Jean-Claude Duvalier fled spiralling unrest in Haiti in 1986, and settled in France, although the French authorities have never formally granted him political asylum.
		Mr Duvalier's lawyer said that his client had been shocked at recent press reports comparing him with General Pinochet, but had no fear that any attempts to bring him to trial would succeed.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/americas/231156.stm (545 words)

	Trinidad News, Trinidad Newspaper, Trinidad Sports, Trinidad politics, Trinidad and Tobago, Tobago News, Trinidad ...
		Duvalier came to power in 1957 projecting himself as the intellectual leader of an indigenous movement opposed to US cultural imperialism and racism.
		Duvalier remained in power for 17 years in a country in which few leaders serve out their terms of office.Most have either been assassinated or forcibly removed from the National Palace as Aristide was.
		Duvalier used voudoun, which he termed Haiti's "most original contribution to the world", as well as Catholicism to silence dissent and mobilise support for his regime.
	www.trinidadexpress.com /index.pl/article_opinion?id=22958211 (1294 words)

	Online NewsHour: Haiti In Turmoil -- Political History
		To the surprise of the elite and army, Duvalier quickly consolidated his government, filled positions with loyal associates, rewrote the constitution and declared himself president for life in 1964.
		These private militias enabled Duvalier to entrench his authority by terrorizing the public; an estimated 30,000 Haitians were killed for political reasons during his 14-year rule, according to the U.S. Library of Congress.
		Nevertheless, Duvalier enjoyed some popular support among the nation's fl majority for his avowed dislike of the established light-skinned elites and his efforts to foster a dark-skinned middle class.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/latin_america/haiti/history.html (2400 words)

	Haiti 1988 - Chapter I
		Jean-Claude, François Duvalier's then nineteen-year old son, who came to be known as "Baby Doc", was named by his father as successor, and due to the symbolism the family attached to the number 22, Jean-Claude assumed power officially on April 22, 1971, and remained in power until his departure from Haiti on February 7, 1986.
		The 1964 Constitution declares François Duvalier "President-for-Life", "the unquestioned leader of the Revolution", "the Apostle of National Unity", the "Worthy heir of the Founders of the Haitian nation" and the "Restorer of the Fatherland".
		This re-shuffling was yet another means by which the Duvaliers assured that no one would gain sufficient power to destabilize the status quo, and it was a means by which the class which supported the President was appeased.
	www.cidh.oas.org /countryrep/Haiti88eng/chap.1.htm (3586 words)

	Haiti - FROM DUVALIER TO AVRIL, 1957-89
		Duvalier ("Papa Doc") extended his illegitimate rule beyond his death by naming his son JeanClaude ("Baby Doc") as his successor.
		Jean-Claude Duvalier came to power in 1971, under the informal regency of his mother, Simone Ovide Duvalier, and a small inner circle of Duvalierists.
		Duvalier's 1980 marriage to Michèle Bennett resulted in Simone Duvalier's exile and created new factional alliances within the ruling group.
	countrystudies.us /haiti/65.htm (1186 words)

	Fordi9.com
		Those of us who witnessed and survived the repressive machine of the Duvaliers' dictatorship have a moral obligation to first immortalize the victims, then to erect in their honor a living memorial, similar to those dedicated to the Holocaust and war veterans throughout the world.
		Among them, you will find the names of many well-known individuals who ironically fell prey to the horrors of the Duvalier era, despite their initial involvement or affiliation with the masterminds or architects of the same regime that eventually crushed them.
		On April 26, 1986, 2 months after the the downfall of Jean-Claude Duvalier, a group of concerned citizens organized a march that ended in front of Fort Dimanche to honor and pay respect to the thousands who perished there.
	www.fordi9.com /Pages/Chronicle.html (614 words)

	Haiti
		Duvalier, however, undoubtedly recalls that tensions 1960 were followed in 1961 by his best year in terms U.S. assistance, when $14.1 million received in grants, including $6.0 million budget support.
		Duvalier has considered such schemes as sending 75mm guns (mortar ammunition did not detonate); burning the villages in the area; sending the peasants in the area ahead of the soldiers in hopes the guerrillas would fire at the peasants and identify their positions, etc.
		Meanwhile Duvalier has directed that three major official requests be made through me to USG for various items of assistance (budget-support aid last Feb; electric generators last March; export licenses for T—28 aircraft last week, reinforcing earlier request to Dept), to which he has recd refusal of first and no reply to last two.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ho/frus/johnsonlb/xxxii/44658.htm (7659 words)

	Duvalier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Duvalier can refer to one of the following:
		Jean-Claude Duvalier (nicknamed "Bébé Doc" or "Baby Doc")
		This is a disambiguation page — a list of articles associated with the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Duvalier (80 words)

	Uhhp.com :: Important dates in Haiti's History: 1957 - 1986
		The Duvalieriste Constitution establishing the Presidency for Life is voted by the National Assembly, and Dr. Francois Duvalier becames President for Life of Haiti.
		The Constitution is amended under the Presidency of Jean-Claude Duvalier to create the title of State Minister and to allow the President to name his successor.
		The President and members of the Cabinet visit the commercial and residential areas of the capital to convince the population that they are still in power.
	www.uhhp.com /haiti/important_dates/important_dates14.html (522 words)

	Haiti
		The Duvalier family ruled Haiti from 1957 to 1986.
		Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier was a doctor who specialized in treating malaria.
		Duvalier ran for the presidency and was elected by the largest majority in Haitian history.
	www.mrdowling.com /710-haiti.html (404 words)

	Role Of The US In The Fate Of Haiti
		Alex Dupuy, author of "Haiti in the New World Order", summarizes the Duvalier' regime, "The primary beneficiaries of the regime's policies were the Duvalier family; the top government and military officials; foreign investors; the Haitian industrial and commercial bourgeoisie; the clientalistic professional, technocratic, and administrative bureaucratic cadres; and the large base of the tontons macoutes.
		The military-led government relied on the Duvalier' army to pursue intimidation, violence, and assassination of political leaders, trade union activists, and organized peasant cooperatives (Dupuy, 1997).
		In 1963, after a serious of massacres orchestrated by Francis Duvalier, the US cut off aid to his oppressionist regime out of fear that the international press might unmask that the US was in fact supporting monetarily the little tyrant.
	www.saxakali.com /caribbean/benari.htm (5288 words)

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