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Topic: Dyirbal language

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	Dyirbal language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Dyirbal is a tonal and ergative Australian Aboriginal language.
		Dyirbal actually has only four places of articulation for the stop consonants and nasal consonants - this is fewer than many other Australian Aborigine languages, which have six.
		The difference is because Dyirbal lacks the apical and laminal split found in many other Australian languages.
	www.teachtime.com /en/wikipedia/d/dy/dyirbal_language.html (262 words)

	Encyclopedia: Grammatical gender (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Dyirbal language is well known for its system of four noun classes, which tend to be divided along the following semantic lines: The Australian Aboriginal languages comprise several language families and isolates native to Australia and a few nearby islands, but by convention excluding Tasmania.
		In Indo-European languages that assign genders to all nouns, the genders often correspond roughly to declensions that govern the way the nouns are inflected.
		Yoruba (YorÃºbÃ) is a language or dialect continuum of sub-Saharan Africa.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Grammatical-gender (6329 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Australian language Dyirbal behaves ergatively in all morphosyntactic contexts, except when one of these is involved.
		In languages like Dakota, subjects of active verbs such as to run are marked like transitive subjects as in accusative languages, while subjects of inactive verbs such as to stand are marked like transitive objects as in ergative languages.
		Languages with this kind of marking are known as split-S languages.
	split_ergativity.iqexpand.com (463 words)

	Dyirbal language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Dyirbal (also Djirubal) is an ergative Australian Aboriginal language spoken in northeast Queensland by about 5 speakers.
		In addition, when within hearing range of taboo relatives a person was required to use a specialized and complex form of the language with essentially the same phonemes and grammar, but with a lexicon that shared no words with the non-taboo language.
		This phenomenon, commonly called mother-in-law languages, was common in indigenous Australian languages.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/D/Dyirbal-language.htm (601 words)

	Dyirbal in Assimilation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		TD is a language with split ergativity: nouns, Adjectives and the markers of the 3rd Person are inflected according to an absolutive/ergative pattern, whereas pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person are inflected according to a nominative/accusative pattern.
		The fact that the loss of the language and culture of the ancestors often is not even perceived as such demonstrates how deeply the thought of the white man' superiority and the lack of civilisation of the natives has been indoctrinated into the heads of the Aboriginals.
		Many languages of the world have a fate which is quite similar to that of Dyirbal: cultural infiltration of all areas of life and displacement of the indigenenous languages are processes that have led and will lead to further extinction of languages at many points of our planet.
	www.linguist.de /Dyirbal/dyirbal-en.htm (10014 words)

	Articles - Australian Aboriginal languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Australian languages form a language area or Sprachbund, sharing much of their vocabulary and having similarly unusual phonologies across the entire continent.
		A common feature of many Australian languages is that they display so called mother-in-law languages, special speech registers used only in the presence of certain close relatives.
		In some languages the persons in between the accusative and ergative inflections (such as second person, or third-person human) may be tripartite: that is, marked overtly as either ergative or accusative in transitive clauses, but not marked as either in intransitive clauses.
	www.centralairconditioners.net /articles/Australian_Aboriginal_languages (1250 words)

	Linguistics Research Specialities: Introduction to Role and Reference Grammar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Language is a system, and grammar is a system in the traditional structuralist sense; what distinguishes the RRG conception of language is the conviction that grammatical structure can only be understood and explained with reference t o its semantic and communicative functions.
		The RRG approach to language acquisition, sketche d in Van Valin (1991a, 1994), rejects the position that grammar is radically arbitrary and hence unlearnable, and maintains that it is relatively motivated (in Saussure's sense) semantically and pragmatically.
		Languages vary in terms of how the PF D is restricted, both in simple sentences and in complex sentences, and this variation underlies important grammatical differences across languages (cf.
	linguistics.buffalo.edu /research/rrg/rrg_paper.html (5438 words)

	Dyirbal language - TheBestLinks.com - Australia, Fruit, Fire, Grammar, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Dyirbal language, Australia, Fruit, Fire, Grammar, Grammatical gender...
		Dyirbal (also Djirubal) is a tonal and ergative Australian Aboriginal language spoken in northeast Queensland by about 40-50 speakers.
		Dyirbal actually has only four places of articulation for the stop and nasal consonants - this is fewer than most other Australian Aborigine languages, which have six.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Dyirbal_language.html (445 words)

	Foundation For Endangered Languages.
		It may safely be said that the literature now extant in that language is of greater value than all the literature which three hundred years ago was extant in all the languages of the world together.
		Languages are the creatures of tradition, passed from generation to generation.
		If a way can be found to confer respect on the language traditions that remain, so that their holders are inspirited to carry them on even as they become familiar with other languages of international communication, the next century will witness a dialogue as stimulating as humanity has ever known.
	www.ogmios.org /181.htm (2912 words)

	Dyirbal language
		The Dyirbal language actually has only four places of articulation[?] for the stop consonants and nasal consonants - this is fewer than many other Australian Aborigine languages, which have six.
		This is because Dyirbal lacks the apical[?] and laminal[?] split found in many other Australian languages.
		The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/dy/Dyirbal_language.html (66 words)

	Salon.com Books \| "Vanishing Voices: The Extinction of the World's Languages"
		And they've taken up language extinction as their cause, claiming that indigenous languages have vital cultural knowledge encoded within them that's being lost to the world forever.
		The point the authors try the hardest to make is that indigenous languages are somehow associated with biodiversity, and that their extinction is a symptom of the global ecological crisis.
		In the dying Australian language Dyirbal, for instance, there are four categories for nouns, which reveal subtle shared similarities among the words, as well as cultural judgments about the objects to which they refer.
	archive.salon.com /books/review/2000/08/17/nettles_romaine/print.html (1019 words)

	Language Decay
		Fishman, Joshua A. Language maintenance and language shift as a field of inquiry: a definitionof the field and suggestions for its further development.
		Schmidt, Annette (1985b), 'The fate of ergativity in dying Dyirbal', Language 61/2, 378-396.
		Patterns of acquisition and attrition in a transplanted language: The case of Thanjavur Marathi in India.
	w2.byuh.edu /academics/lang/attritionbiblio/decay.htm (3533 words)

	GeoNative - Australian aboriginal languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Aboriginal languages were traditionally spoken by relatively small groups, but each had its territory, culture and transmission assured.
		Dyirbal was a language shared by several groups of Northern Queensland, south of Cairns, in the rain forests of the area.
		Dyirbal izenarekin dialekto multzo zabal bat izendatzen da: talde askoren mintzairak, Queensland iparraldean, Cairns hiritik hegoaldera, inguruko oihan hezeetan.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/9479/guugu.html (821 words)

	Morris, W. C. , Cottrell, G. W. , and Elman, J. L. (2000) A connectionist simulation of the empirical acquisition of ...
		Semantics of verbs and the development of verb inflection in child language.
		Evaluating competing linguistic models with language acquisition data: Implications of developmental errors with causative verbs.
		Language type frequency and learnability: A connectionist appraisal.
	edfu.lis.uiuc.edu /~amag/langev/ref/morris_aConnectionist.html (706 words)

	Grammatical gender (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Some Caucasian languages have four to eight, and most Bantu languages have ten to twenty noun classes.
		Gendered pronouns vary considerably across languages: there are languages that have different pronouns in the third person only to differentiate between humans and inanimate objects, like Hungarian and Finnish.
		Other languages, such as Japanese, have a wide range of personal pronouns to describe how the referents relate to the speaker.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/G/Grammatical-gender.htm (2051 words)

	CADwire.net - Directory > Science > Social Sciences > Language and Linguistics > Natural Languages
		The Declarative Intonation of Dyirbal - Acoustic study of intonation in Dyirbal, an almost extinct Australian language.
		Dyirbal in Assimilation - Essay by Jan Wohlgemut discussing the social surroundings and grammatical change of present-day Dyirbal as compared to the language Dixon described in 1968.
		Uw Oykangand and Uw Olkola Multimedia Dictionary - Dictionary for a language spoken in the Cape York peninsula in North Queensland, Australia.
	www.cadwire.net /directory/dir.asp?/Science/Social_Sciences/Language_and_Linguistics/Natural_Languages/Australian (746 words)

	CADwire.net - Directory > Science > Social Sciences > Linguistics > Languages > Natural (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Australian Aboriginal Language Material - Language materials from the Flint papers including information on symbols, abbreviations, phonemes, orthographic conventions, recording practice,s and bibliography.
		Experiences with Kirrkirr - Paper discussing what is desirable or necessary database technology to develop browsing interfaces to lexical databases for indigenous languages based on experiences developing such for the Kirrkirr language.
		Garawa (Garrwa) - Information on the extinct Garawa (or Garrwa) language, which used to be spoken in the Gulf of Carpentaria region close to the Northern Territory - Queensland border.
	www.cadwire.net /directory/dir.asp?/Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Australian (744 words)

	Tenser, said the Tensor: Using the Same Examples
		However, selecting languages is very hard to do without biasing the sample—for example, in practice you're often limited to written sources, which restricts you to descriptive grammars written in a language you can read and that your library has a copy of.
		However, if we're really interested in exploring the full range of possible human languages, playing in the same small sandbox of well-known languages (and occasionally adding a new example when somebody strays off the beaten path) simply won't cut it as a method of searching the human language space.
		Data from such languages never supported such parametrisation, especially for typological ends, and since Kayne's anti-symmetry it is no longer part of syntactic theory.
	tenser.typepad.com /tenser_said_the_tensor/2005/03/using_the_same_.html (2447 words)

	is290-01-cmc-syllabus
		The analytical language of John Wilkins, described by Borges in his essay, is an example of what the first view (reason and logic are disembodied) would produce.
		On the other side, the 'illogical' categories of the Celestial Emporium or those of the Dyirbal language can be understood at the light of the second view (reason is embodied; categories are influenced by culture and body).
		On the other hand (and this itself is a categorization...), there are metaphors where whole systems of concepts are organized with respect each to the other (for example, "I'm feeling down today", where the metaphor lies in the concept of sadness being given a spatial orientation: down).
	www.sims.berkeley.edu /courses/is290-1/s01/Embodiment/stone-alex.html (1547 words)

	DIRECTORY - SOCIAL SCIENCES AUSTRALIAN - SCIENCE AND SOCIAL SCIENCES AUSTRALIAN
		Comprehensive site with dictionaries, language resources, organization contacts, wordlists, sound files and links to related sites.
		Good discussion on some of the issues that make preserving endangered languages difficult to achieve.
		The language, from South Australia, is also called Palpamadramadra and it is very close to Yandruwandha.
	www.themusichype.com /dir/Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Australian (727 words)

	Amazon.com: Describing Morphosyntax : A Guide for Field Linguists: Books: Thomas E. Payne (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Language Universals and Linguistic Typology : Syntax and Morphology by Bernard Comrie
		The first task of a grammar or grammar sketch is to identify the language being described, and to provide certain particulars concerning its ethnolinguistic context.
		Anyone interested in the world's lesser-researched languages will want to use this "guide for field linguists." The author provides a well-researched approach to common and not-so-common features of morphology and syntax.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521588057?v=glance (993 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 84029228 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In 1972 when R. Dixon's classic grammar, The Dyirbal Language of North Queensland, was published, under thirty speakers of the 'traditional' language remained.
		In this impressive empirical survey, Annette Schmidt analyses the changes that have taken place in the Dyirbal spoken by that last generation of its speakers at the levels of phonology, morphology, syntax, the lexicon and semantics.
		She also provides a detailed account of the socio-linguistic setting of the community and the attitudes towards Dyirbal among younger speakers, their elders and English speakers.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/cam031/84029228.html (161 words)

	National Native Title Tribunal: : Ngadjon-Jii - 26 September 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Dixon, R.M.W. 1966, 'Mbabaram: A dying Australian language', Bulletin of School of Oriental and African Studies, vol.
		Dixon, R.M.W. 1969, 'Languages of the Cairns rain forest region', Pacific Linguistics, Series C-13, Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra.
		Dixon, R.M.W. The Dyirbal language of north Queensland, Cambridge University Press, London.
	www.nntt.gov.au /bibliography/1101096455_2872.html (651 words)

	Dyirbal language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Get further details about this language from The Ethnologue and The Rosetta Project.
		See also the alphabetical language list and full country list.
		Another reference on countries, languages and people groups is Peoplegroups.org.
	globalrecordings.net /language?langno=9490 (70 words)

	Grammatical gender - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		If one agrees that classifiers such as measure words also express noun class, then some Sino-Tibetan languages have even more.
		The first type still distinguishes gender, but the distinction is made on modifiers (adjectives, etc.), pronouns, and perhaps even verbs - but not on the noun.
		These languages have measure words: nouns are classified but the classes are shown only by counting modifiers, not by other adjectives or articles.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Grammatical_gender (1898 words)

	Morris, W. C. , Cottrell, G. W. , and Elman, J. L. (2000) A connectionist simulation of the empirical acquisition of ...
		, Semantics of verbs and the development of verb inflection in child language, 1980
		, The Dyirbal Language of North Queensland, 1972
		, Language acquisition and the theory of parameters, 1986
	edfu.lis.uiuc.edu /~amag/langev/ref/morris_aConnectionist-by-author.html (590 words)

	The world's top dyirbal language websites
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	dirs.org /wiki-article-tab.cfm/dyirbal_language (315 words)

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